Using Speex in NXP's LPC175x/6x MCU Family: Rev. 2 - 5 March 2012 Application Note

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AN11085

Using Speex in NXP's LPC175x/6x MCU family


Rev. 2 5 March 2012

Application note

Document information
Info
Content
Keywords

LPC175x/6x, LPC1759FBD80, LPC1758FBD80, LPC1756FBD80,


LPC1754FBD80, LPC1752FBD80, LPC1751FBD80, LPC1769FBD100,
LPC1768FBD100, LPC1768FET100, LPC1767FBD100,
LPC1766FBD100, LPC1765FBD100, LPC1764FBD100,
LPC1763FBD100

Abstract

This document describes the use of Speexs Codec in NXPs LPC175x/6x


family of microcontrollers.

AN11085

NXP Semiconductors

Using Speex in NXP's LPC175x/6x MCU family

Revision history
Rev
Date

Description

20120305

Second version, to match with updated firmware.

20110616

Initial version.

Contact information
For more information, please visit: http://www.nxp.com
For sales office addresses, please send an email to: [email protected]
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1. Introduction
1.1 Overview
Once designed to be a free alternative to expensive speech codecs, Speex is an Open
Source / Free software patent-free audio compression format designed for speech.
Speex is part of the GNU project and this application note provides information regarding
the usage of this library on NXPs LPC175x/6x microcontrollers (based on Cortex-M3).

1.1.1 Speex features


The Speex library is based on Code-Excited Linear Prediction (CELP). It is designed to
compress voice at bitrates ranging from 2 kb/s to 44 kb/s. Some of Speexs features
include:
Narrowband (8 kHz), wideband (16 kHz), and ultra-wideband (32 kHz) compression
in the same bitstream
Intensity stereo encoding
Packet loss concealment
Variable bitrate operation (VBR)
Voice Activity Detection (VAD)
Discontinuous Transmission (DTX)
Fixed-point port
Acoustic echo canceller
Noise suppression
Note that Speex has a number of features that are not present in other codecs, such as
intensity stereo encoding, integration of multiple sampling rates in the same bitstream
(embedded coding), and a VBR mode.
For more information regarding Speex visit http://speex.org/docs/.

1.1.2 Applications
The Speex library can be used in various applications, such as VoIP, internet audio
streaming, data archiving (e.g., voice mail), and audio books.

1.1.3 About this document


The purpose of this application note is to describe the Speex library features and
interface and provide the source code containing the library and a sample application to
be used with a LPC175x/6x microcontroller, compatible with Keil MDK, IAR EWARM and
LPCXpresso IDEs.

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1.2 LPC175x/6x features


The LPC175x/6x is an ARM Cortex-M3 based microcontroller for embedded applications
requiring a high level of integration and low power dissipation. It operates at frequencies
up to 100 MHz (120 MHz in LPC1759 and LPC1769 versions). Some details of the
peripherals used in this application are listed below:
12-bit Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) with input multiplexing among eight pins,
conversion rates up to 200 kHz, and multiple result registers. The 12-bit ADC can be
used with the GPDMA controller.
10-bit Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC) with dedicated conversion timer and DMA
support.
Four general purpose timers/counters, with a total of eight capture inputs and ten
compare outputs. Each timer block has an external count input. Specific timer events
can be selected to generate DMA requests.
2
Three enhanced I C-bus interfaces, one with an open-drain output supporting the full
2
I C specification and Fast mode plus with data rates of 1 Mbit/s, two with standard
port pins. Enhancements include multiple address recognition and monitor mode.

I2S (Inter-IC Sound) interface for digital audio input or output, with fractional rate
control. The I2S interface can be used with the GPDMA. The I2S interface supports 3wire data transmit and receive or 4-wire combined transmit and receive connections,
as well as master clock output.

1.3 About Code Reds RBD1768 development board


Code Red Technologies offers a development board containing an LPC1768 and several
hardware options for evaluating and testing the LPC1768 features. This demo uses
NXPs UDA1380 I2S Stereo Codec which is integrated on the evaluation board. It also
contains an input for the ADC and an output for the DAC pins, allowing the application to
integrate various working modes, merging usage of the converters and I2S codec
interface.

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Fig 1.

