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ol = /x 5_+ oJC+ oxQ +l rf+. 0 xL+ p L

32-

+ o+o +4 + o -t-l
/drwlU_

I-I

t
I
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1^ I

|
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: ,LT) ,a = tgz_

b4,-'. ."4! \. A-i

G); a;-

(r,)

ffir:!!_eg:_RO*o
)ltoo =

=-f.-*"

t*fr-+1, 2-+

ffi t{-+oxF-

= /e+g+?+o* o
=5-(ze)o

atu4_h_q
= l(+g+fl+z_+t
'-=-l<7r
", _L_1 -zte

fxk8

14zl oXL+lX2

+ (,l),n

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u 16$

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?-

rr).^

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o

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"L

12 \1? dQ.In[s.

fV{- ?nb ,

.', ( tr),,3(ttao1
!Lr-= LtI 9 Q z----:4as----

-::-

jGt=G-il"--4't-

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afi* 7fo ?

n Z?w-*e
o
tt

ol

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f 6)

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3v2\o = (qYo

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fi, fu
sN-@(p)

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27

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d\l;

euX+'LA r{:',

Nob

oJL

+ d*ptl| -t dfl

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PE+ Fq
16 rn{

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tf- Y

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xl r

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o
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fl$

: qFm'i't-qfiflf a{fr

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il: -"""$

F,d : 1t"{lq+

(Positive l'ogic)

{B

(Negative Logic;

g'."rmffiffii1*''
Theorern)
;.
A'1:A
q<\
A+l:l
ffiWtttt(Rasic

o*oiA.
A+A=l

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I

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I
:

A+A=A
q. fiffi$tFtI{(CommulativeTheorem}
<R. A'.B=B.A
. A+B=B+A
e. q{ttB'tlilt6(Associative"I"t"tl,'
c)=16'B)'c
A+(B+c)=to."lit 1*o q

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''

mffi*Xbutedrheori:^r."
Theorgn)
'
c. ft-#qaqWnnt" (De-h{organ's
&<q 7'n ='A+ B
g.

A+ B =

A+Bc

A'';

qtqfmt"f"Wr(SecondaryTheorem)

A+AB=A sA(A+B):A

lrs uo I

rogic function

qn@qqr w*ffiwnffiK-*
$
rT:ru'i**
tu *t-tt*

gic gate

*u

q-n q{ ,

*T]'

rogic operator

t rogic
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*gryH'ff*jk*e*'tqq{rt F$cE

Rsq"r{t qx *"1
qr<
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). cffrc-{c"t<-<l{q-{ -*:ttr
5lo<"t
qr<
i. uu* "xnntrsr+{ arqs-{cs
i*u*e**{1*cctrse*s*rsq' .fr6{<ilgiefc{6{eOqr{
Iu. vra',n -'|r(+)' WIT6<
6.' rFFQwt
#
s{tc{s-<q
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ntm
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o,f't: t i1= ^ (66vr
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rdrr $), a**#{il@
'ft,t=
i#;lD"r+IF
A=Ar
c
r...A
=f l?f :?^:_B^+B
2
ro

t.

,
1r' +

:A+A.c+4B+BC

=A(1+c)+Re+FC [." t+c=1]

:.6 +BC
=

<I{els

A+BC=(A+B)(A+C) ta*npl

*3

o F l +0311

c(?m

rreF: (A + B) (A + B)
:A.A1A.B+AB+B.B
=A TAB+ABI

['..

qn{& s fr&Brq&-vlt{ I

rsl ;

A.A:A]

:A(l+B)+AB [... I+B:l]

:A.I+AB
:A(l+B) ['.'l.+B=l]

i:

:A.l=A=wdelT

' - B) (A + B): n (effifu;

fiffi : x = F, q n R. 0
P
0

qsi-slt<fqfiw-s"i':
R

P.O

B.O

1'

,l

t.

,,0

0,

0.

s))\e)eFIq:Ef Gt,A* A=| @Rnr)

ftm : 1fifi{ sET q< Tl+ 0 <I 1 qLlo qlr*
A:0 ECE.A: I qC< rqeKt, A: 1 qffi',A: O qr<
0+ 1 : I qq<-t, I +9: I qC{

P.O

R.O

t1&-g <-<ma-qq(o)l

!
, .'.A+A=r(eF{tft!t)
e ) dTFt Et c{, (A + BXA + c) = A + Bc @ww ,",rw) . i{qF rq$q-ql()); {rq{g {$rr{-e); qiqr
4frit
\g: (e-tB)(A+ c) : A. A+A.c-B. A*8. c

Efq-'{ s

A+AC+AB +BC:A(l +C)+AB.+BC:A +AB+BC=A(l +B)+ BC

:A+BC(elq-{ftq)

qrrFj-sl

lqjl)c >1fuFWru+*qklITt-TffilFi^l (avill't)

tqqErT{sRrq-{1-{r-)ql
/
ryz+f jz+xyzt
iii. n nC+ene +eSe +eSC
{ z(y+z)(x+y+z;;
. (r+y+a(x+V+z) v. AnC+nSC+lSC+'AC vi. ABe+enC+AnC+nSC
u (A+C)(B+D)
viii.(A+C)+(B+D)

, .+51a+u";

xi. ABC+Inc+ABetAne
::r. (Be +nol1en+cD) xiv. RSr tn+s+rl

*ii.

u(u*.ffi

ilr{Ff:

(6w-wn+w1

. r!z'+

yz + xyz

=yz(x+x)+xyz )t+
=

yz+

xyz

\---+

ii'
I:

n t6=

=(U?

*3F*$ ]
:z(y+x)(y +v) >id"=t
:z(y+x).1
\-- h +F :1*
= z\y +

*yn, + zr/9-

:z(y+x)
: yz+ xz

::.;l

:fl ., A. n - n/.zz z?.,

:r
:2(x+y+z)
=Y&""4'ff:;.')) rtr

/ y7 = |

=xz+yz+zz

- xz+ yz+ z
,:xz+ z(y+ l)
' :xz+z
=z(x+

1)

l+r'=

/vx''t

(E+o;:
--<\

gq

1ffiffi

iii.

\o{r s cqFtlcqFt

F,E

gtR : qomrt-Etq."r

l) +8
@)?
ffi
}v. (x+y+Z)(x+y+z)
:xx + xj + xz* *y + y y + yz + xZ +9 2 +zZ

ABC+ABC+ABC+ABC
=

A(ec + ne; + n@e + scy

=A

(s

c) + n ts6O...... (i)

qR,

B@C=P
til et. cft?E t crtm qR,

S*
;"q.

= x + xy + xz+ y + yz+ xZ +

*b

:x+xz+t+y2+xi

-a

=x(l +z)+y
=x+xZ+9

=Ip+RF-7
=A@P

=A$B@C

ix.

=A.C+B.D
:AC+BD

B.D

x.

f,.s + n.D

f +y(z+x)

4_

_l-

(t\ lr+

= x(y + Z.tr)

0-

=xY+xXZ
=xY=0
=xy
Aec

'L

f t

:*.(V +z+x)

xi.

rs\

=I. f (z+x)

ABC +

eBe

Aee

=BC(A+e;+ne1a+41
=BC+Be
=n1c+e1
=B
xiii.. a(b+c(d+c))

'*---i1;*r

=d.+b+c(d+c)
=a+5.

c+U1a+Uc;

=.c.b(a+bc)

:a6E+bEci

:a!s

+0

=a6c

lDII

\|

+a;

viii. (A + c) + (B + D)

+ D)

_= + =-

ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC

:AB+AC+BC

=(A+C)+(B+D)
= A.C

+z)+xZ

AB 1e + C; - AC (B + B) + nC 1A
= AB.1 + AC.l + BC.l

=c(A+a)
=c
c)(B

(1 + z) + xz + y Z

=AC(B+1)+AC1n+e)
=49+AC

(A +

Z+0

= ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC

=AeC+AC+egC+RSC

vii.

