05 Introduction To Computer Aided Drafting and Design - Ocr

Printable: Architecture: Residential Drafting and Design, 11th Edition page 113
Introduction
to ComputerAided Drafting
and Design
Page 1 of 1
CHAPTER
Obj ectives
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Aper completing this chapter, you will be Ilble /0:

Explain how computer-aided drafting and
design can simplify archi tectural drawing
tasks.
AEC-specific CADD
mirror line
package
animation
attribute
block
object
object snap
parametric
primitive
CAOD
rendering
rotmd
Eval ua te features of CADD programs for
command
snap
use in architectural drafting.
display grid
solid modeling
Describe drawing, editing, display, di-
ergonomics
surface modeling
mensioning, and other commands that are
fillet
symbol library
typically included in CADD programs.
grid snap
tracking
hatching
layer
wireframe
List the components of a typical CADD
CAD
workstation.
What Is CADD?
CAD is an acronym for computer-aided (or
computer-assisted) drafting. CADD (with two Os)
includes both drafting and design. It integrates
design, analysis, and often pre-manufacturing, as
well as drafting. See Figure 5-1. Because this textlxx>k emphasizes both drafting and design, the
term CAOD is used for all applications of computer-aided drafting, computer-aided design,
and computer-aided drafting and design.
Simply put, CADO is a tool that replaces
the traditional pencil and p aper for the drafter
and deSigner. While CAOO makes the process
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of designing a prod uct or structure much easier,

the fu ndamentals of design have not changed.
Knowledge of how to use CADD software
cannot replace a solid knowledge of accepted
drafting practices, drafting techniques, building ma terials, and construction details.
Nevertheless, CADD can simplify millly
drawing tasks. A drafter or designer using a computer system and the appropriate sofhvare can:
draft a part, structure, or other needed
p roduct
modify a design without having to redraw
the entire drawing
call up symbols or base drawings from
computer storage
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Archit&tural Drafting Fundamentals
Fig ure 51. CADD hilS greatly improved the process of designing and creating complex drawings, such
as this floor plan.
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introduction to Computer-Aidl;'{\ Drafting and I:ksign
re-use frequently needed forms and shapes

produce schedules or analyses
prod uce hard copies of complete drawings
or drawing elements in a matter of minutes
All types of arch itectural, engi neering, and
construction (AEC) drawings can be produced
with CA DD software. See Figure 5-2. CADD
software programs range from very basic programs th at can be purchased for under $100 to
programs that cost many thousands of dollars.
Why Use CADD?

TI1ere are many reasons to use CADD, but
the most important is that CADD saves time
and money. Once a design has been completed
and stored in the computer, it can be called
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115
up whenever needed for copies or revisions.

Revising CADD drawings is one of the greatest
time- and money-saving benefits. Frequently, a
revision that requires several hours to complete
using traditional (manual) drafting methods
can be done in a few minutes on a CADD system. in addition, some CADD packages automatically produce updated schedules after you
revise the original plan, thus eliminating the
need to update the schedules manually.
Other reasons for using CADD include:
Productivity. CADD programs allow the
drafter or designer to quickly develop
and communicate ideas in a precise and
professional manner.
Flexibility. Once a design is complete, a
drawing can be plotted at any scale and
on different media, depending on the
intended use.
Figure 5-2. This site plan for a new industrial park is an example of the many types of drawings that can
be created using CADD software. (Slobodlm Zi ukavic/Shuf/crstock.com)
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Ulliformity . Drawings produced on a

CADD system possess a high degree of
uniformity regardless of who makes the
drawings. See Figure 5-3.
Quality. CADD ma kes it easy to ensure
consistency in line thickness and pattern
scales, and elimi nates both smudged lines
and sloppy lettering.
Scale. In CADD, objects are always drawn
at their true size and are then plotted or
printed at the appropriate plot scale for
each sheet.
Output device
:/
Output device
CADD Hardware
Figure 5-4. A typical CADD workstation.
Most CADD programs, even high-end software, can be run on home computer systems.
These stand-alone systems are inexpensive and
powerful and can be purchased at most appliance and electronics stores. See Figu re 5-4.
A computer is made up of a central processing unit (CPU), one or more input devices, one
or more output devices, and a storage device.
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Figure 5-3. All of the electrical symbols in this drawing are uniform. The only variable is the rotation of
the symbols.
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The C PU contains the processor or microprocessor, memory, and input/output interfaces.
Input Devices
The input devices for a CADD system usually consist of a keyboard and a mouse or other
pointing device. These devices allow you to
enter commands and data into the computer
system. Although considered older technology,
some specialty systems may use a light pen or
a digitizer and puck to input information into
a CADD ::;ystem. A puck is similar to a mouse,
but can sense its exact position on a calibrated
digitizer pad. In the past, digitizers were useful for converting existing paper drawings to
electronic CADD drawings. However, they are
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seldom used today. Most drawings today are

created using CADD,::;o a mouse and keyboard
are sufficient for most architects.
Recentl y, tablet computers have reduced the
need for a separate input device. These devices
have touch screens that use the human finger as
an input device. They are very portable and can
be used on the construction site or in the client's
living room to make quick changes to a design.
See Figure 5-5.
Monitors
The monitor is the most common output
device. Most monitors are now LCD or LED fiatscreen monitors. Monitors are generally described
in terms of size and screen properties. The size of
Figure 5-5. Tablet computers allow architects to make quick design changes in the field with just the
touch of a finger. (Vovml/SI11Ifterstock.com)
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Architectural Drafting Fundamentals
a monitor is measured diagonally. Generally, a

17" moni tor is the smallest that can be used effectively with CADD. With small monitors, most of
the computer screen may be taken up by toolbars
and menus. Man y desktop CADD systems have a
21" or larger monitor. See Figure 5-6.
Another important aspect of a CA DD system 's display device is the video card. The
video card is the device that transm its data
from the C PU to the monitor. Some video
cards are s pecifically d esigned for CA DD and
high-end 3D graphics. However, each card has
<td vantages and disadvantages. Before scle<ti ng
a ca rd, loca te a hard wa re review in a computer
or CADD magazine. Use this informa tion to
determine wh ich video card is best s uited fo r
your applicatio n.
Figure 5-6. Large monitors are considered
required equipment by many architectural firms.
Green
Architecture
Electronic Waste
Al though digital technology is helping
reduce the damage from existing threats to the
environment, its continuing use and constant
growth comes at a price. For example, newer
and faster CADD programs often require
compute r hardware upgrades. When computers
and oth er types of electronics are replaced, th e
older machines th at are thrown out become
a-waste. E-waste is the fastest growing cause 01
toxic waste in t he United States.
The toxic chemicals found in e-waste can
consist 01 lead and mercury. While these toxins

can damage the environment, they are also
harmful to your health. Exposure to lead can cause
neurological damage and cancer. Mercury poisoning
can cause damage to the neNOUS and endocrine
systems. Recent policies regarding the disposal and
recycling of e-waste have been adopted in several
countries. Several electronics manufacturers have
initiated recycling programs lor their prcxiucts. More
information is available from Regional Computer
Rocyding & Recovery (RCR&R).
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Printers and Plotters

Printers and plotters are output devices
that provide a way to produce hard copies of
CADD draW ings. For smaller drawings, s uch as
A-size and B-size dra wings, most of the printers sold by electronics <tnd computer stores can
be used. The mosl common of these are inkjet
and laser p rin ters.
Laser p rinters are fast and provide crisp,
dC<ln images. The biggest d isad va ntage of laser
p rin lers is the lack of color. Color laser printers
exist, but they are generally expensive to purchase and operate. They also typically d o not
produce very good color.
Inkjet printers are slower than laser printers, but they are e<lsy to use. An advantage of
inkjet technology is that it allows you to p roduce hard copies of renderings in full color.
When making p rints on specia l "photo paper,"
it is sometimes hard to tell a good rend ering
from a pho tograph. In the architectural fie ld ,
this can be a great asset.
Fo r larger draw ings, p lotters are needed.
Most p lotters today are inkjet plotters. They are
simila r to the inkjet p rin ters, but can prod uce
up to E-size p rints. See Fi gure 5-7.
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Figure 5-7. Inkjet plotters are well-suited to

