UNIT 1

PART A
1. What is Fourier\'s Law of heat conduction?
2. What is temperature gradient?
3. What is coefficient of Thermal conductivity?
4. Give some examples of heat transfer in engineering.
5. Define Temperature field.
6. Define heat flux.
7. Define thermal Diffusivity.
8. What is Laplace equation for heat flow?
9. What is Poisson\'s equation for heat flow?
10. What critical radius of insulation?
11. Give examples for initial & boundary conditions.
12. What is a Fin?
13. Define efficiency of the fin.
14. Define effectiveness of the fin.
15. Give examples of use of fins in various engineering applications.
16. What is meant by Transient heat conduction?
17. Give governing differential equation for the one dimensional transient heat flow.
18. What is Biot number?
19. What is Newtonian heating or cooling process?
20. Give examples for Transient heat transfer.
What is meant by thermal resistance?
21.
22. What is meant by periodic heat transfer?
23. What are Heisler chart?
24. What is the function of insulating materials?
PART - B
25. A pipe consists of 100 mm internal diameter and 8 mm thickness carries steam at 170C. The
convective heat transfer coefficient on the inner surface of pipe is 75 W/m2C. The pipe is
insulated by two layers of insulation. The first layer of insulation is 46 mm in thickness having
thermal conductivity of 0.14 W/mC. The second layer of insulation is also 46 mm in thickness
having thermal conductivity of 0.46 W/mC. Ambient air temperature = 33C. The convective
heat transfer coefficient from the outer surface of pipe = 12 W/m2C. Thermal conductivity of
steam pipe = 46 W/mC. Calculate the heat loss per unit length of pipe and determine the
interface temperatures. Suggest the materials used for insulation. (16)

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26. A long rod is exposed to air at 298C. It is heated at one end. At steady state conditions, the
temperatures at two points along the rod separated by 120 mm are found to be 130C and 110C
respectively. The diameter of the rod is 25mm ID and its thermal conductivity is 116 W/mC.
Calculate the heat transfer coefficient at the surface of the rod and also the heat transfer rate. (16)
27. (i) A furnace wall consists of three layers. The inner layer of 10 cm thickness is made of
firebrick (k =1.04 W/mK). The intermediate layer of 25 cm thickness is made of masonry brick
(k = 0.69 W/mK) followed by a 5 cm thick concrete wall (k = 1.37 W/mK). When the furnace is
in continuous operation the inner surface of the furnace is at 800C while the outer concrete
surface is at 50C. Calculate the rate of heat loss per unit area of the wall, the temperature at the
interface of the firebrick and masonry brick and the temperature at the interface of the masonry
brick and concrete. (8)
(ii) An electrical wire of 10 m length and 1mm diameter dissipates 200Win air at 25C. The
convection heat transfer coefficient between the wire surface and air is 15W/m2K. Calculate the
critical radius of insulation and also determine the temperature of the wire if it is insulated to the
critical thickness of insulation. (8)
28 (i) An aluminium rod (k =204 W/mK) 2 cm in diameter and 20 cm long protrudes from a wall
which is maintained at 300C. The end of the rod is insulated and the surface of the rod is
exposed to air at 30C. The heat transfer coefficient between the rod\'s surface and air is 10
W/m2K. Calculate the heat lost by the rod and the temperature of the rod at a distance of 10 cm
from the wall. (7)
(ii) A large iron plate of 10 cm thickness and originally at 800C is suddenly exposed to an
environment at 0C where the convection coefficient is 50 W/m2K. Calculate the temperature at
a depth of 4 cm from one of the faces 100 seconds after the plate is exposed to the environment.
How much energy has been lost per unit area of the plate during this time? (9)
29 (i) Explain the different modes of heat transfer with appropriate expressions. (6)
(ii) A composite wall consists of 10 cm thick layer of building brick, k = 0.7 W/mK and 3 cm
thick plaster, k = 0.5 W/mK. An insulating material of k = 0.08 W/mK is to be added to reduce
the heat transfer through the wall by 40%. Find its thickness. (10)
30 Circumferential aluminium fins of rectangular profile (1.5cmwide and 1mm thick) are fitted
on to a 90 mm engine cylinder with a pitch of 10 mm. The height of the cylinder is 120 mm. The
cylinder base temperature before and after fitting the fins are 200C and 150C respectively.
Take ambient at 30C and h(average) =100 W/m2K. Estimate the heat dissipated from the finned
and the unfinned surface areas of cylinder (16)
31. (i) Derive the heat conduction equation in cylindrical co-ordinates using an elemental volume
for a stationary isotropic solid. (8)
(ii) A 3 cm OD steam pipe is to be covered with two layers of insulation each having a thickness
of 2.5 cm. The average thermal conductivity of one insulating material is 5 times that of the

