Computer Organization
and Architecture
Chapter 1
Introduction
Architecture & Organization 1
Architecture is those attributes visible to the programmer
Instruction set, number of bits used for data representation, I/O mechanisms,
addressing techniques.
e.g. Is there a multiply instruction?
Organization is how features are implemented
Control signals, interfaces, memory technology.
e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it done by repeated addition?
Architecture & Organization 2
All Intel x86 family share the same basic architecture
The IBM System/370 family share the same basic architecture
This gives code compatibility
At least backwards
Organization differs between different versions
Structure & Function
Structure is the way in which components relate to each other
Function is the operation of individual components as part of the structure
Function
All computer functions are:
Data processing
Data storage
Data movement
Control
Functional View
Operations (a) Data movement
Operations (b) Storage
Operation (c) Processing from/to storage
Operation (d)
Processing from storage to I/O
Structure - Top Level
Peripherals
Computer
Central
Processing
Unit
Computer
Systems
Interconnection
Input
Output
Communication
lines
Main
Memory
Structure - The CPU
CPU
Computer
Arithmetic
and
Login Unit
Registers
I/O
System
Bus
Memory
CPU
Internal CPU
Interconnection
Control
Unit
Structure - The Control Unit
Control Unit
CPU
Sequencing
Login
ALU
Internal
Bus
Registers
Control
Unit
Control Unit
Registers and
Decoders
Control
Memory