producing larger CADD drawings, such as this
E-size drawing. Wesigllje/ Dh,isiol1, Hew/ell-Packard)
Storage Devices
Storage devices save data, such as drawings, for la ter use. A storage device p laces the
d ata on dig ital storage med ia. A compu te r 's
hard drive is a storage d evice wi th self-con ta in ed med ia. Other storage d evices, such as
C D-R or OVO- R drives and USB drives, allow
data to be stored on a removable dev ice. USB
drives are particularly usefu l for transporting large working draw ings and other electronic da ta for arch itectura l projects. See
Fi gure 5-8.
Networks
O ften, severa l stand-a lone system s a re
connected in a network . This allows each
computer to share information through the
netwo rk w iring. A network typically allows
dev ices such as p ri nters and p lotters to be
shared amon g the compu ters. It may also prov ide a huge hard d rive where entire sets of
working drawings and p rojects can be stored
or arch ived.
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Figure 5-8. CADD systems are compatible with

many different types of storage devices. Clockwise
from top left: USB ("thumb") drive, DVDdiscs,
internal hard drive, and portable external hard
drive. (lWOlifl GrvdzknlS111Ittrrstock.co11lJ
Types of CADD
Software
A variety of CA OO software programs are
available. These range from very basic programs that can draw simple two-d imensiona l
(20) objects to high-end programs that can
crea te th ree-d imensional (3~) models and renderings and have ad vanced featu res such as
automated schedules. CA DD p rograms can be
classified into two broad groups: general-purpose and AEC-specific.
General-Purpose CADD
Packages
General-purpose CAOO packages a re
designed for making typical mechanical drawings and other general drafting applications.
Some general-pu rpose CADD p rograms are
high-end p rograms that offer many advanced
ca pabilities. Others provide only basic fu nctions and are typically used for CADO education or home use.
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AEC-Specific CADD Packages

AEC-specijic CADD packages are those
that are designed fo r use in the architectural,
engineering, and construction (AEC) indus-
tries. These packages generally include a ll of

the functional ity of general-purpose CADD
programs. However, they include tools and
features for use in the AEC fields. The extra
func tions improve the workflow for AEC d rafters. Architectural and construction d rawings
can be created using general-purpose CADD
packages. However, an AEC-specific program

s treamlines common architectural drawing
tasks and may therefore be more efficient.
Selecting a CADD
Program
In order to get the best CADD system for
your needs, you must first decide what you
want to accomplish with the soft\.vare. If all you
plan to do is produce 2D drawings, then you
do not need a]] of the "bells and whistles" of a
high-end system. If you are going to be producing 3D models and renderings, then you will
probably need a high-end system. 111e answers
to these basic questions may help you select the
best package for you :
How well does the package meet your
needs? Is it useful to you?
Is the program easy to learn and use?
Does it provide help tools and clear
instructions?
What type of support does the company
provide after you purchase the software?
Does the company provide updates,
either free or for a reasonable cost? Will
the company answer your questions over
the phone? Is training available at a local
college or trade school? Remember, some
CADD programs can be qui te complex
and you may need some help learning to
u se them.
What are specific features of the sofhl.'are?
Is it 2D or 3 D? Is it compatible with other
popular packages?
What are the hardware requirements of the
package?
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Does the program require specia l

hardware not common to other packages?
Check the warranty. What is covered, and
for how long?
How much does it cost? How does the cost
compare with simila r packages?
You may be able to think of other questions
to add to this list. If possible, use the program
before you purchase it, or at least talk to someone w ho has used it.
Common
General-Purpose
CADD Features
Certain basic features are common to all
CADD programs. An overall knowledge of
these features can help you select the CADD
program that is best fo r you, because different programs handle the features in d ifferent
ways. Some CADD programs are more capable
than others. The following sections p rovide an
overview of the common features available in
popular general-purpose CA DD packages. This
is not intended to be a comprehensive list or to
recommend one software brand over another.
You are the best judge of which CADD package
best suits your requirements.
Objects
Objects are the elements used to create
drawings. They include items such as lines,
points, circles, and arcs. More advanced objects,
such as polylines, fillets, and chamfers, add
fun ction to the program . These may not be
available with low-end CADD programs.
Dralving Units
Most CADD programs support different
units of measure. Commonly supported unit
formats include arch itectural (fractional), engineering, scientific, and decimal. The decimal
unit format is used for both US Custom<lTY and
metric units.
Angular units of measu re can also be available ina variety of formats. Someconunon angular units of measure include decimal degrees,
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degrees/ minutes/seconds, grads, radians, and

surveyor's u nits. Being able to choose from several formats can be useful if you wiU be using
the CA DD program for multiple appl ications.
For example, surveyor's units are commonly
used on site (plot) plans, whereas architectural
units are used for floor plans.
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Di1uensions
Prop erly dimensioning a drawing is one
of the fundamentals of drafting. Dimensions
are added to a drawing to specify the exact
length , wid th, d iameter, location, or other measuremen t related to the objects in the drawing.
When done manually, dimensioning is timeconsuming and can be a major source of errors
or omissions. Most CADD packages provide
the ability to automate the placement of dimensions. Instead of drawing each extension line
and dimension line sepa rately, YOll can specify
a dimension style, enter a dimensioning command, and select the endpoints of the dimension . The CA DD software does the rest. The
software automatically calcula tes the length of
the line and inserts the correct measurement as
dimension text.
Hatd. Patterns and Materials

Hutchillg is an important feature of any
d rawing that requires a section view. Hatching
is also used in architectural d rafting to represent
bricks, shingles, grass, siding, insulation, and
many other fea tures. General-purpose CADD
packages include several standard hatch patterns. See Figure 5-9. Some CADD programs
also allow you to design your own patterns.
When you create a hatch in a CADD program, the enti re hatch exists as one object. You
do not have to draw the individual lines. Like
automatic dimensions, this feature saves drafters a great amount of time.
AEC-specific CADD p rogram s offer hatch
patterns that are specifically designed for the
AEC field . A general-purpose CADD program
may not offer the patterns needed in the AEC
fi eld, such as shakes or shingles, various brick
patterns, earth, sa nd, concrete, and foliage.
These patterns can be difficult to create if they
are not included in the program.
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Figure .5-9. General-purpose CADD programs

typically provide a variety of hatch pallems to
represent building materials and other items.
If you are going to be modeling in 3D,

hatching is not necessarily as im portant to you.
Instead of using hatch patterns, you can d efine
materials and apply them to objects in the drawing. When you render the drawing, the material appears. For example, you could define a
wood-grain material pattern and apply it to the
cabinets i.n an elevation section that shows the
kitdlen. When you render the drawing, the cabinets appea r to be made of wood.
Text
The ability to p lace text on a d rawing is \'Cry
important in most drafting situations. It is therefore important fo r CADD soft ware to have good
text support. You should try to find a program
that can use several different typefaces. Most
Windows-based CADD software can use any
font installed in Windows for text on a drawing.
Lettering style is very important in architectural drafting. Some CADD packages allow
the drafter to design and use a custom font.
Many architects prefer to use a personalized lettering sty le. For them, this custom feature is an
important part of the CADD package.
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122
Editing Tools
The ability to edit a drawing is one of
the most important aspects of CADD. Edit
ing includes operat io ns such as copying,
erasing. mov ing, scaling, rotating, trimming,
di v iding, mirroring. and stre tching. Some of
the low-cnd CA DD programs offer limited
editing capabilities. Select a CADD program

tha t has several editing tools from which to
choose.
Layers
One of the fundamental tools in any good
CADD progra m is the ability to draw on and
manage layers. A layer is a virtual piece of
paper on which CA DD objects are placed. All
objects on all layers, or sheets of paper, are visihleon top of each other. If you are famil ia r w ith
traditional (manual) drafting. you can think of
layers as vcUum overlays.
Layers can be turned on and off, resu ltin g
in the display of o nly those objects needed.
For examp le, in a floor p lan, you ma y have
a layer for walls, one for the electrica l plan,
and one for the plumbing plan. This allows
yOll to turn off the plumbing plan laye r to
display onl y the wa lls and electrical plan . See
Fig u re 5-10 .
Most CADD programs allow you to crca te
and manage layers. Genera lly, you can assign
a unique 'aycr name and color to each layer.
In addition, some CA OD programs allow you
advanced contro l over layers. For example,
some CADD programs aUow you to prevent
certain layers from printing.
Proper layer management is very important
to effective CADD draWing. This is especia lly
true when the drawing is jointly worked on by
several drafters, designers, or engineers. In an
effort to standnrdizc layer use in industry, several organiz..:'1lions have attempted to develop
layer naming and usage stand ards. There is no
one W1iversalJy accepted standard. However,
the American Institute of Architects (AlA) has
developed the A lA CAD Layer GuidelillL'S. These
g uidelines are part of the US National CAD
Standard and a rc used by many organizations,
either d irectly or as a basis for the o rganization's own standards.
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Architcctu r.ll Drafting Fundamentals
[t is important to follow the standard s