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other. Determine the percentage decrease in heat transfer if better insulating material is next to
pipe than it is the outer layer. Assume that the outside and inside temperatures of composite
insulation are fixed. (8)
32. (i) Explain briefly the concept of critical thickness of insulation and state any two
applications of the same. (8)
(ii) A 6 cm long copper rod (k = 300 W/mK) 6mm in diameter is exposed to an environment at
20C. The base temperature of the rod is maintained at 160C. The heat transfer co-efficient is
20 W/m2K. Calculate the heat given by the rod and efficiency and effectiveness of the rod.
(8)
33. (i) Define the Biot and Fourier numbers. (4)
(ii) What is meant lumped capacity? What are the physical assumptions necessary for a lumped
capacity unsteady state analysis to apply? (4)
(iii) A slab of Aluminum 5 cm thick initially at 200C is suddenly immersed in a liquid at 70C
for which the convection heat transfer co-efficient is 525 W/m2K. Determine the temperature at
a depth of 12.5 mm from one of the faces 1 minute after the immersion. Also calculate t he
energy removed per unit area from the plate during 1 minute of immersion. Take p = 2700 bar,
Cp = 0.9 kJ/kgK, k=215 W/mK, = 8.4X 10-5 m2/s. (8)
34. A composite wall is formed of a 2.5 cm copper plate (k = 355 W/mK), a 3.2 mm layer of
asbestos (k = 0.110 W/mK) and a 5 cm layer of fiber plate (k = 0.049 W/mK). The wall is
subjected to an overall temperature difference of 560C (560C on the Cu plate side and 0C on
the fiber plate side). Estimate the heat flux through this composite all and the interface
temperature between asbestos and fiber plate. (16)
35. A steel tube k=43.26 W/mK of 5.08 cm ID and 7.62 cm OD is covered with 2.54 cm thick of
asbestos insulation with k=0.208 W/mK. The inside surface of the tube receives heat by
convection from a hot gas at a temperature of 316C with heat transfer coefficient h=284
W/m2K while the outer surface of Insulation is exposed to atmosphere air at 38C with heat
transfer coefficient of 17 W/m2K. Calculate heat loss to atmosphere for 3 m length of the tube
and temperature drop across each layer. (16)
36. (i) A plane wall 20 cm thickness generates heat at the rate of 5 x 104 W/m3 when an electric
current is passed through it. The convective heat transfer coefficient between each face of the
wall and the ambient air is 60 W/m2K. Determine
(a) The surface temperature (4)
(b) The maximum temperature in the wall. Assume ambient air temperature to be 25C and the
thermal conductivity of the wall material to be 16 W/mK. (4)

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(ii) A steel ball 100 mm diameter was initially at 50C and is placed in air which is at 35C.
Calculate time required to attain 400C and 300C. ksteel = 35 W/mK, Cp = 0.46 kJ/kgK, =
7800 kg/m3, h = 10 W/m2K. (8)

