Quadratic Functions Maximum and Minimum
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Perry SinQuadratic Functions Maximum and Minimum
Uploaded by
Perry SinCXCDirect Institute Turning Point, Maximum and minimum and roots of a quadratic equation
CXC MATHEMATICS
Quadratic Equation
Maximum & Minimum
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CXCDirect Institute
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Math club : cxcDirect Math Club
Telephone: 876 469-2775, 876 462-6139
cxcDirect Institute - 876 469-2775
Email: [email protected]
website: www.cxcdirect.org Math club : cxcDirect Math Club
CXCDirect Institute Turning Point, Maximum and minimum and root of a quadratic equation
The Quadratic Equation :
Finding h and k
Graphs of the quadratic function, and Maximum &
Minimum value
Given the general form y = ax 2 +bx+c , we can convert
to the new form a ( x+ h )2 + k using a method known as
completing the square:
This method results in the following two equations which
are very useful and should be memorized
h=
Case
b
2a
and
k=
4acb
4a
x = h
Now if we examine y=a x h 2 k
eqn 1
x
we note that
the independent variable that can take on
any value.
The graph of the quadratic function is a smooth curve
called a parabola. If the coefficient of the x 2 term is
negative, the parabola will have a maximum value.
So, the function 2x2 + x+5 will have a maximum value
because the coefficient of the x 2 term is ( - 2 )
negative.
Now at a certain value when: x = h , the equation
for y becomes:
2
y=a (h + h ) + k
2
y=a( 0) + k
y=k
Similarly, the 3x 2+ x 5 will have a minimum value
because the x 2 term is ( + 3 ) Positive.
This is an important conclusion as it demonstrates that:
General Forms of the quadratic Equation
when x = - h: ,
y=k
where k is:
1.
2.
3.
y= ax +bx + c
The minimum value of the function , ( if a is positive) OR
y= a( x+ h) + k function with a minimum
2
y= k a( x + h)
The maximum value of the function , ( if a is negative)
function with a maximum
Finding the maximum or minimum value
To find the maximum or minimum value of the function, it
is first useful to express the function in either form #2 or
form #3 as shown above.
So if we have a function in the form
2
y=ax +bx + c we
must first convert it to the new form
y=a x h k
where h and k are two new constants .
cxcDirect Institute - 876 469-2775
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website: www.cxcdirect.org
Math club : cxcDirect Math Club
CXCDirect Institute Turning Point, Maximum and minimum and roots of a quadratic equation
Example 1:
Given the function y =
Example 2:
Given the function y =
2( x1) 8
133 ( x+2)
Determine:
1. The minimum value of the function
2. The value of x at which the minimum occurs
Determine:
3. The maximum value of the function
4. The value of x at which the maximum occurs
Answer:
We note that the function is expressed in the form
2
y=a x h k where: a=2, h=1 and
k =8
Answer:
We note that the function is expressed in the form
2
y= k a ( x + h) where: a=3, h=2 and k =13
1) Minimum value of the function is;
y= k so ymin= - 8
2) Minimum value of y occurs when
x=h , so x= 1
Maximum value of the function y = k = so ymax =
13
Maximum value occurs when x=h , so x = -2
Equation of the axis of symmetry. x = - h
y
axis of symmetry
Turning Point
The minimum or maximum value of the quadratic
function occurs at a turning point.
Note that a line passing through this turning point is a line
of symmetry, and so the value of x at this maximum or
minimum point is also called the equation of the axis of
symmetry.
so: The equation of the axis of symmetry is x = - h
and
the coordinates of the turning point are:(
cxcDirect Institute - 876 469-2775
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ymin ,h
CXCDirect Institute Turning Point, Maximum and minimum and root of a quadratic equation
Example:
Given y =
See Graph below showing the roots
2x 4x6
1) Convert this function to the form
y= a( x+h) + k
2) Find:
i. The equation of the axis of symmetry
ii. The minimum value of y
iii.The y intercept ( where the function cuts the y -axis)
Answer:
Now
so
a=2, b=4
b
h=
2a
and k =
so
and
4
22
4acb
4a
c=6
= -1
4 2(6) (4)
42
= 8
( a = 2, h = -1, k = - 8)
Therefore:
2
1) the new form is:
y= 2( x1) 8
2)
i) The equation of the axis of symmetry is: x = - h = 1
ii) The minimum value of y is: y = k = - 8
iii) Y-intercept = c = - 6
Watch on
nb:
The roots of the equation may also be found using the
quadratic formula; 2x 2 4x6
now:
a =2 ,
b=4
and
c=6
Roots of the quadratic function (equation)
The roots of the quadratic equation is defined as the two
points where the function cuts the x- axis.
so: x =
4 (4 ) 4 2(6)
22
4 16+ 48
4
48
4
so: x
4+8
=3
4
or x
48
4
y= 2( x1) 8
then
2( x1) 8=0
so
2( x1) =8
2
2
2( x1) =8
( x1)= 82
x=1 4
x=1 2
so
or
x=1+2=3
x=12=-1
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To find the roots; we set y to zero and solve by transposition
so if :
b b 4ac
2a
=-1
Ans: ( x = 3, or - 1 )