required by your company, department, or
client. While you should always attempt to
follow accepted industry standards, such as
the AlA guidelines, it is more important that
everyone working on a project fo llow the same
convention. For example, instead of following the AlA conventions, you r company may
adopt a sim ple naming convention s uch as
WALLS, FOUNDATION, and LANDSCAPE. If
this la yer nam ing scheme meets your needs,
then adopt it and make sure everyone follow s
the convention.
Colors
Another importan t fea ture in CA DD programs is object display color. If all objects in a
drawing are displayed in the S''lmc color, it can
be hard to identify the ind ividua l features. On
the other hand , if all walls a re displayed in red,
a ll doors are displayed in yellow, and all window s are disp layed in g reen, anybody who is
familiar with this color scheme can qu ickly
determine what is represented. Notice how
co lor is used in Figu re 5-10 to distinguish the
electrical la yer and other layers. Just as with
layer names, it is important to adopt a color
usage conven tion and make s ure everybody
sticks to it.
Display colors arc often assigned to layers, so that an object's color is determined by
the layer on which it is drawn. This is one reason that layer conventions are so important, as
described in the previous section.
Unetypes
Managing the types of lines used on a drawing is also important. The alphabet of lines is an
important part of d ra fting, whether the drawing is created by hand or on a CADD system .
See Chapter 4 for more information about the
alphabet of lines. In order to follow the alphabet
of lines, the CADD system you choose should
have the ability to use different linetypes. See
Figure 5-11 . The system should also have the
ability to set line thkkncss or w idth. Most
CA DD programs provide severallinetypes that
conform to the alphabet o f lines. You can typically adjust the scale o f each line (or all lines) SO
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Introduction to Computer-Aidl;'{\ Draft ing and I:ksign
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Figure 5-10. Controlling the display of layers to show items on a floor plan. A- The complete drawing
with nLllayers turned on. B--The same drawing with the elcdrical1ayer turned on and the dimension
layer tumed off so that the ek>ctrical fixtures are easier to see.
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Figure 5-11 . Most CADD packages allow you to

define or select various types of lines.
your particular applica tion better conforms. As

wi th colors, you can assign [inetypes to layers
so that everyth ing drawn on a particular layer
appea rs in the assigned [inetype.
Display Controls and Drawing

Aids
In CADD, all drawings are created at full
scale. [f a wall is 40' long, you draw the line that
represents the wa ll -to' long. Therefore, most
architectural drawings are much larger than the
computer scrccn. You will need to change the
magnification factor of the view and change the
view itself to see d ifferent portions of the drawing . The functions that a llow you to do this are
called display COli trois and include zooming and
panning commands, as well as other related
commands. All CADD programs should have
a variety of d isplay controls. Most CADD programs also provide a way to save views to be
restored later.
Drawing aids help you locate a specific
position on the screen or on existing objects.
They make the task o f drawing easier, faster,
and more accurate. All mid-range and highend CADD programs offer a va riety of drawing
aids. Common drawing aids include a display
grid, grid snap , object snaps, orthogonal mode,
isometric mode, and construction planes. Without good d rawing aids, CADD drawings can be
hard to manage.
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Blocks and Attributes

Blocks are special objects that can best
be thought of as sy mbol s that can be inserted
into a drawing. Once you have spen t the time
to create a block, you ca n insert it into the
drawing again and again without having to
redraw it.
Symbol Librari es
Most drafters save their b locks as symbol
libraries for easy access. A symbol libranj is a
drawing file that contains a collection of blocks
or symbols that are typically related, such as
plumbing symbols, electrical symbols, o r landscaping symbols. See Figure 5-12. When stored
in this manner, a block can be located quickly
and inserted as needed into any d rawing.
Architectural CADD packages include symbol libra ries that are commonly used in both plan
drawings and elevations. For example, trees, furniture, doors and windows, and common appliances are usually included in architectural drawings. Symbol libraries developed specifically for
AEC applications include:
standard door types
standard window types
plumbing symbols
electrical and lighting symbols
heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
(HVAC) symbols
furniture symbols
tree and p lant symbols
appliance symbols
vehicle sym bols
title symbols
construction details
Most AEC-specific CADD packages include at
least some of these collections. Many CADO
programs also allow you to add third-party
symbol libraries to the software.
Attributes
Most CADO systems support both blocks
and attributes. An al'tribl/tc is text informat ion
saved with the block when it is inserted into a
draw ing. For example, you may create a block
that consists of all the lines needed to represent
a c.lse-molded window. When you create the
block, you assign attributes to it describing the
window size, style, and manufacturer.
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Figure 5-12. These tree symbols arc stored in a symbol library. Any of these symbols can be quickly
inserted into a CADD drawing, repeatedly if needed. (Prime Computer, Il1c.)
Attributes are often assigned to a block

when it is created. However, another featuresup~
ported by many CADD programs is to prompt
the user for attributes when the block is inserted .
This allows a single block, or symbol, to serve for
many different sizes, styles, and manufacturers.
Using the case-molded window example, you
may draw a generic window and p rompt the
user for a size, style, and manufacturer when the
block is inserted .
3D Modeling and Rendering

Three-dimensional modeling ca pability is
an advanced capability of some CADD programs. Much of the drafting d one in CA DD is
in two dimensions, just like a manual drawing
on paper. However, 3D modeling programs create a "virtua l" object in the computer that has
width, length, and depth. The 3D object can be
shaded o r colored, aSSigned materials, rotated,
and often animated.
Surface modeling crea tes 3D objects by
d rawing a skin, often over a wueframe. A
wircfralflc is a group of lines that represent
the edges of a 3D modeL but does not have a
skin or "thickness." Surface modeling is used
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for rendering and animation. H owever, it is not

often used for engineering applications because
a surface model does not ha ve volume or mass
properties.
Solid l1Iodelillg creates 3D objects by gene rating a volume. If you think of surface modeling as blowing up a balloon to obtain a fi nal
shape, solid modeling is obtaining the fina l
sha pe by filling it with water. A solid model
can be analyzed for ma ss, volume, material properties, and m any other d a ta . Many
CADD packages that can produce solid mode ls a lso allow you to create cross sections,
w hich is d iffic ult or impossible to do with a
surface model. In addition, a solid model can
be rendered and imported into many a nimation software packages.
An important part of architectural design
is preparing the presenta tion drawings used
to show a client the proposals. A 3D CA DD
draw in g that is properly set up ca n be used to
create a compu ter rendering, or presentation
d rawin g. Just as 2D working drawings are
needed to build the project, renderings of 3D
models help sell the project to the client. The
soli d model in Figure 5-13 has been detailed so
carefull y that it almost looks like a photograph.
12/19/2013
126
Section 1
Page 1 of 1
Figure 5-13. Because this is a solid 1ll00iei, it can be rotated and viewed from any angle to show a client the
sides and back of the house. In addition, the model can be altered to show different materials on the exterior.
<j/661227/S/l1Itferslock.colll)
However, by changing the materials assigned

to the exterior of the house, the architect can
s how potential clients the effects of various
materials and color choices on the exteriOf.
For examp le, the stone could be changed to
brick, or the pa in t on the second floor could be
changed from yellow to brown.
AlIi1JUltiolts
Related to p resentation drawings afe animations. A llim a ti01fs show motion, so they
can show features such as windows and
doors opening and the changing effect of sunlight on a room . Animations can also be used
to present a room or building as a person
would see it walking through . With the right
CADD software and a skilled drafter, a client
or review board can be shown a very accurate
representation of what the final construction
will look like.
Printed for:
AEC-Specific CADD
Features
Most CADD programs designed for use in
ardlitecture offer specific time-saving features
fo r architects and build ing designers. The following sections cover features that are typically
offered in AEC-specific CADD programs.
Schedule Auto1JlatiolJ.
One of the biggest advantages of using
blocks and attributes in an architectural drawing
is the ability to generate sdledules automatically.
A schedule is a list of all items of a specific type
that are needed for construction. For example, if
you insert all windows as blocks with correctly
defined attributes, AEC-specific CADD systems
can generate a window schedule that incl udes
every window in the drawing, complete with
12/19/2013
Chapter 5
introduction to Computer-Aidl;'{\ Drafting and I:ksign
.~
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Page 1 of 1
"
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Figure 5-14. Some CADD programs have the ability to generate window schedules automatically when
the drawing is properly set up.
its size, style, manufacturer, and any other attributes that you have defined. See Figure 5-14, The
window schedule can then be used for design,
estimating, and purchasing. Many AEC-specific
CADD programs can generate window and door
schedules, kitchen cabinet schedules, plumbing
fixture schedules, Lighting fixture schedules, and
other schedules, as well as various reports.
In addition to creating schedules, some
AEC-specific CADD programs can automatica Uy update or correct a schedule when an
item on the drawing is changed. For example, if
your client wants to add a 30x60 double-hung
window to the floor plan, the window is automatically included in the schedule when you
add it to the drawing. Using CADD, such a
change requires only a few seconds to complete.
Wall Generation
Architectural packages generally provide
more than one method of generating walls,
Printed for:
Features such as intersection cleanup, wall