Detail of I2S Codec in RBD1768 development board

2. Application
2.1 Vocoder overview
The application proposed is a Vocoder using LPC1768. Vocoders are analysis and
processing systems mostly used for voice applications. It treats the audio signal
enhancing the bandpass related to the voice spectrum frequencies, encoding, decoding,
filtering and finally amplifying it.
The application software processes Speex data, capturing data either from ADC or I2S
and to deliver it either to DAC or I2S. The application allows usage of ADC and DAC
converters in case of I2S codec is not available:

Fig 2.

AN11085

Application note

Functional diagram of Speex application in LPC17XX using (a) NXP I2S Codec
and (b) using ADC and DAC converters
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2.2 Memory requirements


The LPC175x/6x microcontroller has sufficient internal SRAM to meet the memory
requirements for Speex. One adjustment is necessary in heap size, in order to enable the
data to be processed correctly. Because the Speex CODEC demands a large portion of
heap memory for dynamic allocation, a minimum of 8 kB is necessary to allocate all
necessary data.
Table 1 shows the amount of memory used by application using the three IDEs (Keil
MDK, IAR EWARM, LPCXpresso). Based on these values a suitable member of the
LPC175x/6x family can be selected. For these specific examples, LPC1751 and
LPC1752 dont match the memory requirements.
Table 1.

Memory usage

IDE

Flash usage (bytes)

RAM usage (bytes)

Keil RVMDK

49900

10120

IAR EWARM

36346

18196

LPCXpresso[1]

86676

18272

[1]

LPCXpresso code size includes the UDA1380 Library and is also not optimized.

2.3 Speex application implementation


2.3.1 Codec settings
2.3.1.1 Sampling rate
The LPC175x/6x port for the Speex codec works only with narrowband (8 kHz sampling
rate);
2.3.1.2 Speex Parameters
Below are some parameters required to configure the Speex codec in this application.
The default values are:
Quality Encoder quality is set to 4
VBR Variable Bit-Rate is disabled
Complexity Encoder complexity is set to 1
Enhancer Decoder audio enhancer feature is enabled

2.3.2 Environment features and requirements


All code examples were written using CMSIS resources, including the LPC175x/6x
CMSIS-Compliant Standard Peripheral Firmware Driver Library (Jan 28, 2011) available
here:
http://ics.nxp.com/support/documents/microcontrollers/zip/lpc17xx.cmsis.driver.library.zip
In IAR EWARM and Keil RVMDK the Heap Size was set to 0x2000 in order to allow
Speex to allocate the necessary memory.
According to Speex specification, for a sampling rate of 8 kHz, the frame size is 20 ms,
corresponding to 160 samples. For the application ported to RDB1768v2, without any
optimization, LPC1768 running at 100 MHz takes about 17 ms to encode a single frame,

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and up to 4.5 ms for decoding 1. This makes the LPC175x/6x suitable for real-time
encoding or decoding.

2.3.3 Using libSpeex


In order to use libSpeex functions for encoding/decoding speech, a Speex bit-packing
struct must be declared, along with a Speex encoder state:
SpeexBits bits;
void *enc_state;
The struct bits, encoder and decoder are initialized by spx_Init, using a
SPX_CODEC_CFG_Type for CODEC configuration, as shown in Fig 3 and Fig 4.

SPX_CODEC_CFG_Type spx_config;
/* Speex CODEC configuration */
spx_config.quality
= 4;
spx_config.complexity = 1;
spx_config.vbr
= SPX_VBR_DISABLED;
spx_config.enh
= SPX_ENHANCER_ENABLED;
spx_Init(&spx_config);

Fig 3.

1.
AN11085

Application note

/*
/*
/*
/*

Encoder
Encoder
Encoder
Decoder

parameter
parameter
parameter
parameter

*/
*/
*/
*/

Speex configuration struct

Only during encoding or decoding, P0_25 is set to a high level providing a simple approach for time
measurement.
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void spx_Init(SPX_CODEC_CFG_Type *SpxCfg)


{
Speex_bits_init(&bits);
/* Speex encoding initializations */
enc_state = Speex_encoder_init(&Speex_nb_mode);
Speex_encoder_ctl(enc_state, SPEEX_SET_VBR, &SpxCfg->vbr);
Speex_encoder_ctl(enc_state, SPEEX_SET_QUALITY, &SpxCfg->quality);
Speex_encoder_ctl(enc_state, SPEEX_SET_COMPLEXITY, &SpxCfg->complexity);
/* Speex decoding intilalization */
dec_state = Speex_decoder_init(&Speex_nb_mode);
Speex_decoder_ctl(dec_state, SPEEX_SET_ENH, &SpxCfg->enh);
}

Fig 4.