UNIT 2
PART A
1. What is Convective heat transfer?
2. Sketch formation of boundary layer and show laminar, transition & turbulent flow.
3. Write down differential equation for Continuity of fluid flow.
4. State Newton\'s law of cooling.
5. Differentiate between Natural & Forced convection.
6. State Buckingham\'s theorem.
7. What is meant by Dimensional analysis?
8. Sketch boundary layer development in a circular pipe.
9. What is Reynolds analogy?
10. Define the Bulk temperature.
11. Define velocity boundary layer thickness.
12. Define thermal boundary layer thickness.
13. Distinguish between laminar and turbulent flow.
14. What is meant by critical Reynolds number?
15. Define skin friction coefficient.
16. Give examples for free convection.
17. Define Grashoff number.
18. Define momentum thickness
19. Define Displacement thickness.
20. List the dimensionless numbers.
21. What are the uses of dimensional analysis?
PART - B
22. Air at 200 kPa and 200C is heated as it flows through a tube with a diameter of 25 mm at a
velocity of 10 m./sec. The wall temperature is maintained constant and is 20C above the air
temperature all along the length of tube. Calculate:
(i) The rate of heat transfer per unit length of the tube.

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(ii) increase in the bulk temperature of air over a 3 m length of the tube. (16)
23. (i) Write down the momentum equation for a steady, two dimensional flow of an
incompressible, constant property Newtonian fluid in the rectangular coordinate system and
mention the physical significance of each term. (6)
(ii) A large vertical plate 5 m high is maintained at 100C and exposed to air at 30C Calculate
the convection heat transfer coefficient. (10)
24. (i) Sketch the boundary layer development of a flow over a flat plate and explain the
significance of the boundary layer. (6)
(ii) Atmospheric air at 275 K and a free stream velocity of 20 m/s flows over a flat plate 1.5 m
long that is maintained at a uniform temperature of 325 K. Calculate the average heat transfer
coefficient over the region where the boundary layer is laminar, the average he at transfer
coefficient over the entire length of the plate and the total heat transfer rate from the plate to the
air over the length 1.5 m and width 1 m. Assume transition occurs at Recr=2xl05 (10)
25. (i) What is Reynold\'s analogy? Describe the relation between fluid friction and heat transfer?
(4)
(ii) Air at 25C flows over 1 m x 3 m (3 m long) horizontal plate maintained at 200C at 10 m/s.
Calculate the average heat transfer coefficients for both laminar and turbulent regions. Take Re
(critical) = 3.5 x 105 (12)
26. (i) Define Reynolds, Nusselt and Prandtl numbers. (6)
(ii) A steam pipe 10 cm outside diameter runs horizontally in a room at 23C. Take the outside
surface temperature of pipe as 165C. Determine the heat loss per unit length of the pipe.
(10)
27. (i) Explain for fluid flow along a flat plate:
(a) Velocity distribution in hydrodynamic boundary layer
(b) Temperature distribution in thermal boundary layer
(c) Variation of local heat transfer co-efficient along the flow. (8)
(ii) The water is heated in a tank by dipping a plate of 20 cm X 40 cm in size. The temperature of
the plate surface is maintained at 100C. Assuming the temperature of the surrounding water is at
30 C, Find the heat loss from the plate 20 cm side is in vertical plane. (8)

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28 Air at 400 K and 1 atm pressure flows at a speed of 1.5 m/s over a flat plate of 2 m long. The
plate is maintained at a uniform temperature of 300 K. If the plate has a width of 0.5 m, estimate
the heat transfer coefficient and the rate of heat transfer from the air stream to the plate. Also
estimate the drag force acting on the plate. (16)
29 Cylindrical cans of 150 mm length and 65 mm diameter are to be cooled from an initial
temperature of 20C by placing them in a cooler containing air at a temperature of 1C and a
pressure of 1 bar. Determine the cooling rates when the cans are kept in horizontal and vertical
positions. (16)
30 A circular disc heater 0.2m in diameter is exposed to ambient air at 25C. One surface of the
disc is insulated at 130C. Calculate the amount of heat transferred from the disc when it is.
(i) Horizontal with hot surface facing up. (5)
(ii) Horizontal with hot surface facing down. (5)
(iii) Vertical (6)
31 (i) Distinguish between free and forced convection giving examples. (4)
(ii) A steam pipe 10 cm OD runs horizontally in a room at 23 C. Take outside temperature of
pipe as 165 C. Determine the heat loss per unit length of the pipe. Pipe surface temperature
reduces to 80 C with 1.5 cm insulation. What is the reduction in heat loss? (12)

UNIT 3

PART A
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

What is a Heat Exchanger?