thickness specification, and wall alignment
are important time-savers that can be found in
most AEC-specific CADD programs,
Stair Generation
Stair design requires a considerable
effort, both to calcula te and to draw. Some
AEC-specific CADD programs include automated stair design features. The drafter
enters data from the architect's sketches, and
the software automatically draws the stairs.
See Figure 5-15. Da ta that is typically entered
includes the finished-floor-to-finished-floor
height, the sta ir width, and the run of the
stairs, Some AEC-specific CADD programs
also offer the ability to extract details from
the drawn sta irs. Generally, options are provided for wood, metal, and concrete /steel
stairs. High-end CADD packages also include
elevators and esca lators,
12/19/2013
Section 1
Page 1 of 1
~,
~
~ :=c=-
ELEVAT ION
lHl!lHHi
PLAN
SECTION 1-1
SECT JON 2-2
SECT I ON B-a
SECTION .. - ..
Figure 5-15. These standard wood stair construction details are generated automatically from data
supplied by the drafter. (Prime COII/pllter, [Ilc.)
Printed for:
12/19/2013
Chapter 5
Page 1 of 1
Introduction to Computer-Aided Drafting and Design
129
Typical CADD
Commands
:3,5)
'~
(6.4)
Commal1ds are the instructions you pro-
vide to CADD software to accomplish the end

result. Severnl general groups o f commands
are common to most CADD software. These
groups are drawing commands, editing commands, display control commands, dimensioning commands, and drawing aid commands.
Examples of these commands are discussed in
this chapter. It is important to understand that
each CADD package may have slightly different names for the conunands discussed here.
Once you are competent with one CA DD program, you can learn other CADD programs
with relative ease.
Just as conunand names vary among
CA DO programs, the method of command
entry can vary as well. Even within a particular program, there may be more than one way
to enter a g iven command . For example, many
CADD programs have toolbars that contain
buttons. Picking a button activates a particular command. In addition, pull-down menus
appear al the top of Windows-based sofhvare.
The File menu found in a Windows application
is a pull-down menu. Ribbons are a lso common
in Windows-compatible software. Ribbons in
CA D~ packages contain multiple tabs and panels With buttons used to activate commands.
Dral-ving
C01J11Ua",ds
Drawing commands fo rm the foundation

o f any CAOO program. These commands allow
you to crea te objects on the computer screen.
Basic drawing commands are part of every
CA DD software program and the names o f
these commands seldom, iJ ever, change.
draws a straight
between two endpoints that you specify.
Some CADO packages provide a DOUBLE

command, al though it may not have this
name. nlis command is useful in creating walls on
floor p lans and similar applications where parallel
lines are required. Most CAOD progr<lms allow
you to set the distance between the double lines.
In add ition, some programs <lllow you to control
how the comers and intersections are formed.
Some AEC-specific CADD packages even aUow
you to draw all of the lines to create a w<lll, including the building materials in each wall.
LINE
Circle
The CIRCLE command automates the ere
ation of a circle object. Most CADO software
allows you to select from several common
methods of defirung a circle. See Figure 5-17.
These methods include:
Center and radius
Center and diameter
Three points on the circle
Two points on the circle
Radius and two lines or two circles to
which the ci rcle should be tangent
(0,2)
~ -2.0)
(2,0)
(0.0)
Li ne
The LINE command is the most frequently
used drawing command in a CAOO program
because lines are the basic elements of most
~rawings. For each straig ht line, you will specIfy the placemento( the first point (one end) and
the second point (other end). Sec Figu re 5-16.
GeneraUy, you can enter specific coordinates for
the endpoints or pick the endpoints on screen.
Printed for:
~igu re 5-16. The LINE command
lme
(0.-2)
Figure 5-17. There <lre sever<ll ways to define a

circle. Using the information shown here, you
could usc the center/ radius, center/ d iameter,
two points, or three points methods.
12/19/2013
Section]
13<J
Arc
Polygon
An arc is a portion o f a circle. Most CADD

software allows you to select from several
method s of defining an arc. See Figure 518.
Exam ples include:
Three points on the arc
Starting point, center, and endpoint
Starting point, center, and included angle
Starting point, center, and length of chord
Starting point, endpoint, and radius
Starting point, endpoint, and induded angle
Starting point, endpoint, and a starting
direction
The POLYGON command automates the construction of a regular polygon. A regular polygon
is an object wi th sides of equal length a nd equal
included angles. The POLYGON command can
create an object w ith three or more sides. A common approach used in many CADD programs is
to either inscribe the polygon w ithin a circle or
circumscribe it about a circle. See Figu re 5-20. The
information required in these instances is radius
of the circle, method desired, and number of sides
for the polygon. Another method available in
some CADD programs is to define the endpoints
of one side of the polygon and the number of
sides. 1he software calculates and genera tes the
remaining sides to create a regular polygon.
Rectangle
A square or rectangle can be drawn using
the LINE command. However, the RECTANG LE
command au toma tes the process of creating a

square or rectangle. Most CADD software pro-
Text
vides at least t wo methods for constructing a

rectangle. These are specifying the width and
height of the rectangle or specifying opposite
corne rs of the rectangle. See Figure 5-19.
TE XT command . This is important for placing
(0,2)
Page 1 of 1
You can add text to a drawing using the

notes, specifications, a nd other information
on a drawing. Most CADD packages provide
several s ta ndard text fonts to choose from, a nd
some packages offer more than one command
for generating text. Some are designed to place
a s ingle line of text on a drawing, and others are
better for creating comp lex notes.
Hatch
Hatching is a fundamenta l part of drafting.
(- 2,0)
(2,0)
(0,0)
(0,- 2)
In architectural draftin g, hatching is used in sec-
tion views to show cutaway parts and to represent specific materials. It is often used in elevation
drawings, such as for siding or bricks. Hatching is
also used on plot plans to represent ground coverings, masonry features, water, and other features.
Figun. 5-18. An arc can be defined using several

methods.
( I ,5)
-------*1
;Lr
(6,3)
Figure 5-] 9. You can draw a rectangle by

specifying opposite comers.
Printed for:
Circumscribed about a Circle
Inscribed within a Circle
Figure 5-20. A polygon can be circumscribed
(left) or inscri bed (right).
12/19/2013
Chapter 5
Introduction loComputer-Aided Drafting and Design
The HATCH command is used to hatch an

area of a drawing. Areas to be hatched are
selected with the pointing device and elements
within the boundary can be excluded, ifdesircd.
See Figu re 5-21.
Editing aud Inquiry Couu,unuls

Editing commands allow you to modify
drawings in several ways. Inquiry commands
are used to list the drawing database records for
selected objects and to calculate distances, areas,
and perimeters. Editing nd inquiry commands
d escribed in this section include: ERASE, UNDO,
MOVE, COPY, MIRROR, ROTATE, SCALE, FILLET,
CHAMFER, EXTEND, ARRAY, LIST, PROPERTIES,
nd MEASURE. These commands can be found
in almost all CADD software programs.

