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    Power Generation Operation y Control Allen Wood 511

    Uploaded by

    Vinod Murugan
    erere

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    Power Generation Operation y Control Allen Wood 511

    Uploaded by

    Vinod Murugan
    24 views1 page
    erere

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

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    erere

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    24 views1 page

    Power Generation Operation y Control Allen Wood 511

    Uploaded by

    Vinod Murugan
    erere

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 1

    AN INTRODUCTION TO ADVANCED TOPICS IN STATE ESTIMATION

    Bus 1

    Bus 2

    497

    Bus 3

    FIG. 12.18 Unobservable system showing importance of location of pseudomeasurements.

    estimated values from the estimator (assuming that it is run periodically) as


    pseudo-measurements. Therefore, if needed, we can provide the state estimator
    with a reasonable value to use as a pseudo-measurement at any bus in the system.
    The three-bus sample system in Figure 12.18 requires one pseudomeasurement. Measurement MI allows us to estimate the voltage magnitude
    and phase angle at bus 2 (bus 1s voltage magnitude is measured and its phase
    angle is assumed to be zero). But without knowing the generation output at
    the generator unit on bus 2 or the load on bus 3, we cannot tell what voltage
    magnitude and phase angle to place on bus 3; hence, the network is unobservable. We can make this three-bus system observable by adding a
    pseudo-measurement of the net bus injected MW and MVAR at bus 2 or
    bus 3, but not at bus 1. That is, a pseudo-measurement at bus 1 will do no
    good at all because it tells nothing about the relationship of the phase angles
    between bus 2 and bus 3.
    When adding a pseudo-measurement to a network, we simply write the
    equation for the pseudo-measurement injected power as a function of bus
    voltage magnitudes and phase angles as if it were actually measured. However,
    we do not wish to have the estimator treat the pseudo-measurement the same
    as a legitimate measurement, since it is often quite inaccurate and is little better
    than a guess. To circumvent this difficulty, we assign a large standard deviation
    to this measurement. The large standard deviation allows the estimator
    algorithm to treat the pseudo-measurement as if it were a measurement from
    a very poor-quality metering device.
    To demonstrate the use of pseudo-measurements on our six-bus test system,
    all measurements were removed from buses 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 so that bus 1 had
    all remaining measurements. This rendered the network unobservable and
    required adding pseudo-measurements at buses 2, 3, and 6. In the case, the
    pseudo-measurements were just taken from our base-case power flow. The
    results are shown in Table 12.8. Notice that the resulting estimates are quite
    close to the measured values for bus 1 but that the remaining buses have large
    measurement residuals. The net injections at buses 2, 3, and 6 do not closely
    match the pseudo-measurements since the pseudo-measurements were weighted
    much less than the legitimate measurements.
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