How heat exchangers are Classified?
Give examples of non mixing type heat
exchangers.
Sketch temperature distribution graph for
condensers & evaporators.
What is overall heat transfer coefficient in a heat
exchanger?
What is LMTD?
What is effectiveness of a heat exchanger?
Discuss the advantage of NTU method over the
LMTD method.

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9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.

What are the assumptions made during LMTD

analysis?
What are the factors are involved in designing a
heat exchangers?
In what way Boiling & Condensation differs from
other types of heat exchange?
What is Excess temperature in boiling?
What is meant by sub cooled or local boiling?
What is Nucleate boiling?
Give expression for heat transfer coefficient in
Nucleate boiling.
What is flow boiling?
What is meant by condensation?
Draw heat flux curve for various regions of flow
boiling.
Define Film wise condensation.
Define Drop wise condensation.
How is the Reynolds number in condensation
defined?

UNIT
3
(Part
B
Quest
ions)

22.

23.

A tube of 2 m length and 25 mm outer diameter is

to be used to condense saturated steam at 100C
while the tube surface is maintained at 92C.
Estimate the average heat transfer coefficient and
the rate of condensation of steam if the tube is
kept horizontal. The steam condenses on the
outside of the
tube.
(16)
Steam condenses at atmospheric pressure on the
external surface of the tubes of a steam
condenser. The tubes are 12 in number and each
is 30 mm in diameter and 10 m long. The inlet
and outlet temperatures of cooling water flowing
inside the tubes are 25C and 60C respectively.

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If the flow rate is 1.1 kg/s, calculate

(i)

The rate of condensation of steam

(ii)

The number of transfer units

(iii)
The
condenser.
(16)

24.

(i)

(ii)

25.

(i)

(ii)

26

(i)

effectiveness

of

the

It is desired to boil water at

atmospheric pressure on a copper
surface which electrically heated.
Estimate the heat flux from the surface
to the water, if the surface is
maintained at 100C and also the peak
heat
flux.
(8)
A tube of 2 m length and 25 mm
OD is to be used to condense
saturated steam at 100C while the
tube surface is maintained at 92C.
Estimate the average heat transfer
coefficient
and
the
rate
of
condensation of steam if the tube is
kept horizontal. The steam condenses
on
the
outside
of
the
tube.
(8)
Give the classification of heat
exchangers.
(4)
It is desired to use a double pipe
counter flow heat exchanger to cool 3
kg/s of oil (C p = 2.1 kJ/kgK) from
120C. Cooling water at 20C enters
the heat exchanger at a rate of 10 kg/s.
The overall heat transfer coefficient of
the heat exchanger is 600 W/m2 Kand
the heat transfer area is 6 m2 . Calculate
the exit temperatures of oil and
water.
(12)
Discuss the general arrangement of
parallel flow, counter flow and
cross
flow
heat

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exchangers.

(ii)

27.

(i)

(ii)

28.

(i)

(ii)

29.

(i)

(6)
In a Double pipe counter flow heat
exchanger 10000 kg/h of an oil having
a specific heat of 2095 J/kgK is cooled
from 80C to 50C by 8000 kg/h of
water entering at 25C. Determine the
heat exchanger area for an overall heat
transfer coefficient of 300 W/m2 K.
Take Cp for water as 4180
J/kgK.
(10)
Discuss the various regimes of pool
boiling
heat
transfer.
(8)
Dry saturated steam at a pressure of
2.45 bar condenses on the surface of a
vertical tube of height 1 m. The tube
surface temperature is kept at 117C.
Estimate the thickness of the
condensate film and the local heat
transfer coefficient at a distance of
0.2m from the upper end of the
tube.
(8)
With a neat and labeled sketch
explain the various regimes in
boiling heat transfer.
(8)
A vertical plate 0.5 m2 in area at
temperature of 92C is exposed to
steam at atmospheric pressure. If the
steam is dry and saturated estimate the
heat transfer rate and condensate mass
per hour. The vertical length of the
plate is 0.5m. Properties of water at
film temperatures of 96C can be
obtained
from
tables.
(8)
Compare LMTD and NTU method of