Erase
The ERASE command permanently removes
selected objects from the drawing. Many CA DD
programs provide a "select" option in the command t:h.,t allows you to select the objects to erase.
Some CADD software programs have a "block
erase" or window fea ture that will erase items
within the block or window that you specify.
l~~ ~~
Page 1 of 1
,,
,
_ _ __ __
_ c __ ----___ _ _
CL------~--
..
,,
,
Undo
The UNDO command reverses the last
command. If the last command was ERASE,
as an exampl e, the objects that were deleted
are restored . You can sequentially step back
through previous commands, but you cann?t
"jump" a comma nd in the sequence. Certam
lim its are usuall y applied to th is command.
Move
The MOVE command allows one or more
objects to be moved from the present location
to a new one without c.hanging their orientation o r size. Generally, you must pick a starting
point and a destination point. Rel~tived~splace
ment is often used for this operatIOn. WIth relative displacement, you pick any starting point.
Then, you specify a displacement from tha t
point in terms of units, or units and an angle.
Copy
The COpy command us ually functions in
much the same way as the MOVE command.
However, it is used to p lace copies o f the
selected objects at the specified loca tions without altering the o riginal objects.
[~ == =
__ _ .1 _ _ _
__ 1..- __ _ _
__ __ L _ _
--..1.----
- --T
------S
Figure 5-21. Hatch patterns can be used to show materials in an elevation drawing.
Printed for:
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Section 1
132
Page 1 of 1
Rotate
Mirror
The MIRROR command draws a mirror image
of an existing object about a centerline. This command is especially useful when you are creating
symmetrical objects. For example, if you draw
one side of ornate scrollwork on a door, YOll can
use the MIRROR command to reflect the scrollwork to the other side of the door. See Figu re 5-22.
The MIRROR command in most CADD programs
allows you to either keep or delete the original
object during the operation. To mirror an object,
you specify a mirror line, which is the centerllne
about which the mirror operation takes place. The
mirror line can generally be spt:."Cified at any angle.
The ROTATE command is used to alter the

orientation of objects on the drawing. Typically,
you must specify a center point for the rotation.
The amount of rotation can generally be specified in degrees or selected using the pointing
device.
Scale
The size of existing objects can be changed
using the SCALE command. When using the
SCALE command, most CADD programs require
you to specify a base point for the operation. This
point is genera lly on the object, often a reference
comer or the center of the object.
Some CADD programs are parametric. This
means that you can change the base size parameter, or any other parameter, of the object without using the SCALE command. For example, a
parametric program will allow you to scale a 05
circle up by 50% by simply changing its diameter to 7.5 without using the SCALE command .
Fillet
Step 1
Step 2
Finished
Figure 5-22. The scrollwork on this door was

first mirrored vertically. Then the original and
the mirrored copy were mirrorct.-l horizontally.
The mirrored copies and the final scrollwork on
the door are shown here in color.
A fillet is a smoothly fitted internal arc of a

specified radius between hvo lines, arcs, or circles. A r Ol/ lld is just like a fillet, except it is an
exterior arc. See Figure 5-23. Mosl manufactured
par ts, including those for architechtral applications, have some fillets or rounds. The FILLET
command is used to place fillets and rounds.
After drawing the curve, the command trims the
original objects to meet the ctrrve perfectly.
Chamfer
The CHAMFER command is very similar to the FILLET command. However, instead
of a curve, a straight line is placed between
Figure 5-23. FiUets and rounds on a drawing.
Printed for:
12/19/2013
Chapter 5
the chamfered lines. Just as with the FILLET

command, the origina l lines are trimmed to
meet the straight line (chamfer). Depending on
the CADD program, this command may require
that the two objects to be chamfered be lines,
not arc segments.
Extend
The EXTEND command is used to lengthen
an object to end precisely at a boundary edge.
The boundary edge is defined by one or more
objects in the drawing. Most CADD programs
place limitations on which types of objects can
be extended. In addition, only certain types of
objects can be used as boundary edges.
A.rray
The ARRAY command is essentially a copy
function. It makes multiple copies of selected
objects in a rectangular or circular (polar) pattern. See Fig ure 5 24. CADD programs that
have the capability of drawing in three dimensions typically have an option of tile ARRAY
command to create arrays in 3D.
List/Properties
The LIST and PROPERTIES commands
show data related to an object. For example,
the properties for a line may include the coordinates of the endpoints, the length, the angle
from the start point, and the change in X and
Y coordinates from the sta rt point. The LIST
Centerpoint
____ of the polar
army
Figure 5-24. The panels of glass in the

semicircular fan light wefe dri1wn as a polar
array. The rectangular panes of glass were drawn
as a rectangular array. The original objects are
shown in color.
Printed for:
Page 1 of 1
133
and PROPERTIES commands can be useful for

determining the object type, the layer the object
is drawn on, and the object's color and linetype
settings.
Measure
The MEASURE corrunand is used to calcula te several geometric properties, including
distance, radius, angle, area, circumference,
and volume of the specified objects. Depending
on the program, the DISTANCE or AREA command may be used to measure geometric properties. Often, you Can select a closed object or
simply pick points on an imaginary boundary
to calculate a measurement. Most CADD programs allow you to remove islands, or internal
areas, when calculating area or volume. The
MEASURE command has many applications in
architecture, from calculating the square footage of a house to determining the surfa ce area
of a garage floor, which is needed to determine
the amount of concrete for the floor.
Display Control Commands

Many CADD programs allow you to control the size of the display using the scroll wheel
on a mouse. Scrolling away from you increases
the display magnification, and scrolling toward
you decreases the magnification. Thi s is by far
the simplest way to magnify the objects on the
screen or to "zoom out" to see mOfe of the drawing. Display control commands are also available to provide more precise control over how
a drawing is displayed on the screen. These
commands are used to control the position and
magnification of the screen window, save views
for later use, and regenerate or "clean up" the
screen. Although different CADD packages
have different advanced commands for these
purposes, almost all contain basic ZOOM, PAN,
VIEW, and REDRAW or REGEN commands.
It should be noted that there is a difference
between changing the display size of objects
on the screen and changing their physical size.
Remember, aU objects are drawn at their true
size in a CADD program . To change their physical size, you would use editing commands,
such as SCALE or EXTEND. To change the size at
which they appear on the screen, without altering their physical size, you use display control
commands.
12/19/2013
134
Section 1
Zoom
The ZOOM command increases or decreases
the magnification factor, which results in a
change in the apparent size of objects on the
screen. The actual size of the objects does nol
change. You can think of this as using the zoom
featureon a ca rner<!. ZOOM may be the most-used
display control command. Generally, i t has several options th;)! include zooming to the drawing limits or extents, dynamicaJly zooming, and
zooming to a specific magnification factor.
Pan
The PAN command moves the drawing in the
display window from one loca tion to another. It
d ~ not change the magnifica tion factor. If you
think of the drawing as being on a large sheet of

paper behind the screen, panning is moving the
sheet S? a dHferent part of the drawing can be
~n: It IS useful w hen you are using a high magnification facto r to work on details. See Figure 5-25.
Many CADD programs a lso allow you to
pan without entering a formal command. You
can ho ld down the scroll wheel an the mouse
and move the mo use to pan to a different location in the dra w ing.
Page 1 of 1
can be used to speed the process. This command allows you to s<we a "snapshot" of the
current drawing display, including the view
and magnificatio n facto r. After sav ing a view,
you can quickly reca ll it later. Th is can be much
fas ter than zooming and panning to return to
the desired view.
Redraw/ Re g e nerate
. The REDRAW command "cleans up" the
display by removing marker blips. Some
commands redraw the screen au tomatica lly.
For example, a rednnv occurs when a g rid is
removed or visible layers a re cha nged . However, it is sometimes useful to request a red raw
w hen other operations a re being performed.
The REGENERATE comma nd is similar to
REDRAW, except that it forces the software to
re('aiculate all o f the objects in the entire drawing and l1.'CIraw the screen. This command is
useful when you change the magnification to
s how small curved objects ilt a larger size. Thi s
sometimes results in the curves looking segmented. Regenera ting the screen recalcu lates
the curves so that they appear smooth again.
Di,ltensioning CO,It,It",,-cls
View
When con stant switch ing back and forth
between views and magn ifica tion factors on a
large draWing is required, the VIEW command
One of the advantages of using CADD is

auto?"at.ed dimensioni.ng.ln almost all dra fting
appitcallons, the drawmg must be dimensioned
to s how lengths, distances, and angles between
object features. The five basic types of dimensioning commands are LINEAR, ANGULAR, DIAMETER, RADIUS, ilnd LEADER. See Figure 526.
/"A....>--___
Figure 5-25. You can think of panning as moving

a drawing sheet arou nd underneath the CADD
drawing screen. Only the portion of the drawing
directly "below" the drawing area on the screen
will be visible. (Eric K. AlIgspurger: prillt collrtesy
ofScftPll1II Systems, IlIc.)
Printed for:
1(2)
I ___ fmRIZONTAL-_~I"'--"""'us
~
Figure 5-26. Several types of dimensions may