(1

:x(l +z)+y
:x+Y

vi.

v. Agc+nec+agc+Ac

: x(l + y) + xz + t

s\ ,+
o lo
l+
I

ll

ll
\l_

LL

-S

$*
EJ

,.

xii. (Be + Ap) 1en + cDl

=

se. nB + Be. cD

.:0+0+0+0

+ AD,

=E+b(C+d+c)
=d'+5(l +d)
=a+b

=q('
o
trO

+ AD. CD.----

=Q

xiv. RST (R+S+T)

=1R+S+flR.S.,i
=RR'STiRS'ST:+RSTT
:-*'

-.-=a-+b,G+d+c)

49

:RST+RST+R'ST'
, t"r.
-:--,

--i:

:RSi

_4,

.: .

f'r
t

qi*m

!)s ) {tTF qrcnr+*

qne+

ane+se
A

ns

o B:

qtqtc$ waqft-{r{cqq eFFt

AB+

B ; (v) t,q + rli

1t'P; +fP
V
?:tse
-

t
tlliiiii

-S
i1 s

t
i
I

t-\

-./.:
.,/
.,tr'

'"1

:(Bre)(e+'cy+I+n+6
':
:BB-BC+BC+Ca+neC

R.H.S

R.H.S

:AB+49
--'_
:AB.AB

(n9

=(A iB)(A

FB)

:(A+B)(A+B)

-Al+nR+,tg+BB
:0+-ABiAn+O

:eS+4ts
, R.HS

//
- :ll.S.-(A,B)(n re)
-_::
A.B.A,B
:ABAB

:0
: R.FI.S

= MN-i'MN

)LHS AOB

',4

IcD

z) = (x+ y) {F + z)

H.S = R.H.S {Proved)

.-i.S= R H.S(proved)

z) (y

ilE

-.=M.N_FM.N

=BC-t-B(C+A)
=.

(i+

y)

G:* c) + ;-+

=N{+N + M+N

=R.H.S(Proved)

:BC+il1e +e;.

; {iii) 1n + e;

Hs.,(M+Nlovr+Ny

R.H.S

=BC+B(C+A)(C+C)

mq{.rs,e

(6q-;,-l. sryvi)

o ; (vi) (x

=0rBCrge'0,RgC

F.

tTlEl :

Age *.qge * ge n

=ne

L""

- u ei liiy 1na iffiffi * ryy = n[x + MF

:BC(A+AID)

sr

qry& s ft&bw

) I-.H.S.: {x I

y)(x I z) (y t

zi

:(xx*xz1-iv + yz)(,v "z)

: (0 ' xz ,-i,V F !z! (y . zi

""

= (xz

xY r

Yz.)

()

'' zi

=
* \yy yy,z. J y,vz + .vzz.
.'xJ'z r xz- {y : i;2. \r, I
rt
xyz, -r xzz

- H.S: R.t{.S (Frovett)

'- \vz

,r

i rz , x). \1,r. yt
: xz (y.r 1) i iy (t t z.) ry.:z
'-xzti5r+rt
R.H.S

= (x+y)(xtz)

-'xx,rz+y1*,,
:0i,xz-iy iyz
=-

.'. L"H.S

xzl

xY +yz.

= R.ll.S (Provcd)

= BC +

ffi
:
)s8 | triGGm sRll $ Gltflr{t't a1B 'a4Ta{-qrtiri
|$$))c>fir=!y+xYZvt-{d$GlT3[R,(i)F.F:0qR(ii)F+F:1.G6(TFor)
rNl{l{: cq's{l qKq' F : xy + xyz
(ii)F+F=1.

xy -f xyz
... -F = =:---=
:*= xy' xyz

ffittd(d'

0+xY +xz'F xY+Y +Yz

y.

+ xz

:.xy + xYZ +t

= (xr-Y)(x+t+z)
= xx+x!+xz1-xY+YY+Yz
xy + x

['r [:

iY-xYZ+Y+xz

- (**t)(x*Y+t')

+t +tz

"y:r.

+.,x2 (1 + Y)

xyZ'+.y + xz + xYz

xy'+xYZ+xyz+Y+xz
xy + xY (Z + z)+i +xz

:xy+xy+y+xz
:y(x+x) "Y*xz
:y + y Lxz
:l+xz:1

=y(x+I)+xz+Y(1+z)

:y+y+xz

F= y+xz

,: R.H;S
.'. L.H.S: R.H'S (Proved)

(i)F.F=0

L.H.S :

, .'." ,,', ..r:. .,lt".l .1

"
F. F

= (iY + xYZ). (Y + xz)

xy y + xy.xz* XYZ'Y + xYZ'xz

=6+0+0+0
=0'

: R.H.S

R.H'S (Proved)
"'. L.H:S =

qqce$cffitfiqlr{tqtrrGf i (amn)
$$ ))b ) lFTlIlr

It.

(A+B+c)B

:(A.B.c)B
:(A:B.C)B

:ABBC
=ABC
lll.

F:AB+A.B+AB

:(A+e;n"ne
=(l)B+AB

:eiae

. .., '" ,
'

q(qTf
!

)b

>

{fui{ qwFtr{{ q'lqlcqr qffi qfrs{rlrd eFFt Tir :

r-AB=A.
E-A(B+C)+BC:B+AC

ili

A(1 + AB)

=A(B+1;
- A.l
:A (qqifu)

tq

-rAB + AC + BC

:B+AB+BC+AC
:B+AC(eFilR(')
3. (X + Y) (X +

/g-r

2>n-r6

>,ea

(6wwqrvt)

pzP+D
"> ft4a

lq I. A+AB:A.I +AB

F42

\_\'z=(x+Y)(x+z)

2. B + A(B + C) + BC

qq& e &&tn'furRq

t,

=)

Z): X.X-+ X.Z +-Y.X + Y .Z

'-X+XZ+XY +YZ
=x(1 +z)+xY +YZ

-\

:X+XY+YZ
: X(l + Y) +YZ

=\

:x+YZ(d{fu)

ftD

t\,/{:
,

nb
fr+ 6

}ilff )\o >.1Fum-oa 66q&q{tB1milE"t'ltqr$fr{ v qsmqkrR'-{qtqtcqrQqH R t G6v" qv,,-t)

'
ltfam Ts'R qtq-le; qrl'rfl?F s. cfls mlqT s q{illl-b; oITFI 6{lt-fi El-{tl-;rj,e; qqqlqd rfr'{ s qa1td1-)v]
k: <"rtR ttlffiq &-r-<nrq lfr'{Itq srrncq-{s'Br cwro qE ftri{ qF qt B'i"nqr Eq<-{ T'L<T r ,r ao qfi-<
-rFl @ {l ffi D-drc+-{ {firF{ sqe'"F q+ft'<'-<q F-r<' q.{rq q:ftfln' $-$ qH I st{ n,Iqt{{r{ w qE frI a s n SFunc+n cwcq 'pmil tE w1l,
I
]$F;
:.-B=1.8 e<r. (ii) A.B=A+B
mr*rirr;r*8.+nrqn'*eFl.t : qsio clrFK:{.RlrTl'ffcsfr{t Iftfl{ Eq"nqr rE3E q$"i s-fi {ts I E-E+Tffil-{ c-sEr
qlq ft5E s stq fiim-{ ff{
illfl'lq w$
1rg-{
'{s R?F{ qrq E"tflsr $Tlftu eCq r frru' qft un-o A s B < v7a1 fuil,q,T[:;-{{"flrqKS$"f {si+. ql<fef{ q]vfcT m'affc;il qmt-

*TW Y**

: \--B

A+B

A.B

iryir;1$$dl

,$f,ffi

.4.

B.