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heat

exchanger analysis.
(6)
Hot exhaust gases which enters a
finned tube cross flow heat
exchanger at 300C and leave at
100C,
are
used
to
heat
pressurized water at a flow rate
of 1 kg/s from 35 to 125C.
The exhaust gas specific heat is
approximately 1000 J/kgK, and the
overall heat transfer co-efficient
based on the gas side surface area
is Uh = 100W/m2 K. Determine the
required gas side surface area Ah
using the NTU method. Take Cpc at
Tc = 80C is 4197 J/kg.K and Cph
= 1000 J/kg.K .
(10)

(ii)

30.

31.

32

Water is to be boiled at atmospheric pressure

in a mechanically polished stainless steel pan
placed on top of a heating unit. The inner
surface of the bottom of the pan is
maintained at 108C. The diameter of the
bottom of the pan is 30 cm. Assuming
Csf = 0.0130. calculate (i) the rate of heat
transfer to the water and (ii) the rate of
evaporation
of
water.
(16)
Define effectiveness of a heat exchanger. Derive
an expression for the effectiveness of a double
pipe parallel flow heat exchanger. State the
assumptions made.
(16)
Water enters a cross flow Heat exchanger (both
fluids unmixed) at 5C and flows at the rate of
4600 kg/h to cool 4000 kg/h of air that is initially
at 40C. Assume the overall heat transfer
Coefficient value to be 150 W/m2 K For an
exchanger surface area of 25m2 , Calculate the exit
temperature
of
air
and
water.
(16)

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(i)

33

Describe the principle of parallel flow

and counter flow heat exchangers
showing the
axial temperature
distribution.

(i)

(8)
A parallel flow heat exchanger has hot
and cold water stream running through
it, the flow rates are 10 and 25 kg/min
respectively. Inlet temperatures are 75
C and 25 C on hot and cold sides. The
exit temperature on the hot side should
not exceed 50 C. Assume hi=h0 =
600W/m2K. Calculate the area of heat
exchanger
using
NTU
approach.
(8)

(ii)

UNIT 4
PART A
1. Define Radiation heat transfer.
2. What is Stefan\'s Bolts Mann law?
3. What is Intensity of radiation?
4. Define Shape factor.
5. What is Radiation Shield?
6. Define Quantum theory.
7. Define Emissive power of a black surface.
8. Define concept of Black body.
9. Define Planck\'s distribution law.
10. Define Wien\'s distribution law.
11. Define Emissivity of a surface.

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12. What is meant by Kirchhoff\'s law?

13. Define Irradiation.
14. Define Radiosity.
15. Distinguish between Absorptivity & Transmittivity of radiation.
16. What are the gases, which radiate heat?
17. What is mean beam length in Gas Radiation?
18. What is the equation for radiation between two gray bodies?
19. Distinguish between Reflectivity & Transmittivity.
20. Differentiate Opaque body & perfectly transparent surface.
21. Write down the Wien\'s formula.
22. Write down the heat transfer equation for Radiant exchange between infinite parallel gray
planes.
UNIT IV (Part B Questions)
23. Liquid Helium at 4.2 K is stored in a dewar flask of inner diameter = 0.48 m and outer
diameter = 0.5 m. The dewar flask can be treated as a spherical vessel. The outer surface of the
inner vessel and the inner surface of the outer vessel are well polished and the emissivity of these
surfaces is 0.05. The space between the two vessels is thoroughly evacuated. The inner surface of
the dewar flask is at 4.2 K while the outer surface is at 300 K. Estimate the rate of heat transfer
between the surfaces. (16)
24. A thin aluminium sheet with an emissivity of 0.1 on both sides is placed between two very
large parallel plates that are maintained at uniform temperatures T1 = 800 K and T2 = 500 K and
have emissivities 1= 0.2 and 2 = 0.7 respectively. Determine the net rate of radiation heat
transfer between the two plates per unit surface area of the plates and compare the result to that
without shield. (16)
25. (i) Discuss how the radiation from gases differ from that of solids. (6)
(ii) Two very large parallel plates with emissivities 0.5 exchange heat. Determine the percentage
reduction in the heat transfer rate if a polished aluminium radiation shield of = 0.04 is placed in
between the plates. (10)
26. (i) Define emissivity, absorptivity and reflectivity. (6)