appear on a drawing.
12/19/2013
Chapter 5
A linear dimension measures a straight

line distance. The distance may be horizontal, vertical, or at an angle . Typically, you
ha ve several cho ices on how the dimension
text is placed. The text may be aligned with
the dimension lines, always horizonta l on
the drawing, or placed at a specified angle.
In a rchitec tural drafting, dimension text for
a linear dimension is never perpendicula r to
the dimension line.
An angular dimension measures the angle
between two nonparallel lines. The lines can be
<lcrnal objects or imaginary lines between om
origin and two endpoints. Typically, you have
the same text placement options as with linear
dimensions. In architectural drafting, dimension text for arcs and angles may be unidirectional (always horizontal).
Diameter and radi us dimensions are very
simila r. A diameter dimension measures the
d istance across a circle through its center. A
radius dimension measures the distance from
the center of an arc to a point on that arc. A
radius dimension can also be used for a circle,
but is not typically used in that maimer.
A leader is used to provide a specific or
local note. A leader consists of an arrowhead (in
some form), a leader line, and the note. Often,
an optional shoulder is placed on the end of the
leader before the note.
Dra'tviug Aids
Drawing aids are designed to speed up the
d rawing process and, at the same time, maintain accuracy. Most CADD packages provide
severa l different d rawing aids. These can range
from a display gri d or viewport ruler to various
forms of snapping and tracking.
Grid
A display grid is a set o f visual guidelines in the drawing area, much like the lines
on graph pa per. How the gri d appears when
displayed depends on which CADD program you are usi ng. See Figure 5-27. In most
CADD programs wi th a grid function, you can
cha nge the density, or sp acing, of the grid. The
appearance of the grid is controlled with the
GRID comm and.
Printed for:
Page 1 of 1
135
Some CA DD programs also have rulers that

can be displayed along the horizontal and vertical edge of the drawing screen. The display of
these rulers is often controlled by a single command. However, the display may also be controlled by an OPTIONS o r SETTINGS command,
depending on the CADD program.
Snap
SIl ap is a fu nction that a llows the cursor
to "grab onto" certain locations on the screen.
There arc two basic types of snap: grid snap
and Object snaps. A grid sllap is controlled
wi th the SNAP comm and and uses an invisible
grid, much like the visible grid produced by
the GRID command. When grid snap is turned
on , the cursor "j ump s" to the closest sna p grid
point. In most CADD progra ms, it is impossible to select a location that is no t one of the
snap g rid points when grid snap is on. Just as
with a grid , you can typically set the snap grid
density or spacing.
An object snap allows the cursor to "jmnp"
to certa in locations on existing objects. Object
snaps provide a very quick way of connecting new objects accura tely to existing objects.
Most CADD programs have several different
objt.'Ct snaps. These can include endpoint, center, midpoint, perpendicular, tangent, quadrant,
and intersection, as well as many others. See
Figure 528. Depending on the CADD program
you are using, there may be additional object
sna ps available. Generally, you can tum on the
object sna ps that you want to use while another
comma nd is active. For example, suppose you
have a line already drawn and YOll want to d raw
another line from its exact midpoint. You can
enter the LINE command, temporarily set the
midpoint object sna p, and pick the first endpoint
of the second line at the midpoint of the first line.
Ortho
The ORTHO command ensures that all lines
and traces drawn using a poi nting device are
orthogonal (vertical or horizonta l) w ith respect
to the current drawing plane. The ORTHO command is useful in drawing "sq uare" lines that
w ill be later extended or trimmed to meet other
objects. TIle command must be turned off to
draw a line at an angle unless you en ter the
coord inates manually.
12/19/2013
Section 1
136
"'"_ ...
..... ""' ....
/...:> 0( '
.
1:1-
+_
_
'lie...,
_.
0 _ + _ . L .. " ~"OJ ~
.. _
0_ eo _o.-so...
m...
lIB ..... II!!: 0 0;"" . 0
... "I
............. .
Page 1 of 1
-. _ -.
..
""", .
...,.
'"'
r
I t------i~--
Figure 527, The grid is a nonprinting set of guidelines that look like graph paper.
Midpoint
/
Quadrant
Tangent
Endpoint
""II'
Center
Figure 5-28. ntis fluorescent light symbol

contains several common object snap locations:
the midpoint and endpoints of a line, the center

and quadrants of a circle, and points of tangency.
Printed for:
Tracking
Many CADD programs also have trackillg
features that allow you to align new objects
with existing objects, even when the objects do
not touch or intersect. Two types of tracking are
polar tracking and object snap tracking.
Polar tracking provides temporary guidelines at preset angles when certain commands
are active. For example, if the angles are set to 45
and 90, you can start a Line and move the mOLlse
or pointing device around the screen. Whenever
you get close to a 45 0 or 900 angle from the first
point of the line, a temporary guideline appears
on the screen to show you the exact angle, and
the Line you are drawing snaps to the guideline.
12/19/2013
Chap ter 5
Object snap tracking provides temporary

guidelines from object snap points on existing
objects. For example, suppose you want to start
a line at the exact m idpoint of another line, but
about three feet to the right of the existing line.
You can move the mouse over the midpoint of
the existing line to acquire" the midpoint object
snap, and then move away from the object snap.
A temporary tracking lin e shows you the exact
horizontal or vertical path from the midpoint so
that you can start the new line exactly aligned
with the midpoint of the existing line. Note that
/I
the midpoint object snap has to be active for thi5

example to work.
3D Drawing and Vietving

Co'Uunands
When CAOO p rograms were first developed,
they were used to create two-dimensional (20)
drawings. This was the natural progression from
traditional (manual) drafting, which produces a
20 drawing on paper. As computers and CAOO
programs became more advanced, three-dimensional (3~) capabilities were added. At first, these
capabilities made it easier to draw 3D representations, such as isometrics and perspectives, but
these are really 20 drawings. Evenhidlly, true
Page 1 of 1
137
3D modeling capabilities were added to CAOO

programs. These capabilities allow you to design,
model, analyze, and in some cases "pre-machine"
a part all vl.'ithin the compu ter.
Isometric Drawing
An isometric drawing is a 20 pictorial
drawing tha t shows a th ree-dimensional representation of an object. See Figure 5-29. Some
CAOO programs have drawing aids to help
make isometric drawings. These d rawing aids
typically are a rotated grid, orthographic cursor, and snap representing the three isometric
planes (top, left, and right). The way in which
these drawing aids nre activated varies with the
CAOO program being used.
3D Model ing
Most CAOD software provides several ways
to construct 3D objects. The most basic method is
to use primitives. Primitives are 3D objects that
can be p laced together to construct 3D models.
Common primitives used in CADD programs
are boxes, cylinders, cones, and spheres. See
Figure 5-30. Commands used to create primitives
are generally based on the shape. For example,
the BOX conUlland creates a box-shaped object,
and the SPHERE command creates a 3D sphere.
B
Figure 5-29. A-A 2D isometric drawing of roughed-in stair stringers. Although it looks three-dimensional,
it was drawn in only two dimensions. B--When Ule isometric drawing is viewed from a different viewpoint,
you can see that it is only two-dimensional. (Eric K. Augspurger)
Printed for:
12/19/2013
Section 1
' 38
So.
Wedge
Page 1 of 1
Cone
Cylinder
Sphere
Torus
Polysolid _ __
Figure 5-30. Examples of 3D primitives available in CADD programs.
More advanced 3D commands allow
yOll
to use extrusion, revolution, or lofting operations to constmct 3D models. Commands such

as EXTRUDE, REVOLVE, and LOFT aTC typically
used to construct complex 3D sha pes from 20
or 3D geometry. See Fig ure 5-31.
3D Views
CADD sofnvare with 3D modeljng capability typically has a HIDE command to remove
lines that would normally be hidden in the current view. These are the lines that would be
drawn as hidden lines in a 20 drawing. Hiding

lines ca n help you visualize the 3D model.
In addition to hiding lines, you also need to
be able to see the objects from different angles.
It would be nearly impossible to create a 3D
model of any complexity only being able to see
a top view, for example. Each CAOO program
has its own unique way of d isplaying different
3D views. Some CAOO programs have preset
isometric views. Other programs have an ORBIT
command that allows you to change the view
dynamically. There are also programs that have
both of these options and more. However, the
basic goal of all of these functions is the same.
You need to "rotate" the point from vvhich you
are viewing the model to better see another part
or feature on the object. Sec Figure 5-32.
3D Reo."dering and AnifJulfion

Conunands
Figure 5-31. Advanced 3D commands allow

you to create models with complex curves and
fC,ltUfCS. This table was created from extrusions
and 10ft objects.
Printed for:
To create a realistic representation of 3D

objects, most CAOO packages have some type
of rendering capabili ty. Rendering has traditionally been done by hand with paint, charcoal,
chalk, pencils, and ink. However, jus t as the process of creating a drawing has been au tomated
with CADD, so too has the process of rendering
the drawing. Generally, a MATERIAL command
is used to define and apply surface textures and
12/19/2013
Chap ter 5
Page 1 of 1
139
Figure 5-32. A-An isometric view of a 3D model. C<:,mpare t~ is to ~ igure S-29A. The hv? ~'iews are
identical. B--When the 3D model is viewed from a dIfferent VIC~wpOLnI, you can sec thai It IS truly
three-dimensional. This viewpoint is exactly the same as the viewpoint for the 20 isometric drawing
in Figure 5-298.
Continuing Education
The field of architecture has changed
dramatically in the last few decades, and even today,
it continues to change rapidly. Companies look lor
employees who are willing to adapt to change and to
continue their education Ihroughoullheir career.
Many opportunities are available for
continuing education in the architectural field.
Here are some examples:
The American Design Drafting Association!