A+.8

l1

+{

ft*.<.e{\rTrcfficrr6q-{tqlsn,qiya+s= A.B q<i (iD a.e: A+B

-r+t qtr DscF-{ qnl &-v<rnrca< B"r"|t6J qlrids qr"n
'
ilr

5q5

>

ftnrFuqrqsfr sq@S-:{-d?tttffdg'mnt1F

fiw : q+tfr 'fffiq

.-

d-rfl.

afr,

ryyqqmdqf{rtt

grt

eFt"tTT I faa-..rd

Fs--e-/)

ffi

uq-o. A, B

{-B+C:A.n.e .!<q

Fq

ct{

Rlq-)8: x,Gi-g< oq"n-"); T]'{{{T <-{ql4-\s' qrfiIry Ir|Et{ s q;rjw-b; efr's'ts Rlr-8'-{ e q.rtFr-c.l
&-r-<unn TE EqqTql qRsK <r6il{ r
<t jqcm qk D-q'rF-{ sr{'s fr-'q-{rtflcq-{ '"pffqi

trr+m

=?-

q6a is-q-{qnrd-{ W"im.l

Xfr

(ii1

er<-

4.ra:A+e+e

: Tst-G TKft-{ c1'{lc{l ffic<fl-rfl Dqc6-{ s-dl &-:K'Blcd-{ B"i"llll gTI"i s-rt $-{ I EqsTrEK q-s-E:trl-{ sr4l
t*"tqir <lq ft-r rg v-fq frr+-< q}4 qTrq Ec{ bqfiqj a$R. ec{ r "K{ff "SK fuq rn*" q'ri fu-l_<enn-qq
i-Tqrr effl.t q'sj-s cT{fiK
fi'{ntFl qrq=t '

T<r*

tr

)ss | trifrffiffi

ts

\5-qq's

A+B+ C

st'll(I].ttt

alib : fiq'i-ws4 cF

3ffi
Ai|{

A.'

Oed

ts

i,fili'$fiii&i

Zl rrr,w

't t>tr1

A+ B+C'

FR-fr{ Rfi
IflT RtrT,

q qffi66:

A.B.C

A.D.L.
.'..

)q8 ) wrs

:,*'ti
0

,-,'r| ',,i.
':':

:l'ti$$:i*e!

,F

0o

'.0
,0"

I
I

lj;
0

5;!':1ijiftf$;:+ I
I
s*iiiii:&#ii
S:illiiloilff'ffi 0
0
iri:i,Iry*.W
'"0
tl.,.', *t*:.

,::

B"im'rg nvrrs

ct{R

9554' g=11'{Er

R,

r'i;$-tl.it

rE:*05&

*S,i.:Q

i..d,,tt*$;'{$i

ii,,.:r,$:l*j'?

ir,0

[*

B+

t"rn'nfa
e -' A . B CI wn(
{<''

g,i,rA *e + e !'Tg{tRft-qTE"i,fisitrqq$lgqcET

'6aa-qfr
T-El+=q

We

e-*"pt-< U-ri r

Try

qcql

5q6

Sg bqa. > dqFuwp qaq,{"&-rquBim{ q"f"lit?t&E.qq(qErsqkft{:{t$cqi'4qFtr

Ew : uTsF EEr+T qql qii q"nqiF qcs1 ; A.e.c'o : n + R + c i ?
E

FIfr 3F*

I f6615r r+-s,

nffifd'

G.ICqI

FR

FnDnf

<<

A+8.+ Ct

t\s

qR-{

: Rrar+DR-+

qq( qi
r.rsErsq Elt-r
s-GT

)qq ) wAI\
: WAN -Ir1
e ,{R'{t 6i\
or'gls oiRfi slc<t ffi?fi qK" A'B.C.D

. I ffi

barr

>

5b

,1 +' R +

uqe<raciqT@"-TwrftE-{T

A+{l

c+D

}q'Htrrfr{

,aEqfrFsq\Urs

effitr $Eq{

| rcffi&

fiE6-ap

s-<IqT

s#rst)

lE

)ffi

)qb
ter+np6
: trc<rfu&'

A+B

ffi

r,p
Eqc<l< q-di &-q-3'l-1n{ )q

Bw : ttr
q{11,:{,ase;frfr6E4'

{"ilt"l& qrafi : n + B : A' Il

wiqqfdft
A+B

6e1QB

lnxr

i qEt,1p r
551tr

qtr<

ti

=AB{f,{l

AND FI?TT
B qK KCS]I

q{4.{cq?<

&&tm q&o I rq
(ii)
A
B

AB . BC. AC

xs*BCI**p

AB+BC+AC
-:
,.1;

I Elf

e) I F--:rdtftir{d$'f'ftqt?trFdcs
rir

(e.

e)

(ilE)

(ii)A+An+

=o

GiD

AE.e D=A+B+C+D

(v)

A+B+cD:

tw:

ffit *f

l.ot

Is -t

-a
(iv)X+Y+Z+YZ:YZ
(vi) A {B+C(C+D)} :A+B

AB(C+D)

tii)

(D (^ *) (E-;E)
=(a s)(a E)

A+AB+AB
=A+Ain+n)

=A+4. l[..'B+n:t]
:R+ [
:1

/- -\ (A. B)
: (A.
B)

=(a o)(u s)
:(o)(o)=o
(iv)

(iii) AB.CD

: E*E*6*5
(vi)

(v) 4ag+cD.
:A.B.CD
-xe (e. 6)
/-\

= AB(C+D)

tE-l
L_el

o
I

w
rT
lv.

6
io
eFp

.J

?
j

--.]

e\ ) F :

:YZ(x+lJt'.'A+l=ll
:vz
;-{t. c (c. n)}
= a tu+c(c D)i
a te+ce.D]
= o tu+o.D|
/-

:A+B+c*D

| 4S

X+Y+Z+YZ
:X. Y.7 +YZ =XYZ-YZ
l

'

t.. c . c:01

: m: A+e

A + An qqs. r = AB +

nc

lc nq<F Ff${{B'rffi

gw:m,srtqtcq,F:etAe . A /
e.t +'Ae '' r' fi'l 3 * lV/
:A(t+n;+An['.'1+B=1]
:A+AB+AB
=4+B1e+41

=A+B.l[...A+A:r]

:4+B

| [<' cl''r:l
C*,*4l,'$'Asa^

wtq(1wTKq.qtfl-slsqim

bu

lEiEtFa Brrryfr{sfuEfirFpfi . qqqqq

q{(F =AB+BC+Ac
=AB+AC*96.;

:AB+Ac+sc(e+A1 ..,
=AB+AC+4gg+AeC

==t&,t6,?t.1ffi;-t
:AB+AC
w ) ftF1fuh **tr"rtqirqrnr

I eH

(D ABC + ABC

+ Ac

11. mr.

;tr.t

(vii) XY +XZ+ XZ+ZX

Bw:

{n,

(ii)(Be + ln) (an + cf) rn co. ,or; <. mr. ,rqt

/.

6ie (XTE[niS)

(v)AB+fn+eE

blAll

(iv)(A*n*c*o)e
(vi) ABC + lBc

(viii)

(i) Rec+agc+Ac

F: ISC

+.lnc

+ ABC

+.tBd

+ ABC [o. Kr. ,)q,;0. 6j. ,)a,;fr.6{r

/-_\
(iD (ec
+ an) (ae * cD)
: scaB+ eccD+ aoae+ apcD
: ecnn+ eDcc+ aa eo + acoD
:0+0+0+0 I...X.X:ol

=C(AB+AB+A)

:c{A(B+E)+a}
=c1a.t+A;

:0

=C(A+A)

:C. I:C

(iii) (A * cxe + D)

(iv)

A +C+g+D

=A.C+8.

