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Natural Variations Assignable Variations: Generally This Is Some Change in The Process

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40 views1 page

Natural Variations Assignable Variations: Generally This Is Some Change in The Process

STC2

Uploaded by

ajit123ajit
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Natural Variations

Assignable Variations

; Also called common causes

; Also called special causes of variation

; Affect virtually all production processes

; Generally this is some change in the process

; Expected amount of variation

; Variations that can be traced to a specific


reason

; Output measures follow a probability


distribution

; The objective is to discover when


assignable causes are present

; For any distribution there is a measure


of central tendency and dispersion

; Eliminate the bad causes

; If the distribution of outputs falls within


acceptable limits, the process is said to
be in control
2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.

; Incorporate the good causes

S6 7

2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.

S6 8

Samples

Samples

To measure the process, we take samples


and analyze the sample statistics following
these steps

To measure the process, we take samples


and analyze the sample statistics following
these steps

Each of these
represents one
sample of five
boxes of cereal

# #
# # #
# # # #
# # # # # # #
#

# # # # # # # # #

Weight

Figure S6.1

The solid line


represents the
distribution

(b) After enough


samples are
taken from a
stable process,
they form a
pattern called a
distribution

Frequency

Frequency

(a) Samples of the


product, say five
boxes of cereal
taken off the filling
machine line, vary
from each other in
weight

Weight

Figure S6.1

2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.

S6 9

2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.

S6 10

Samples

To measure the process, we take samples


and analyze the sample statistics following
these steps

To measure the process, we take samples


and analyze the sample statistics following
these steps

Frequency

(c) There are many types of distributions, including


the normal (bell-shaped) distribution, but
distributions do differ in terms of central
tendency (mean), standard deviation or
variance, and shape
Figure S6.1
Central tendency

Weight
2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.

Variation

Weight

(d) If only natural


causes of
variation are
present, the
output of a
process forms a
distribution that
is stable over
time and is
predictable

Shape

Weight
S6 11

2008 Prentice Hall, Inc.

Frequency

Samples

Prediction

Weight
Figure S6.1

S6 12

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