Speex initialization

2.4 Application description


Examples are provided for three LPC175x/6x evaluation boards, Code Red RDB1768v2,
Keil MCB1700 and IAR LPC1768-SK.
The Vocoder application examples provide one or two functions, depending on the board
used:
1. Recording function: Through a routine call, the application obtains the audio stream
from an input (I2S or ADC), encodes it and then stores it into the RAM. This function
is available only in applications for IAR LPC1768-SK and Code_Red RDB1768v2
boards.
2. Playback function: The application loads a voice audio stream previously stored in
RAM memory, decodes it and delivers the audio to the appropriate output (I2S or
DAC). This function is available in all three evaluation boards.

2.4.1 Record process


Two buffers are used to store the input frames: IN_Buffer[0] and IN_Buffer[1]. At the
beginning of a encoding process, the sampler uses IN_Buffer[0] to store the first 160
samples. As the sampler starts to store the next 160 frames in IN_Buffer[1], the encoder
starts encoding IN_Buffer[0]. The sampler and the encoder are always alternating the
buffers accesses. Each encoded frame is composed of 20 bytes, and a buffer called
output_bytes uses the Speex encoder to store the encoded frame. Fig 5 shows the
encoding scheme and Fig 6 the flowchart.
The application can record 6 seconds (300 frames) of voice by using an array of 6000
bytes. For IAR LPC1768-SK board, the sampler is composed by the ADC and a TIMER.
The audio level is converted by the ADC inside the TIMER0 interrupt handler, which is
programmed to be called every 125 us (8 kHz).
For the Code Red RDB1768 board, samples are captured from the I2S interface. The I2S
frequency is adjusted to allow UDA1380 Audio Codec transfer sample data at a
frequency of 8 kHz. This data is saved in IN_Buffers inside I2S interrupt handler.

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Start encoding
IN_Buffer[1]

Start encoding
IN_Buffer[0]

Stop encoding
IN_Buffer[0]

Start encoding
IN_Buffer[0]
Stop encoding
IN_Buffer[1]

Input audio signal

Start recording
Start capturing to
IN_Buffer[0]

Fig 5.

AN11085

Application note

IN_Buffer[0]
completed
Start capturing to
IN_Buffer[1]

IN_Buffer[1]
completed
Start capturing to
IN_Buffer[0]

IN_Buffer[0]
completed
Start capturing to
IN_Buffer[1]

Encoding scheme

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Record

Sampler start(1)

Init recording
parameters

Capture a sample

Enable audio input


Current
IN_Buffer
is full
Yes

All frames
encoded

No

Yes
Toggle buffer
index

No

New frame
available

No

New frame
available for
encoding

Yes
Encode frame

End

Disable audio
input

End

(1) Depending on the board, Sampler can be TIMER0 or I2S Interrupt Handler

Fig 6.

Encoding flowchart

2.4.2 Playback process


The playback process is similar to the encoding process. Two buffers are used to deliver
frame data to the output.
The first encoded frame (20 bytes) is taken from the 6 kB array, decoded and the
resulting frame is stored in OUT_Buffer[0]. The Decoder starts decoding the next Speex
frame, storing the result in OUT_Buffer[1] while OUT_Buffer[0] is delivered to the output
(DAC for IAR LPC1768-SK, and I2S transmitter for code_red RDB1768). It continues
until all Speex frames are decoded. Fig 7 and Fig 8 illustrate the decoding process.

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Record

Init playing
parameters

OUTPUT start(1)
Yes

All frames
decoded
Output a sample
No

Free
OUT_Buffer
available

No

No
All samples
delivered

Yes

Yes

Decode next frame

#frames
encoded == 1

Free current
OUT_Buffer

No
Active next
OUT_Buffer for
output

Yes
Free next buffer
for decoding
End
Enable audio
output

Disable audio
output

End

(1) Depending on the board, OUTPUT can be TIMER0 or I2S Interrupt Handler

Fig 7.

AN11085

Application note

Decoding flowchart

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OUT_Buffer[1]
available
Start to send
OUT_Buffer[1]

Output audio signal

20ms

20ms

20ms

Fig 8.

Stop decoding
4th frame

Stop decoding
3rd frame

Stop decoding
2nd frame

OUT_Buffer[0]
available
Start to send
OUT_Buffer[0]

Start decoding
4th frame

Start decoding
3rd frame

Start decoding
2nd frame

OUT_Buffer[0]
available
Start to send
OUT_Buffer[0]

Decoding scheme. 1st frame is decoded previously.