=AC+gO

(^r.t*c*o)a
/---_\
=(A.B*c.D)A
:nae+ecD
:o+ACDI...ae:ol
=ACl)

(vi)

aec
:AB(C+ C)+ABC
ABC + ABC +

=AB+ABC

(vii) XY

= e1e + ncl
:+!P * (B c) x +yz=
!) t [:..
=A(B+c)

xz +72 * zx

'(viii)ABC + aec + asc + eec

:xylZ(x+V)*zx

tZ+7y.
:XY+z(i
+'xl'

= AB(C + C) + aec + Aec

:AB+aeC+AgC

,..,*XY

:XY +Z

(x +y)

i-

r: '-

..

'=f'(B + BC) + ABC

: A(B + e;1e + C; + Rec
=A(B+C;+enC
AB+AC+ANC

:AB+C1a +fe;
=AB+C(A+a;1n+n;

:AB+cg*B):AB+bc+cA

(x+z)]

G&ttaE&-<i

;rt

r {lFirF[ :
A.B +.ag + AC = AB + C

I [Ef cE

{r)

(ii) A@B:AB+ AB
(iii) (M

* N) (M * N):

lvl. c{t. 'ou; E.6{l.'ob;<. Cql. 'ov;.fr. Fl.

rr,r

N + nn

'

(i, (B@c):as+AF

{n. co. 'ou; {. RL'ool

lm an. 'oyl

(v) ABC+fsC+AEC+ nFC=c

(vi) A gC+n nC + a Sd+lnC=AeBeC

lq. r<1. 'oyl

h:

(D ln+Ic+AC=AB+c

(ii) qI5rtrllfi]fr, AoB :e n +Ae

<tq'FF,

... ACIB '= eE-+f n

Rs+Ac+nc
= AB.+ C1A +

=AB+C.
=AB+C
=

(iiD (M

= AB. AB

e;

* w) (r'a *r)

= M. N+M.N
= fvffV + fvfN

(iv) (B@c)

=iB+AB=;B.G

:(a*r)(a.r)
=(1.n)(E*n)

AA+49+AB+eF
:O+AB+AB+O

(v)

=es+AE
ABC+ISC+eeC+ ABC

:Bc(A+I;+Fc(a+fl
=BC+EC

1'..

e+

e=

11

=c6+e)
_L

(vi) ABC+nFd+nsC+anC
=c(as+an)+ clen+ee)
/_\
:c(A
@BJ+c(A oB)
:cV+ cy
[<fr,eeB=y]

:Y

oC

:AoBeC

*;) (;.s)

:Af+fF+ee+nB
:nn+ag

=M+N+M+N

o.

(o

:(o*n)(e+n)

WfirF

lY

qR

fi4 <fr6sl

')tl

roo I EiEiGa

Uuo

xtrofr+ +FrB"f* pFfi ; qnmru

4[ ea > lffiwHcF{Fqkf,qq1q : 66e).

&ffi : rps"t grj@m (v) Afrqr r
ld:f es ) lFTf,h{UFFrhrFrrkrooatto e,
|

(A+n+e1 Ec=LEc.
1ii) Anc +.lEc + ane + ABc = AB + Bc + Ac.
1i1

Bn

: 1i) qlrrFr te-

sEt

:(A+e).e=

Ec

:(A.n).cF

',

=A

.','..--

BC

(ii) lltt.'tw Agc + ABc + age + esc

= ABC +

ABC+ABC + ABC + ABE + ABC

= BC (A + A) +

Ac (B + B) + AB (e + C)

= BC.l + AC.l + AB.l

:AB+BC+49

.'. ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC

AB + BC + AC.

(qrtk{tTt)

{rts $ rffi $

frmRlr 1r rFr{Frt !T{Ar rF qfi,

q@
= (l. n. E-) s c F-r. rirrolt
(ii)F=(A+ AB)+(A+B)

I d![ eq )

(i)

(iii)

AB +A+B +C.C

(iv)

(v)

(M+N)Gvr +P)(N +P)

(vD (B

h:

,...........................:\(i) Y = (A*B+C,lsC

fr

RsT (R+s+T)
+O 6+ C)

ts.

6{.'))t

A
B

fi::D>F=A+B
['.. cc = 0l

n-r-r

4,__f-A.A=A

6gfiETq&-{

riv)

RST

/
llol

tR+S+T.f

: (n*s+r)RSr
: nsT+ nsT+ nST
= RsT

(v)

(M +N) ( rra + P) (N
= (MM+ MP +

Nfr

P)

+ Ne;

fr+

ny

: (MP + NM+ Nrl 6N+ n;

: MPN+ NVTN+ NPN+ MP + NMP + NP
=MPN +MP+NtrAp+Np

=rtar(N*r) *Nr(na*r)
= MP +NP

(vi)

P(M +N)

1n +

e)@ + c)

=BB+nC+ee+Ce

:9+BC+ee+o
:ec+Be
nc + se iqTqfsFrllffi;
B

BC+BC

I eH\ev > lffilryfrql1ilFqFdr*q.ffrq

Ew:

grxrsrwT g&r

,ee-(

'a

*3 * s. 3c

d:[ ) ) Rffi @co) 6rF ft? (\r)).-cr RFr& 6{tqr qFsrr

qem, RRF @cD) rqMqrrr{qlrtrlE{te1
[Fl.

6fi5-q{ffiql

ct 'lll

fi

co.

'o;i

[n.

c<t.

'ltl

qctE1, BCD

lfr.

6t.

@Ft

')a., 'ob; Tt. 6Et. 'ob; T. Kt. 'ob; E. Gt.

')); fr.et. 're., ')o; {. 6{. ')1.,'o1;

: RF& app'(BcD code) : R mrcur <tlfqrs 2tr fiE er( snfta 4fr fib ffsrq qdts dtB 6F ffi frc{ 'qs
F|gra Rfr& mts
code) ?rrdt I qt Gtcgir Tl{frG.{ 2E Rtra ffilr qq( vFftrs-{ 4ft ffirs REffi-+ <cq

tw

@cD
r{F Binary coded Decimal r 0 c{ro 9 "Ffs q'.tF q[Effi qfrFc-+ ef{tc'l* qql +tr <RilR &&B
r

Rfr& mW< tTI

elCTlui{{g

\lb

qr

frffi

for' fi'TI qEoo)oo))))oo)

c+nr

c({lT qE{& e

fr&bnMc

lsq

qq-qqKR e frfrE c{q? (Truth Table and Gate)

E R.H$ry
xe > {stsql?ftftr fcTrrc{f
: F q-s6r 6-Rq <t cmft'{ {Fricr ReT

ft

ter{'f.l TTIT q1-5-q; nTq1( <-cfl{-ql

cq?rtr s-qtT-{ soFt s-fl qr qqf\ q&-s {rffia{ h"F?r

T-Erq aFH s-?rt ET vlro qsro qr<R qrE

Ftrlc{ frGl q-<rd-{ ql6q3r q-4'i qlffi r[sF 0 s I :r|{ cfEs'
ftfrn' flqc+. W. esq rls.rqF< qFrc $EE"F <rq
fuop e wtBl$cs q+tr 6R-q <l cffics efsFl F-{l st{ r e
er q'nftcq qsro nft {rE I ett6.l{ FcE st m{rffi qrEt I q{16{, ,
ryfEK q-{ Effi qm <c{rcq r qqfq 2F W elFFrq 22 = 4F $"1
;gEfr ffit{"Str{q-dr 23:8Fqt"f qr<

qP

f*--------------rs

fu

qvIiFqHft (Truth Table)

qBqF

Y:

B
0

0
0
1

A*B
0

p6 nfrg6f*r r-n;
: rlr;rf. Tt(.lcq-T DE$TI?IT{ t"lsffi{ Rfu qqft-{qcr ffi
qrnt-m

ffi

q6q 2" q1 22 q1 +ft

ffi

+E qrS q3Frr AB, AB; AB, AB

A

lq )\g ) qR'f

TrE I A \3 B 6$l-6{l IFIq.rCfit

Dq?F

qrE

q{

qtmqrq? f @/il; I1&-g r<ara-vq; {Td{{t Tqql{-{; ,nin-mq 6{cc{ s w{rFi-8; qftr Ertr{ s qff{r-lrl
ilrn : ter+Efro smrqr c$r-q otEF qrqt qstr Erq-{Ufr's <6ft Et &&AE Ttffi, st qs <l qqlfr.{ QliF
o'FG 6r{ etq qFfr $q vIGts"tB grtil{ stcT t mc-{ &&}|E qlffi ${q-r c(rs-cs-<t er{|-{ fiTgq s-cit qlr<t cT
olQD

w;ffiE&-s

c{EF<m

liffi)e,1 ) wANfi6eff6{t{t? (Wrat)

tMl : wAN -kT{ t4 {N Wide Area Networt r frau ce?"flfr-s ,{qffi q<Rlv ,{olR{ LAN MAN m. FcT
sryF: efu G#rsTrd urcg s* r R .rc-s qsq fim 1w sd <rq m LAN MAN-6$'c({e RK q-{J Rc.l{
ffiFdfu s ffi
<j<<eT ffit E{ I Sfrrq|q qR*, cnmB, qFco-|'sm-tl, {cu:tr, cqsFr wst, rTRnR-{ snqq
qrrmc< q]
ET I sAt qffi* gqfF e 3Fw{ 6fuTr6 KFr <tr{p E{
I

rl')\u >rqrqmffiscrrQctr*fi-clq-Is

| @Nn)
ter{Ft Tql* qtq->v; etfr{q ft-at{ \e wrn{r-q; qfrflq qtcrq.s q-{rr{r-8; ,affitT{ FRr s q{rl{r-)r' qfiq Efr{ s wdtl$-)ql
ffi ; s"rK eetl-ar qfffi TBt{-q-r c(rf,c\sir SrR fiTd"t T'r< eilrs cryr< qffi qe- cqiF qeq I frm
t'aFrdrq ffi ffiiq-r 6Tfu-r c'fAD <KqrT o;il qT I tnfi-

*D

: AND dtcB R <t 6cr{ qR-s W friffi

4d qEW 'irsil {tTr r AND cflEif q-oq Q!{E r qcE 6s<qrl{
MEr$ I Etr{ I qri*m wtEtsXB 0 qr< I TtrW A B an wE!$
c4'qF (AND Gate)

.-ABqr{I

fn''r. nNo cfler}< q:FFrF

,', B q< mrslt6rt qFtr

's

estr q.tffi cnqtrqt qrql r q rflfficD *F qF

{s q{ F-<rq Tl&F Fffi{ TI 6q-qTlq @

urs<c-ce<teF5Em

'

at

=:l
I

qlls Y=AB

Fq' nNootc?<E&$:ilffi

,
'

}ibt

qTF{-sIIa{ ccfq
3 F$cqa flnG t
ser'
)sb IFGGn
o qr< I
o' P = o
qd"F
e:
ff{-{-

' "'

-" u'lc-S<

<cEWY=

*itA:o,B=r<qqtw$Y=o{6dr
Y ='$ {c{
t{"I?

A = 1, B = oEcq

:
1a"p A

1, B

$BBS

- I qro\flI!"F

Y=

{c{

lt(#{

r,1,-Due'If<?{.
\-

1Wfif<-

i'

rffi

ffe<Rqst<Tr<'q
-+q--

Nsse<a-<=_s

ffiRq'XF< scq ls\s

<pGsB<e\R<

'q-<<:qst<qgqqgRg<"f

qq-qqkfr

Y = A.B.C

y :
:

A\nnsB\[1'lvc
AANDBANDC

= A.B.C

l5E
qEEF'

rF^

rf*firt:

-\-

Y:A.B.C

0.

il

0
I

oR olEb (oR Gate) : oR otQcB Et <l RGrr qR-s ffi ft-q

qFtr qEW "itsrt {tn I EE W A s B <qqBD''lE Y:A+P
qr{ I oR c'firf cqrT.fc{l ,4FE t{"lr t qcq,' \ilEBt I {c{ I qK
qfrf*1b o qnwif o qc{
Fcg, oR oFcf{ T{-st. esB t{'rffi m"lt-{r qrqt t e rflfficb sr
qtr n \s B qr Krclrtt .cFF *tr v"t s-<ffi n&tr 5'-m<
r-{qqEEE*t A \3 B wF arcmq&FqcKqql
I

yan(

F(

: On c"Rd"6rk-<s

crffi

q-=

qq<pqlqft'

!e)

tr

j5:

Et6W

fr?F

.q

Y: A+B

)'c\

Fe: oROtA<ef++

d$ (Nor Gate) : Nor ottrD'qrtr

,{<(W s qc-"TqrE?XE r ET
mv*- W n: o qcqqt!"F v: 1 {r<

Nor

s eFtr qE?"tD

effcs t

NoT ctift?K

I <q qtE:3

:XO

:F
SE

WA=IqcEqBI"FY:oqc<I
qvpxkff
t{'lD

q]EEF

Y:A

0
1

{3
Fa: NorFitct<et6-s

tra . -i+-

qq<n,erq& e &&brq.

ffic

nftffiHffiFqc frfr+q'nrrhffirqrqRq rerqr$Rnffiery1-qqRftm{he

: G&Bn W6-s ctfr.s snr<Er Som <qr_

ul )\b

M : q{lciBaffiT'o
r iND u"llr<B{,

lgs

tR qofr<tr* ers.

' \orq"ffi{
"hctffisryr+qffi.
'.f
I

gate I switiching crcuit

qsrEqKfa
Input

outDut

Fq : aNp gut. qr

*F( ntm

lrsj-s q'Kfr
Input

output

Fs:

ongate

e<$Fisflffi

X=A+B
,= ls.F input r9 $E supul etffi 1 6.qa .
rFoutputX:A

Inout
A

ttl

rt )eo [ cfrfi-s otRBfil

6s

rrsr-f qKf4

A input

fqot

Output

X:A

q-s

: 6{ aAtTSqt -{s Tl ,{$lR-r ffifr-- otqcF< x:Frs hER qt

.q'ft-s rtRD
- R flEF. XNoR. rIEF r e{r{ AND g NoT c'IiE
19 ECT NAND or?F

3l )e)

ffiBqfil

"tsq r

r*rt

<-qr

R{ r sqE-. NAND cfiF,

qij q-<'q fiET em frr-N ca'cnT Wfi-s e<R <]-qF{tt-r qffitr<

tq
{dilqT
t 3I )!!,_) xqfuEFmctRt<rrrrsfi C{T<tt
lwyur<9
k : ffiDrq ecq+EFrq flffit dfrr
<t6q qK ftR erEF <r+{r< s-fl q{ {r6qir compared rogic
-- <t crfrE 4&-s a.Rts TCE I cq.r-{ : NoR"i1Tq
rr$, xon cqEF, xNoi priF, NaNp *qi.
I 1T )\ee ) xoR s xNoR otktr*qsro{Kft, gftre q&Ttr6-d{Ri6qtqsf{f
\ls r grn,r1

: ,qsF

\smoan

qfui

e<R

6n vrEBlD

-#%-W-;R*%ilHl

xoR cotQF : Excrusive-oR cllFr,s q1ffi-n xoR (fiF rqr qs ffi

'?D frrsrlv csqrs Q*tD r qcE wE?"lE r qr r qdfs E*XD
Etr sft qq${ q{

se+ :