American Digital Design Association (ADDA)
provides annual conferences, as well as training
opportunities in specific drafting applications.
Printed for:
The American Institute of Architects (AlA)

offers virtual conventions and workshops
and has an entire continuing education
system based on learning units.
The Architectural Record has a Continuing

Education Center website where architects
and engineers can earn AlA Continuing
Education learning units in the latest
architectural trends and customs.
These and other opportunities are easy
to access online. Some organizations require
membership. Some, such as the ADDA, even
have student divisions. Even though you are
just now learning about architecture, joining one
or more of these associations shows potential
employers that you are serious about working in
the field. After you become a licensed architect,
continuing education may become one of your
top priorities to remain a productive employee in
this fast-changing field.
12/19/2013
Section 1
140
colors to objects. A LIGHT command is used to

create lights to simu late various lighting conditions. A RENDER command is used to generate
the textures and colors in the drawing. Many
high-end CADD programs can prod uce very
realistic renderi ngs, given enough time to properly set up lights and materials. See Figure 5-33.
Some CADD programs have the ability to
add movement to 3D objects to create an animation. An animation isaseriesofstill images played
sequentially at a very fast ra te, such as 30 frames
per second. There are small differences behveen
each frame and, when the frames aTe viewed
quickly in succession, the brain interprets these
differences as movement. See Figu re 5-34. Generally, an ANIMATE conunand is used to add movement to the objects and a RENDER command renders the animation.
CADD Equipment
Maintenance and
Drawing File Storage
Operating a CADD system requires efficient
management of resources and proper maintenance of all computer equ ipment. Regular
Page 1 of 1
maintenance is important to keep equipment

functioning properly. Plotters, printers, and
other electronic equipment should be cleaned
and serviced according to the instructions
and schedules established by the manufacturers. Equipment should be repai red or replaced
as needed . In addition, electronic equipment
should be powered through a surge protector.
If a phone line is cotmected to a computer, such as
to a modem, the line should also be run through
a surge protector.
Printing and plotting su pplies should be
kept on hand and stored properly. An inventory
of replacement toner and ink cartridges, plotter pens, ptlper, and other consumtlbles should
be maintained to prevent work stoppage w hen
these items need to be replaced.
CADD drawing mes and all other electronic files associated wi th projects must be
stored properly to ensure that they can be
retrieved when needed. Drawing files must
be stored u sing tl file ntlming convention that
allows for easy retrieva l. in addition, all drawing files (and all critical electronic data) must
be archived on some fo rm of backup system
for safekeeping. As d rawings are electronically
revised, the backup files must also be replaced.
Material Safety
Fi gure 5-33. This rendering shows il nice setup

of lights and materials. Good planning and a
lot of time were required 10 creale this model.
(Hellllllih A. Geiser, Member AfBD)
Printed for:
As a drafter, you may not think about material safety. However, there are many types of
materials that you come in contact with, and
some may be considered hazardous. The Occupational S.,fety tlnd Hetllth Adm in istration
(OSHA) requires:
A list be kept of all hazardous materials
used on the premises.
A file be maintained containing ma terial
safety data sheets (MSDS) on each
hazardous material .
Em ployees be tra ined in the proper u se of
hazardous materials.
Some materials that you may come in contact with incl ude anunonia, cleaning fluids,
inks, and toner. These materials m ust be properly handled and must be properly disposed of
when you are done using them. For example,
spent toner cartridges should not be placed in
12/19/2013
Chap ter 5
Page 1 of 1
14]
Figure 534. There is not much difference between "neighboring" frames of an anima tion. However, over
the length of the animation, YOli can see that the window is opening and closing. (Erik K. Augspurger)
the garbage. They should be returned to a recycling facility for recharging and eventual re-use.
When in doubt, check the facility's master list of
hazardous materials. If the material is listed as
hazardous, check the material's MSDS for hazards. Finally, dleck w ith the manufacturer or
the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for
d isposal procedures.
The Ergonomic
Environment
Like other workers who s pend long periods of time doing detailed work w ith a computer, drafters using computer-ai ded drafting
equ ipm ent may be susceptible to eyestrain,
Printed for:
bac k discomfort, and hand and wrist problems. Ergollomics is the scien ce of adapting
the workstation to fit the needs of the d rafter.
Appl ying e rgonomic p rinciples resu lts in a
comfortable and efficient environment. There
are many types of ergonomic accessories
that may improve a computer workstation,
incl udin g wrist rests, ergonomically designed
ch airs, and b ack supports. In addition, the
table in Figure 5-35 identifies a few things that
can be done to create a comfortable environment and help prevent injury or strain to the
operator's body.
Cleanliness is another important p art of
the drafting envi ronment. Keep papers, pens,
rules, reference books, storage media, and other
materials organized. The work aret\ should not
be cluttered with unneeded items.
12/19/2013
Section 1
142
Page 1 of 1
Ergonomic Guidelines
Eyes
Position the monitor to minimize glare from overhead lights, windows, and other light
sources. Reduce light intensity by turning off some lights or closing blinds and shades. You
should be able to see images clearly wi thout glare.
Position th e monitor so that it is 18" to 30" from your eyes. This is about an arm's length.
To hel p red uce eyestrain, look away from the monitor every 15--20 minutes and focus on an
object at least 20" away for 1- 2 minutes.
Wris ts and AmlS
Forearms shou ld be parallel to the fl oor.

Period ically stretch your arms, wrists, and shoulders.
Try using an ergonomic keyboard and mOllse . The keyboard keeps the wrists in a normal
body pos ition and the mouse will fi t your ha nd more comfortably.
Neck
Adjust the monitor so that your head is level, not leaning forward or back. The top of the
screen should be near your line of sight.
Back
Use a chair that is comfortable and provides good back support. The chair should be
adjustable and provide armrests.
Sit up straight. This main tains good posture and red uces strain . Think abou t good posture
un til it becomes common practice.
Try standing up, stretching, and wal king every hour. This will also red uce stra in .
Legs
Keep your thighs paral lel to the ground.

Rest your fee t fla t on the floor or lise a footrest.
When taking a break, walk around. This will stretch the m uscles and promote circulation
through your body.
Figure 5-35. Following ergonomic guidelines promotes efficiency, comfort, and safety in the work
environment.
Printed for:
12/19/2013
Chapter 5
Review
Summary
CAD is an acronym for computer-aided (or

computer-assisted) drafting, and CADD
iJlciudes both computer-aided drafting
and computer-aided design.
CADD is a tool that must be used properly
in order to prepare architectural drawings.

The hardware for a CADD system includes
/C
Chapter Activities
Go to tire compal/iol/ website to colllpletc
/lIe Chapter Activities.
.
WWN.g-wlearmng.comlarchltecturel
Bentley Systems
MicroStation'll software publ isher
the CPU, one or more input devices, one or
Chi ef A rchitect
Chief Architec software publisher
morc output devices, and a storage device.