2.4.3 Audio input/output for RDB1768 board


The CodeRed RDB1768 board uses an external Audio Codec (UDA1380) for
input/output audio signal. This external coder-decoder is configured to capture audio
from the MIC input, which is then sent to the microcontroller using the I2S interface. The
LPC175x/6x I2S controller is configured as follows:

Bit clock = 16 kHz (resulting in 8 k samples per second, as the UDA1380 will
always transfer stereo data);

Transmitter master, Receiver master;

16-bit data words, MONO.

The UDA1380 sends data according to WS and BCK signals generated by LPC1768.
Because the microphone signal is MONO, the same value is sent as RIGHT and LEFT
data.
When configured for 16-bit word, the 32 bits RX FIFO contains two consecutive 16-bit
samples after a complete WS cycle. The RX FIFO contents and I2S bus format sent by
UDA1380 are shown in Fig 9 and Fig 10. An oscilloscope screen of a transition is shown
in Fig 11.

Fig 9.

RX FIFO content of LPC175x/6x, 2 mono samples transferred

Fig 10. I2S bus format for UDA1380 for transferring 1 mono sample

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Fig 11. Oscilloscope screen of an I2S signal received by the LPC1768. Yellow
(I2SRX_WS), blue (I2SRX_CLK) and magenta (I2SRX_SDA)

Note: On the CodeRed RDB1768 board the microphone is not working properly by
default due to a hardware bug, as there is no power supplied to the microphone. This can
easily be fixed by connecting a 10 k resistor from the microphone to the analog power
supply of the UDA1380. Fig 12 shows the required patch.

Fig 12. Hardware fix required when connecting an electret microphone to the RDB1768
board

2.4.4 User Interface


The application example for the Code Red RDB1768 board uses an LCD interface to
show a menu, where the user can choose Record and Play functions by using the onboard joystick. It uses only the DOWN direction to toggle the cursor position; by pressing
CENTER the current option is selected.
For the IAR LPC1768-SK the application code is simpler. Two buttons are used to start
the Record and Play functions. The user can use BUTTON 1 for recording a new 6
second voice stream and BUTTON 2 for playing back the recorded voice stream.
This software package also includes a project using Keil Real-View MDK for the Keil
MCB1700 board. This board doesnt have a microphone input or a headphone output,
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but it contains a speaker that is used by the application to play a sample audio that
comes with the software.

3. Conclusion
We can see in this application note that the LPC175x/6x is suitable for Vocoder
applications using the Speex Codec. Even using no optimization methods, this
microcontroller can perform real-time Speex encoding/decoding satisfactorily. Users also
can implement some Preprocessor functions available by the Speex software library,
such as Resampler, Echo Cancellation, etc.

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4. References
Speex manual, http://speex.org/docs/
Speex API Reference Manual, http://speex.org/docs/
LPC17xx user manual (UM10360), http://www.nxp.com

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5. Legal information
5.1 Definitions
Draft The document is a draft version only. The content is still under
internal review and subject to formal approval, which may result in
modifications or additions. NXP Semiconductors does not give any
representations or warranties as to the accuracy or completeness of
information included herein and shall have no liability for the consequences
of use of such information.

5.2 Disclaimers
Limited warranty and liability Information in this document is believed to
be accurate and reliable. However, NXP Semiconductors does not give any
representations or warranties, expressed or implied, as to the accuracy or
completeness of such information and shall have no liability for the
consequences of use of such information. NXP Semiconductors takes no
responsibility for the content in this document if provided by an information
source outside of NXP Semiconductors.
In no event shall NXP Semiconductors be liable for any indirect, incidental,
punitive, special or consequential damages (including - without limitation lost profits, lost savings, business interruption, costs related to the removal
or replacement of any products or rework charges) whether or not such
damages are based on tort (including negligence), warranty, breach of
contract or any other legal theory.
Notwithstanding any damages that customer might incur for any reason
whatsoever, NXP Semiconductors aggregate and cumulative liability
towards customer for the products described herein shall be limited in
accordance with the Terms and conditions of commercial sale of NXP
Semiconductors.
Right to make changes NXP Semiconductors reserves the right to make
changes to information published in this document, including without
limitation specifications and product descriptions, at any time and without
notice. This document supersedes and replaces all information supplied prior
to the publication hereof.
Suitability for use NXP Semiconductors products are not designed,
authorized or warranted to be suitable for use in life support, life-critical or
safety-critical systems or equipment, nor in applications where failure or
malfunction of an NXP Semiconductors product can reasonably be expected
to result in personal injury, death or severe property or environmental
damage. NXP Semiconductors and its suppliers accept no liability for
inclusion and/or use of NXP Semiconductors products in such equipment or
applications and therefore such inclusion and/or use is at the customers
own risk.
Applications Applications that are described herein for any of these
products are for illustrative purposes only. NXP Semiconductors makes no
representation or warranty that such applications will be suitable for the
specified use without further testing or modification.