Hffiffi

oRr<ico<<F-{rq-{

AB

-l=AB+AB

rn

coRcB

O EKI XOR fr'st T{ftc{t Es

\erE

*E"F

* C ffi

,a" lEiEtH

,S-tA

\5?f

wreqrrfi

6-F..\l-'{l r1f'

cqFtlcsttt A1fu : ..qfT'i-qtrrt

ffi

r
qlEEF

,T

ror d

/+

=--{*l

*o*cqlrra-cqfts

rmt

^l
f =A@B i
J. l' llA lBB I Y=A@B

pn

6{Fl

\r|fr.

il

0
u
ll I lt I
!(
qq{q xon currr}< qfc{ }
qa1ftv= T-{rE XNOR cqlB qJen {ln r
:l-c{r
FB6
Nor
cuRlF*
xon
k $
f *lo-*o,t,
q* qdtqE3xB
tr'
qs I xNoR olAB R6qrv cRqrft$ r aeqco$ o
oR? W T'cr xNoR c'W tsR s-fi
f F qqr{ qrq qED'F' I {c{
9"3rt
MToff -=,JF
^)
tllF
5 s, .'.v:eoe
1

il

.4.* B

-.[-B

AB;AE
i5
:r rp
- As =AB.AB

AB-

-qBb"F

Y=A@B

o#y=68
E {, =tIrel.(A+E)
I '
zflcn ==(A+s).(A+e)
2
(A + ny.1A + e)
B---7-A---/
s--//_-/
.
.d q =AA+ns+AB+eB
5 q =s+AB+ae+o
1J
=AB+AB
.*- / qr -rts*.:|Em*
\. r, ,y:'",
p
NoR c'wmq{fr9*t1T:ftE{qq4{qr
NAND
l"<*o,qurr{<,q?
h ,' *lr,
s
q-{tfo'-))' wsFFFv'
-G
t H
o0

3z
?+
{ }9

P
': 2

,a.-*";->r;

1fr-g<-<{-r-ee; o,qiFu-qfl{-eo;

qfi-{at*E* s

Lq^-ffiffiffiru'ffiffi,T
*TTri$.{J11'
"T'

nnno

'R5ftr

"'fiFG

rL '

eFF Nor

(iD

A:

cqAB

Rcqcq

1n NnNn

Ffq Fr<

*y1-i:np

6eptloR <*

t--]-.'#l

)ob )

:S1

\" = .'{

r,
-

B?

(iii)oReffiTFqlffi:lFNeNnet?F'qtroncE?FRcqr<TtqFGt'

105

-1.,3-A

Aq{"Ft

(il

n.Eu;**FF

tFt

e
n
'- Ui
[

cfifr{ crrs'Irqi{qtffi

*ry
'==nnu,
fftg
Z+:

lqt

'

o#n NeNn cqEFfr

,n

=-4"B
=r-3.

NAND ot?r frcr AND, oR

'r.*sft{ offi
otlB qqlR-+ sK t eEiI NAND
s
Nor oRt <lqEld <s-{t slT tlulu Non oRf ftms AND, OR NoT

Y=

2'V

^.'ql

=-{-.8

srcm

sm : R cqEr frc{ drFrs

* i;r:-dmtrSg";
Norc{SqFqlr*: qtrffi ff )o',<rst*r{oatu'*r
'i=fu
rY=A.A=A
A-1--l
A-E
Pk7 A.A
td
=a
g*
-r \D

c{ls

L\Df,

::

Y=AE
=A+B
:;;;
ara<
56q(

eNo

=fr
=AB

orEPRc{c<'*"J'
4

a#

r-\^ BfiJ

qtffiF esF on onF trqc< srq'Ftr{

qlffiF

I=4.15

-lt"rD=

i'rsqtrt

Ea{fu s

frf,}iFrEffic I )1)

cq$frmm&pr{ryffiwwrsft
frm cfrfqe eRr (nrup" oR. s Nor)
oRB$vwtq{: qit eE"F',\ ryli.c

xAB

\or

<itrs<RT.T

$$

qr-q

A+A
A
n;6p

pffiF qsft

l.'tOT cqRA Rrrym

qisi trca'i

on aRB<1lnry1qq: qF xon fi43? qimrfiJ '{6ff

.l+ B

et?F}e& rx

V: A+B

{-B
r:lro

oR"

:4+B

otRb<lqlvr:

NoR orEPtr 5.ft

axn

ole.b

Rrqr< atc? +-cr

Y=A+B
= A.B

=-{+B

-a

.r,B,
-AB

t1dfitr oR?ftcff xOn crtw*q&-f ftAqFsElffiS'{ I (E6w 4?!-)i) lqbg-<<rra-ou; a{rm 1(Tr rr \qqr{-nl
: {glq d-fr" rlq6{x,qc$ x$R trRrt{qfu'Fd : A s B En6}r srqi xon nftt.o qtBt'{B qs "ttQ,
)ea. )

la-aa

| (66wqFel

\B

fi:isEFI
>e;

ftrrFT

frcq RNn, oR
I qqfl NAND

[,gr )eg >'{dF|T$Rbftm XNOn,fRff*qe$'fiqql$s{'ff{q'1 18acrer-rrr] lrft{s *qcn-,es; r,Fra atrc{ e q.'rFi]-bl
ffi : {g1q ffifts dRFr qF{|cqt xNoR rtk?*<'tqta+ : A \3 B q-{"S?'{q4l xNoR ccr{ qiEE"tB qcs
mqF_

\'=AOB :AB+,AE
A

F...AB+AB

=A+B =A+B
sl

FE

:'ffifrs

c'i?rB{ ci{Rqi xNor{ c'Rd-< qe-s qrRfu

l
l

)1r I FiGGa
I

\5qi s clt'flrslfl

e1fu: qfiq'i{-qm{

dft

dg )eq ){INAND dqFfrc1 Xgg65l?3t,{q&-strqqFro4lg{W | (6vn sral)

q}qlqq i e rs s E5tc3{ qir xoR
: 1[ NAND c'iqt frffi xoR dqGA{ q&*s Sq

t{e5
ol?f{ u]tiF

'B'wa

"flQ,Y:ne+aB
.*- {R<tr".f eir<r

s'fr-s-{qtsr-+e1fffi{

y"t

w15rr<fico< qrct 61T

)'=il;
:--

=A B A

e q"iTs-{q

erc-o

frru<

q&6

F"llll$,

toq <t<t<n aKi q(-F,r-

AB

AB. AB

R
^r\
P

\\

-i^r

i -'u$
)eb ) TI NAND oRbfrT $ xNoR FRf{q&'sFE?rFwt{l-{iFit I (6FEr ?r's,
q-dl xNoR erR?a vlu}13
66|, X *o*o 65ftm xNon otQrt*q&-frqqlq1ffi: A B

t Eg

W{

XtttE,Y:AOe:Rs*AB
E

,F
b

<ilrs-{ {RqTc?f Eqrtr{ rifr-$K"lBc$ ${1-a. B{"nqI u-gn:r fircu<

-&

Fl"l.t

{l{,

=AB+AB

:.---

={8. A B

e q'fts-{q 6;5q fi66E E&-r trq <fre:<]-T{ T-{l qcEt

{rst 4ct

d:[ leb > {1ruon

dfi'c$ von otQ$rq&s'frqqtq1r{q (Ewws$ol) :

1

irT{d-$

Ew: {1NoR otEBftr aop c{qdr*erfiqtTq EtrftS A \I B K ffi-(-q XOR CqE*K TEET
Y:AB+AB
crl

ci
CV
lr

Qr)

AB

d;

lD,
-NDT^1D

.1

tD
-nD

T,

,41)
nu

:-.'-...,..,=':
=A+B + A+B

Y=A+E+A+'B

--

cq"m

rK& rc &&Bprffir I lqe

- (A + B) (8.+ C) q dlFf el$l{Td&s, q{t q3{eFr{cetn'"fr<Fq1F6E{w | (hrywqryst)