CADD software can be ei ther generalpurpose or AEC-specific. AEC-specific
Regional Com puter Recycling & Recovery

(RCR& R)
Electronics recycling services
CADD packages have features that help

architects and architectural d rafters work
more efficiently.
Featlues that are common to most CADD
Soft Plan Systems

SoftPlansoftware publisher
packages include the ability to create
Page 1 of 1
objects, lise variolls drawing unit formats,

create dimensions (lutomatically, and
organ ize objects on layers.
AEC-specific CADD packages include features
such as schedule automation, wall and stair
generation, and 3D modeling functions.
Typical CADD commands include drawing.
editing. inquiry, display control, and
dimensioning commands, as weU as drawing
aids and 3D drawing and viewing commands.
Internet Resources
American Design Drafting Association (ADDA)
Resources fo r the design drafting profession
and drafter cer tification
American Institu te of Architects (A l A)
Educational and industry resources for the
architectural profession
A rchitectural Record
Continuing Educa tion Center
Autod csk
AutoCAD" software publisher
US Nation al CA D Standard
US Nationa l CAD Standard; A lA CA D Layer
Guidelines
Review Questions
1. What is the difference between CAD and
CADD?
2. Name five reasons for lIsing CADD.
3. List the hardware components of a typical
CADD system .
4. What are the two broad types of CADD
sofhvare mosl often used for architectural
drafting?
5. What is the purpose of dimensions on an
arch itectural drawing?
6. Explain the concept of layers in a CADD
program.
7. Explain the term sYl1lbollibrary.
8. List three items that can be generated
automatically by many AEC-specific
CA DO programs.
9. List alleasl five types of comman ds fOWld
in CA DD programs.
'"
Printed for:
12/19/2013
Section 1
144
Page 1 of 1
Architectuf"l Drafting Fundamentals
10. Briefly describe the purpose of each of the

following commands.
A. LINE
8. POLYGON
C. UNDO
O. MIRROR
E. CHAMFER
F. ZOOM
G. LEADER
H .ORBIT
Suggested Activities
1. Using the lnternet, search for various
CADD sofhvare programs. Make a list with
the sofhvare grouped as general-purpose or
AEC-specific. Give an oral presentation to
your class on your findings.
2. Contact a local AEC fum that uses CADD.
Find out which CAOD package the firm
uses and identify the criteria the firm used
to choose it.
3. Some CADD programs, induding programs
used for architectural drawing, are available
for download from the Internet without
charge. Examples include progeCAD Smart!
and Trimble SketchUp. Download one of
these free programs and try to create a few
simple drawings. Important: Be sure to obtain
permission from the own er of the computer
before you download software. Write all es&'ly
about your experience with the software.

How easy was it to learn and use?
4. Obtain electronic examples of AEC
renderings. or animations. The internet
can be a great sou rce for this, but be sure
to download only those files labeled as
"freeware" or "freely distribute." All
others. are copyrigh ted materiaL
5. Collect as many different examples of 3D
computer-generated illustrations as you can.
Search through books, magazines, and online
sites. Bring your examples to dass to share
with others.. Classify each one as a wire frame,
surface or solid mooel, or animation.
Printed for:
Your architechlral design drafting firm is

unhappy with its current general-purpose CADD
software and is considering changing to another
CADD package. The company has asked yOll to
research the various CADD prograIlls that are
available. YOli are to analyze and compare the
available software on the following characteristics: cost, capability, ease of use, and learning
curve. Do the required research and create a chart
to compare at least four different CADD packages.
BaSI-xi on the results of your research, choose the
CADD package that you believe will best fit the
needs of the architectural design drafting firm.
Write a paragraph explaining why you chose this
program over the other three.
Certification Prep
The following questions are presented ill the style
used ill tile American Design Drafting Association
(A DDA) Drafter Certificatioll Test. Write your
allswers alia separate slleet of paper.
1. Which of the following are considered to
be hardware input devices?
A. keyboard
B. monitor
C. printer
D. digitizer
E. mouse
2. Which of the following statements are true?
A. The monitor is an output device.
B. The mouse is an output device.
C. AEC-speci fic CA DD packages have
feat ures that make the software more
u seful to architects than generalpurpose CADD packages.
D. Attributes are text information that
can be saved with a block to provide
information about the block or the
feature it represents.
E. To change the length of a wall from 40' to
35', the best command to use is ZOOM.
12/19/2013
Cha pter 5
Introduction to Computer-Aided Drafting and Design
Page 1 of 1
145
3. Match each command with its general

function.
Commands: 1. SCALE, 2. PAN, 3. ERASE,
4. UNDO,S. EXTEND, 6. ZOOM
A. Moves the drawing window
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
to a different area at the same

magnification so that another part of
the drawing is visible on the screen.
Lengthens a line or arc to a specified
boundary.
Reverses the previous command.
Deletes the specified objects from the
draWing.
Increases or decreases the magnification
of the drawing on the screen.
Increases or decreases the physical
size of objects in the drawing.
1. Social Science. In the last.3(}.plus years,
CADD software has completely changed

the methods used by architectural drafters.
For example, knowledge of how to use
an erasing shield is much less important
now. Knowledge of how to use computer
software is much more important. Yet
some underlying characteristics remain the
same, such as accuracy and attention to
detail. Think about the effect these changes
have had on older architectura l draftersthose who have been working in the field
since 1980 or earlier. How have these
changes in the architectural drafting field
affected their careers? Their personal lives?
Write an essay describing your thoughts.
Printed for:
1. Math. Newer versions of CADD software are

released periodically. The cost of upgrading
to the newer versions can be high. Choose
two professional CADD packages and find
out the initial cost of each. Determine how
often, on average, .lch p.lckage is updated
and the cost of a typical upgrade. Add the
initial cost of each package and the cost of
upgrades for a period of 5 years. Whidl
package had the highest initial cost? Which
package costs more over a 5-year period?
Write a paragraph describing your results.
Show your calcuJations.
2. Engineering. Solid modeling has provided
scientists and engineers with a completely
new method of testing structures: virtual
testing. Find out more abou t the types of
structural and materials testing that can now
be done virtually. Consider the advantages
and disadvantages of performing these tests
virtually. Write a report explaining the p ros
and cons of virtual structmal testing.
12/19/2013

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Printable: Architecture: Residential Drafting and Design, 11th Edition page 113

Aper completing this chapter, you will be Ilble /0:

Eval ua te features of CADD programs for

use in architectural drafting.

Describe drawing, editing, display, di-

mensioning, and other commands that are

typically included in CADD programs.

List the components of a typical CADD

of designing a prod uct or structure much easier,

2013 Goodheart-Willcox Publisher. All Rights reserved.

Archit&tural Drafting Fundamentals

2013 Goodheart-Willcox Publisher. All Rights reserved.

introduction to Computer-Aidl;'{\ Drafting and I:ksign

re-use frequently needed forms and shapes

Why Use CADD?

up whenever needed for copies or revisions.

2013 Goodheart-Willcox Publisher. All Rights reserved.

Archit&tural Drafting Fundamentals

Ulliformity . Drawings produced on a

Figure 5-4. A typical CADD workstation.

2013 Goodheart-Willcox Publisher. All Rights reserved.

Introduction to Computer-Aidl;'{\ Drafting and I:ksign

The C PU contains the processor or microprocessor, memory, and input/output interfaces.

seldom used today. Most drawings today are

2013 Goodheart-Willcox Publisher. All Rights reserved.

Architectural Drafting Fundamentals

a monitor is measured diagonally. Generally, a

consist 01 lead and mercury. While these toxins

Printers and Plotters

2013 Goodheart-Willcox Publisher. All Rights reserved.

Introduction to Computer-Aidl;'{\ Drafting and I:ksign

Figure 5-7. Inkjet plotters are well-suited to

Figure 5-8. CADD systems are compatible with

drive. (lWOlifl GrvdzknlS111Ittrrstock.co11lJ

2013 Goodheart-Willcox Publisher. All Rights reserved.

AEC-Specific CADD Packages

tries. These packages generally include a ll of

packages. However, an AEC-specific program

tasks and may therefore be more efficient.

Archit&tural Drafting Fundamentals

Does the program require specia l

2013 Goodheart-Willcox Publisher. All Rights reserved.

Introduction to Computer-Aidl;'{\ Drafting and I:ksign

degrees/ minutes/seconds, grads, radians, and

Hatd. Patterns and Materials

Figure .5-9. General-purpose CADD programs

If you are going to be modeling in 3D,

2013 Goodheart-Willcox Publisher. All Rights reserved.

editing capabilities. Select a CADD program

Architcctu r.ll Drafting Fundamentals

[t is important to follow the standard s

2013 Goodheart-Willcox Publisher. All Rights reserved.

Introduction to Computer-Aidl;'{\ Draft ing and I:ksign

2013 Goodheart-Willcox Publisher. All Rights reserved.

Figure 5-11 . Most CADD packages allow you to

your particular applica tion better conforms. As

Display Controls and Drawing

Architectural Drafting Fundamentals

Blocks and Attributes