Semiconductors accepts no liability for any assistance with applications or


customer product design. It is customers sole responsibility to determine
whether the NXP Semiconductors product is suitable and fit for the
customers applications and products planned, as well as for the planned
application and use of customers third party customer(s). Customers should
provide appropriate design and operating safeguards to minimize the risks
associated with their applications and products.
NXP Semiconductors does not accept any liability related to any default,
damage, costs or problem which is based on any weakness or default in the
customers applications or products, or the application or use by customers
third party customer(s). Customer is responsible for doing all necessary
testing for the customers applications and products using NXP
Semiconductors products in order to avoid a default of the applications and
the products or of the application or use by customers third party
customer(s). NXP does not accept any liability in this respect.
Export control This document as well as the item(s) described herein
may be subject to export control regulations. Export might require a prior
authorization from competent authorities.
Evaluation products This product is provided on an as is and with all
faults basis for evaluation purposes only. NXP Semiconductors, its affiliates
and their suppliers expressly disclaim all warranties, whether express,
implied or statutory, including but not limited to the implied warranties of noninfringement, merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. The entire
risk as to the quality, or arising out of the use or performance, of this product
remains with customer.
In no event shall NXP Semiconductors, its affiliates or their suppliers be
liable to customer for any special, indirect, consequential, punitive or
incidental damages (including without limitation damages for loss of
business, business interruption, loss of use, loss of data or information, and
the like) arising out the use of or inability to use the product, whether or not
based on tort (including negligence), strict liability, breach of contract, breach
of warranty or any other theory, even if advised of the possibility of such
damages.
Notwithstanding any damages that customer might incur for any reason
whatsoever (including without limitation, all damages referenced above and
all direct or general damages), the entire liability of NXP Semiconductors, its
affiliates and their suppliers and customers exclusive remedy for all of the
foregoing shall be limited to actual damages incurred by customer based on
reasonable reliance up to the greater of the amount actually paid by
customer for the product or five dollars (US$5.00). The foregoing limitations,
exclusions and disclaimers shall apply to the maximum extent permitted by
applicable law, even if any remedy fails of its essential purpose.

5.3 Trademarks
Notice: All referenced brands, product names, service names and
trademarks are property of their respective owners.

Customers are responsible for the design and operation of their applications
and products using NXP Semiconductors products, and NXP

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6. Contents
1.
1.1
1.1.1
1.1.2
1.1.3
1.2
1.3

Introduction ......................................................... 3
Overview ............................................................ 3
Speex features ................................................... 3
Applications ........................................................ 3
About this document .......................................... 3
LPC175x/6x features .......................................... 4
About Code Reds RBD1768 development board
........................................................................... 4
2.
Application ........................................................... 5
2.1
Vocoder overview............................................... 5
2.2
Memory requirements ........................................ 6
2.3
Speex application implementation ...................... 6
2.3.1
Codec settings ................................................... 6
2.3.1.1
Sampling rate ..................................................... 6
2.3.1.2
Speex Parameters ............................................. 6
2.3.2
Environment features and requirements ............ 6
2.3.3
Using libSpeex ................................................... 7
2.4
Application description ....................................... 8
2.4.1
Record process .................................................. 8
2.4.2
Playback process ............................................. 10
2.4.3
Audio input/output for RDB1768 board ............ 12
2.4.4
User Interface................................................... 13
3.
Conclusion ......................................................... 14
4.
References ......................................................... 15
5.
Legal information .............................................. 16
5.1
Definitions ........................................................ 16
5.2
Disclaimers....................................................... 16
5.3
Trademarks ...................................................... 16
6.
Contents ............................................................. 17

Please be aware that important notices concerning this document and the product(s)
described herein, have been included in the section 'Legal information'.

NXP B.V. 2012.

All rights reserved.

For more information, please visit: http://www.nxp.com


For sales office addresses, please send an email to: [email protected]
Date of release: 5 March 2012
Document identifier: AN11085

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