:\=(A+B)(B+C)

qel<

)Bo ) x

s'tEi$

x:(A+B)(B+C)

)8) > x:AB (cTT),d&-+qm?sR+q | $w-wsryst)

:X=AB(C+D)
C

tqe-$<-{Ft-

-------:

qI?"tE

x:AB(C+D)

)81) Y:

AC + nC + ASC

pwwovvt)

:\'=AC+BC-ABC

Y:AC+BC+ABC

eefiE frvlQ{

(Digiral Device)

fin-rrm'
rg

)Be ) frffi]'{ffii{fre

1wr+7

@s : cKK"rsK-{ mrE-frcilrfl-{ srq Fsrs.e<l q{, frstt-{ n.ffiErc<K xtqr{ o.rq s-{l {RI dT r offistrng*
uw;r qsfr fiffiS flefl w1*m"f ffv qn I s'K iTIGI $x.|q qifqrci-{fl {*t-+Te r q,t etro kErFs<F ctffi ffi
rffi* rv{ | m. ?<Wfs-r qtfiq b'rr-fr s$ qw-{ sno fuGErq ffiq qrei r fufu}m ffi
gut-< cetr
"ryq({
tTfec{rq
sgflft,
nlftRfrnl
TfuiEBK
I
{rqf<,
m'{ Etrr

-=AqO*Bcc{ q"qs;s

q6a c+tr arE-{uf,{f q c{]r-{ sqii q$ ilqcE "t11-< <\ ercflq-{Trst e&fiE
.mF BqRTcfq{1q;rrs-tsK, &cotsl{, tryry1<eqfu<er cr6geilcr

ffirq ffi

sfr

Rnrr qq.ft

tcb lEifriEiH \5q1s cfi'tlcsl{ 41fu: ,{TIat-ETc-f dfq

l

at )ab

>

otlt fu n
@'q'KFI
tt frfrqq\sro

Sut_: En uryngn

erc+'

ffi{l

\ryMmd qGilr

qlffi

lw q r raww qqvrt

<t{r R,

S=ABC,*{Bq"ENQ+ABCi
C. = ABCi + ABCi + AB Ci + ABCi

s=AEci+ABei+REei+ABC

Co=A gCi +n n Ci + ABei + ABCi

Sq : dfro q&-r alB- frm Eq qiw-Td.n&-{

1U*1.f

flffi

q-{tl{t-8; aqflTaTR'{ e
ToIu';H-; l&g*rqrq-sb; $q{F<q{r{-a; sI$Ecqnn4

tW : qF qnr Ws'K qsF bn afQCt-s qRlrsi qsft T-q \ryMR ?sR ffil sts I RrF qtr
qrsm&Flrm"trmtqrEl 1 qqrcqffiqBctr{wi qrtrqffis ops1$lgmt{crcQ
flq{ qf{F \$lsltffi w A s B qa GSItf$Ft, sr q<R +rtR ci
.'. qET qlr qllglr{{ <ffi{ crrq,
SI:ACIB

qFF

wlsli-T{

(RiC'=49

frftg qF \cn\fiL<$ qF W qcEt sr qq\ ci, q(ET RFfsE s2 q<\ sfiR c2

qF<'R fr-ql qfs qnstred <\tfrT GiltlqE, sz = sr o ci = A @ B @ ci

,----91-c-{-st-ci-:-!t-@--B)-c-'--------,
r^l
A

C"= Cr+Cz

S=Sz

Cr

W eF' A, B s ci qr cs-@ TE qnqc-T{ cer<F ql<fr Erm 6"{l qls R,

slc(
/
,44

S = A BC; + ABCi + AB C; +ABC;

= A (BC; + BC;) + A(BC1+

=A(BeC1)+A(BeCi)
=AeB@Ci
-Se

g"ffiqlRjl

BC)

Co

RnCi + nnC;+ ABC;+ ABC;

-' + AB) + AB(C; +C)

. :,ci (AB
=Ci(n@B)+AB
:C2+Cr

crrrofififuqc-"rt R, tGql$qtrs'Kfoq eFtrTEwl-sK?sRsrf {lTt

)bq I FiEEn Eer R"Ftr$4 A1B : ,{Stq-I-E-m"f G$fi

I

ficqm u > RBtr mrcvar.coYrrt*t

rTSr

q{Rlq: tb-q

e qlq{'1fiErfrs-mlg' qrrctoxEl-{t
q< b8T( u$<l

wl{lT : t}-q

qK be{(

F.

fifi&^

GolrE

{. Rfre^aols ffi'o.trwrqcvYqqf
dr*lq{ gf<i

tficerr-g rr > ffimtrua{cr{rYf*t+l:

dfr$E"FttqtTmqkTrdw{
F. AB + BC + Ac
q'flqllr:

qffi

t"ls
|

ag+gc+Ac
= AB(C +

e; + nc (n + A;.+ Ac(s + B)

: ABC + ABE + ABC + AEC + AgC + AEC

:AtsC iABE+AEC*AFC

:AB(C*e;+AC6+n;
=AB+AC

q. (^6;61

nc

qffi

dFrsEq'ftqt{Fnnrvmirdqqd

/----\
_
\a+e+c,f ec
==A.B.e.ec:ABcec:ABc
qr mq&:wtltc-+*srnryfr{
I elfiaqtsf lo > tffiuq+ P, Q, R s
Ei{tt{Fr:

tl{F{t{:

ur<frD-6FFP, Q, R

e qsp:{HftdiTF{tc{telTFt6

s s q< mcq&-l-<flirc-q<E"trfiq'rrqrq'l-

i.

FTQTn+s =F 0.n.Seqt
ii. P.Q.R.S:P+Q+R+S

frrr qrsroqKfirq]-{t<i dTI6l o<lqrqP

P

P+O+R+S

0
0

P+O+R+S

P.O.R.S

P+O+

P.O.R.S

P.O.R.S

0
0

I
1

qlaGi s$"t s-fl !'EI fl

E"ffi TE]s'
l. p+QTnTS=F.Q'R.S
ii. T.AT.3=F*Q+R'+S

0
0

csqlt qE{G e

tqilFrtq u
ffir{F

>

(;6;3)

:A+B+C

: A. E e urfrqrrFqlr'TqhftdlTFitc{reFFtq

A . B . e {ft-$'flF qEIs. Tl<ft{ 4lqrs]

A+B+C

A+B+c

1.

I"{sl )obl

F-{t ccEl-

A.B.e

e
I

0
0

0'

0
0

0
0

0.

-i

elT'tct

fr&tnft-stq'q I )be

I ftqq )\ ) AND, oR, NOT, NAND, NoR, xoR xNoR otw

w" Sqsryrcqt{ffm{le

$l
0
0

:Ev o otQblr.rt

ffi

il*rqh: AND ORr{ffiv NAND Ot{D :

41qp

vt ensr*
I{h:

M
llrl

ffi

A
B

$"sj-{l?ft
B

Y=AB

AB

0
0

0
0

l.-

0
0
0

lFt*rltlh:

nR

qeTs' qtKft

,0

Y=AB

crtQF{1hfuNoR o1S
oR c'tiF

NOR

C'TEF

P+O+R*
I

dq-r

r-s-f$'

fi<ft

qsi-6 clKft
B
0

Y=A+B

A+B

0
I

0
0

1oR cqqfidfi'rfi\o xNoR

XOR

ot$
XNOR

C'IRD

q-sl-s{Kft
0

Y:A+B

C'IEF

c\$s. rflKR-

Y=A@B

.0
0

0
0

Y = AOB-

'l

0
0

I
I
I

Effi rs &&tt-t&qt{ I lts

qqetl,t

ffi

Trq

ll r (m;';3) : r

F.e

ilErtrT : e + e +C : A B' e irft-$TqF

CB
C
A+B+C

qsqqqFqvlqqnft{qtqrr$qrn:Er

qsi-6 q3ftE qrqr(sl flTtct F-dI

Erfl-

A+B+C

A.R.C

0
0

0'

0
0

0
0

;rl

iltfrpg rr. ) AND, oR, Noro NAND, NoR, xoR xNoR otQt* mq
m, d&q s q\rrrqFrR cnttre
r

mtnil-r:

$St: toul

r.