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(ii) Describe the phenomenon of radiation from real surfaces. (10)

27 (i) What are the radiation view factors and why they are used? (4)

(ii) Determine the view factor (F14) for the figure shown below. (12)

28. (i) State and prove the following laws: (1) Kirchoffs law of radiation (2) Stefan - Boltzmann
law. (8)
(ii) Show- from energy-balance consideration that the radiation heat transfer from a plane
composite surface area A4 and made up of plane surface areas A2 and A3 to a plane surface area
Al is given by: A4F41=A3F31+A2F21 & F14=F12+F13. (8)
29. (i) Using the definition of radiosity and irradiation prove that the radiation heat exchange
between two grey bodies is given by the relation. (8)
(ii) A surface at 100 K with emissivity of 0.10 is protected from a radiation flux of 1250 W/m2
by a shield with emissivity of 0.05. Determine the percentage cut off and the shield temperature.
Assume shape factor as 1. (8)
30. Explain briefly the following:
(i) Specular and Diffuse reflection (5)
(ii) Reflectivity and Transmissivity (5)
(iii) Reciprocity rule and Summation rule (6)
31. (i) Two parallel, infinite grey surfaces are maintained at temperature of 127C and 227C
respectively. If the temperature of the hot surface is increased to 327C, by what factor is the net
radiation exchange per unit area increased? Assume the emissivities of cold and hot surface to be
0.9 and 0.7 respectively. (8)
(ii) Two equal and parallel discs of diameter 25 cm are separated by a distance of 50 cm. If the
discs are maintained at 600C and 250C. Calculate the radiation heat exchange between them.
(8)
32. Two large parallel planes with emissivities 0.35 and 0.85 exchange heat by radiation. The
planes are respectively 1073K and 773K. A radiation shield having the emissivity of 0.04 is

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placed between them. Find the percentage reduction in radiation heat exchange and temperature
of the shield. (16)

UNIT 5
PART A
1. What is meant by mass transfer?
2. What is Diffusion mass transfer?
3. What is Convective mass transfer?
4. Give some examples of Diffusion mass transfer.
5. What is the governing equation for Diffusion mass transfer?
6. What is mass diffusion velocity?
7. What is the Molar Diffusion velocity?
8. Define the following: (a)Mass concentration b) Molar concentration
9. What is Counter diffusion?
10. Define mass transfer fluxes.
11. What is the governing equation for Transient Diffusion?
12. Give equation for Counter diffusion.
13. Define Fourier number & Biot number for mass transfer.
14. What are the factors considered in evaporation of water into air?
UNIT V (Part B Questions)
15. A steel sphere of radius 60 mm which is initially at a uniform temperature of 325C is
suddenly exposed to an environment at 25C; with convection heat transfer coefficient 500
W/m2K. Calculate the temperature at a radius 36 mm and the heat transferred 100 seconds after
the sphere is exposed to the environment. (16)
16. The tire tube of a vehicle has a surface area 0.62 m2 and wall thickness 12 mm. The tube has
air filled in it at a pressure 2.4 x 105 N/m2. The air pressure drops to 2.3 x 105 N/m2 in 10 days.
The volume of air in the tube is 0.034 m3. Calculate the diffusion coefficient of air in rubber at