.txb oRtt"trR

tftqr NAND

ffi

0.

a&Frt frtfu vt eitstd ffi

[16t:

:qr

eNo ortF

NANP EIEF

A---+l Y=ee

s-1-r-

s+s

flq=<t

n'-e-.oflTA

lqFt<8f

tlh:

qsro' clTft

Y=AB

AB

0
0
0

1'-.

m otQcF*ftfftv NoR ot$

OR oliF
B

sq-s

{l<ft
0
0

Y:A+B

B
0

Y:A+B

A+B

0
0

0
0

xoR

olQF

culEF

xNoR c'tiF
V=nOa

qlKA

s-s

qprsqtKA

\oR crlQF{RqA\r xNon

Fsl-+.

cqEF

AB

uon

r-sl$.

Y:

Be$

qsrovn<ft

v:

B
0

Y=AOB

,l
I

eoe

uul

)tD8

IEEFf,

l&ra

\541\ RfEIC{F|

te )

ili{F:y

lI

NArun

A1B : ..qrm.f-qFilf dfq

6$ftr

Y=

IB

+ Ec + en

qffidfrFqrWrg

=f,3+EC*ee
=AB+BC+CA

=A8.BC.CA

TF)>

lftrn ) ITNoR dlpftff

qfiFt Y =AB+IE
5s

Y = AB +

IFqffi{frfqqFqmq

: \A\D
t

\ {\D
\OT

..

AB+AB

,\.

=AB.AB

J.

\{

=6+B+A+B

, {\D(

=4+B+A+B

\B
\5

AB

;=q F
rr OR

l{g1rtr }a ) q{fiqpwfunmtqp x s y,ftfft(t+\ryWr{fqp s, e cr qrR oR ctlFrQtDc'

crrGtrc+DTtrrwnbfimt

t{trF:

a-'-

. ={-A
.A
r;:; \OR

C;

tl0l
+ l00l
l0ll0

\()R f;r{!
r \OT{

)s ) llgt l00l q$t|6{a$qftlfrwlstcr*qfr&qt 6qFfffiffiTr

qqt{F: I l0r s l00l cc$tc{ o6 affi wrs]t-fi q]EEri c{ItiF.E-

rJ

-\-B
:=< Fft
.

t'--"--------':

lqlftTlt

Crf

----.\.3
-\-

c2

Cq

l,ORfr

.= 1- l
={-E

cqfi 'tn{&
15

-15

n --+

ffi w

00000000

str

fu

mprqq

lat

fr[a{ qprr ufufris FFr frr-{Err rFil qtrr qr

1

E !o ) fulqrbrHltulFFrt

floooooooo

'. frem{E ffiqrttre6qf

.
j.

&ffiffic

+ 0000llll
-+ llll000l

o:
Fn

{FRATHIF

[1tt:

rrol

It*t:

lrl

A(A+C)=4
(A + B) (A -1C) = A + BC

ii)

L.H.S.

A(A+C)
= AA+AC= A+AC= A(t +C) = A,=

R.H.S

L.H.S. = R.H.S. (Proved)

- H.S.

:
:
:
:
:

(A + BXA + C).

AA+AC+AB+BC
A+AC+AB+BC
A(l +C)+ne+BC
A+AB+BC

. =A(l+B)+BC
= A+BC
: R.H.q.
L.H.S.

= R.H.S. (Proved)

nftrq u > fiqF qlfret{cit rtrqqFluilltlf,}wn

asc+agc+ABC
----*.?-

::,A+B+C+BC
:r.

w:

(AB + C). A

(i)

ABC + AE C + ABC

ABC+ABC+ABC

A+B+C+BC

qoo

[FiEiFa eor 9 6TFfETrrf,O1fu:

(iii) (AB

Ifianaq

,4TlFf-qfq.,.f

dft

C). A

5q >

ffunvncqr{kqRrrq,wrm:

i. i+B*E;
ii."

ABC + ABC +

iii.

BC + BC + BC

A-i

4{ttdT:(i) A+.e+C+D

dq

: A.B.C.D

!rr

= ABCD

rfr

- +
ii. Agc + agc
Ac

@B

= BC(A+A)+eC

-Al

BC+aC

iii. BC+sc+sc

= C(S+e)+nC
= C+BC

A-l

-!'z+
- iz+t

crr+B)+BC

illt.B+i

= c +BC +gc

: (t)

= d+n1c+cy

Lrt

"= C+B
: B+c
I

franaa 5o )

T{Ffi{:

X=

+ en

vt*tq'

NAND srR

NoR.qRbqt*T*qtffi

otlFftn x = .r + a-srlsWFqd#,
= e+ee
NAND

a+ee

=-:
a.ag
AB

3B
:

=AB-r

(ii)

L.H.s

q\"n "t'qF e fr&fiqffir'l,qo:

crtlFfrf x = A +.fB TIqFF?rMtT{ :

^,on

= 4+AB

= 4+AB
::
= A.AB
= A" A+B

AB

X:A+A+B

TE-l'q) I"YglmF",ffi:!3.
meq

ffi

o qtffi16r-sos

-.*-"r -

'l{t'a dcrFt Frd Rstd {?HFr{fi'eqt

elqFt

qf

q@B =AB+AB
+
rBC + Afl,C + Asc + ABC = AB + BC CA
c'BC +

lgc

+ eSC + ABC

=A

CI

BOC

!,.y z*x=\Y
rn- fz+yz= xz*xJ
A+B+C) BC=0

-_=.
=Ae+nB

Ae.eB
:(A+B)(A+B)
:(A+e)(A+e)

'

=AA+AB+ne+eB
:o+AB+AE+o
:ee+AB
: R.H.S

q3B:AB+A B (Proved)
:

(ii)

L.H.S. =

ESC+ABC+ABC+ABC
+
ABE + ABC + ABC + ABC + AEC ABC

= AB (e + c)

AC (E + B) + Bc (A + A)

ccqtr

r r dfr+ atqB'frfr xon B xNoR ffi qFq|r{vr

: dfrs Flfrr xon offirrtrrnr*:

ry

B q{ dsrq xoR c'Rc?{ qEDTD, v ,= As

dfre olQll qptrxr xon ottrB{
GE
A

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$$t: roul

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r
{

Y*AB+AR

s'trffrr
ryF

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ttp

Sq cfiFr+ cqe6? qrqrcsl xNoR cq?6a s&s fllftb

'

NoR NAND ott'nm xoR e xNoR

{1xon dtrfrlr

amqM|r{#

xoR ottBTqfr{FqFnr{M:

A s n qr fficE xoR otqrtrqrEBo1B,

l'=AB+.AB
=

l.qo,e

it:+,qE

=AB + AB
#+=
=A+ll + A+B

Y=

A+B+ A+ B

q$n qqfr s fr&brqm{ I qoo

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: ffio oWnrff xon ot$qFqEr*:
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;m ffip ottsb'* qt{tilr xon ofts?{ qfr{ CE

[1St: roul

rl]

= AB+

cffifrrs xNoR ail0qFFtm:

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fiq : c$for+
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:

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1I

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effiqfwtfi?Fil

O$nrn xoR ottcElqFrrFq$nuqH{:

eqF A B'q?{:srq XoR crffr?"qtEE"tB,

l'= iB+ ,tE

:::

= AIJ + ,48

::
=AB + AB
=

A+E +" A+B

Y=

A+.8+ A+ B

il

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