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the temperature of 315K. Gas constant value = 287. Solubility of air in rubber tube = 0.075m3 of
air/m3 of rubber tube at one atmosphere. (16)
17. (i) Define mass concentration, molar concentration, mass fraction and mole fraction. (4)
(ii) The diffusivity of CCl4 in air is determined by observing the steady state evaporation of
CCl4 in a tube of 1 cm diameter exposed to air. The CCl4 liquid level is 10 cm below the top
level of the tube. The system is held at 25C and 1 bar pressure. The saturation pressure of CCl4
at 25C is 14.76 kPa. If it is observed that the rate of evaporation of CCl4 is 0.1 kg/hour
determine the diffusivity of CC14 into air. (12)
18. (i) Dry air at 20C (p = 1.2 kg/m3, v = 15 x l0-6 m2/s, D = 4.2 x l0-5 m2/s) flows over a flat
plate of length 50 cm which is covered with a thin layer of water at a velocity of 1 m/s. Estimate
the local mass transfer coefficient at a distance of 10 cm from the leading edge and the average
mass transfer coefficient. (8)
(ii) Discuss the analogy between heat and mass transfer. (8)
19. (i) A mixture of O2 and N2 with their partial pressures in the ratio 0.21 to 0.79 is in a
container at 25C. Calculate the molar concentration, the mass density, the mole fraction and the
mass fraction of each species for a total pressure of 1 bar. What would be the average molecular
weight of the mixture? (8)
(ii) Discuss the analogy between heat and mass transfer. (8)
20. (i) Explain Fick\'s first and second laws of diffusion. (8)
(ii) Explain the phenomenon of equimolar counter diffusion. Derive an expression for equimolar
counter diffusion between two gases or liquids. (8)
21. (i) Define the Schmidt, Sherwood and Lewis numbers. What is the physical significance of
each? (8)
(ii) Dry air at 27C and 1 atm flows over a wet flat plate 50 cm long at a velocity of 50 m/s.
Calculate the mass transfer co-efficient of water vapour in air at the end of the plate. Take the
diffusion coefficient of water vapour in air is DAB = 0.26 x 10-4 m2/s. (8)
22. Discuss briefly the following
(i) Ficks law of diffusion (5)
(ii) Equimolar counter diffusion (5)
(iii) Evaporation process in the atmosphere (6)
23. (i) What are the assumptions made in the 1 D transient mass diffusion problems? (4)

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(ii) An open pan, 20 cm diameter and 8 cm deep contains water at 25C and is exposed to dry
atmospheric air. Estimate the diffusion coefficient of water in air, if the rate of diffusion of water
is 8.54X 10-4kg/hr. (16)
24. C02 and air experience equimolar counter diffusion in a circular tube whose length and
diameter are 1m and 50mm respectively. The system is at a total pressure of 1 atm and a
temperature of 25C. The ends of the tube are connected to large chambers in which the species
concentrations are maintained at fixed values. The partial pressure of CO2 at one end is 190mm
of Hg while at other end is 95mm of Hg. Estimate the mass transfer rate of CO2 and air through
the tube. The diffusion coefficient for CO2 - air combination is 0.16 x 10-4 m2/s. (16)
25. (i) Define the non dimensional numbers in mass transfer (6)
(ii) Dry air at 27C and 1 atm flows over a wet flat plate 50cm long at a velocity of 50m/sec.
Calculate the mass transfer co-efficient of water vapour in air at the end of the plate. Take
D=0.26x10-4m2/sec, =1.1614kg/m3, =184.6 x 10-7 Ns/m2, Pr = 0.707 (10)
26. Atmospheric air at 40 C flows over a wet bulb thermometer and it shows 25 C. Calculate
the concentration of water vapour in the free stream and also its relative humidity. Take D (airwater) = 0.256 x 10-4m2/s. If temperatures of dry and wet bulb are 30 C and 25 C respectively.
What would be the corresponding values? (16)

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