How to design concrete structures using Eurocode 2

3. Slabs
R M Moss BSc, PhD, DIC, CEng, MICE, MIStructE O Brooker BEng, CEng, MICE, MIStructE

Designing to Eurocode 2
This chapter covers the analysis and design of slabs to Eurocode 21 which is
essentially the same as with BS 81102. However, the layout and content of
Eurocode 2 may appear unusual to designers familiar with BS 8110. Eurocode 2
does not contain the derived formulae or specific guidance on determining
moments and shear forces. This has arisen because it has been European
practice to give principles in the codes and for the detailed application to
be presented in other sources such as textbooks.
Chapter 1, originally published as Introduction to Eurocodes3, highlighted the
key differences between Eurocode 2 and BS 8110, including terminology.
Chapter 7, originally published as Flat slabs4 covers the design of flat slabs.
It should be noted that values from the UK National Annex (NA) have been
used throughout, including values that are embedded in derived formulae.
(Derivations can be found at www.eurocode2.info.) A list of symbols related to
slab design is given at the end of this chapter.

Design procedure
A procedure for carrying out the detailed design of slabs is shown in Table 1.
This assumes that the slab thickness has previously been determined during
conceptual design. More detailed advice on determining design life, actions,
material properties, methods of analysis, minimum concrete cover for
durability and control of crack widths can be found in Chapter 2, originally
published as Getting started 5.

Fire resistance
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This chapter is taken

from The Concrete
Centres publication,
How to design
concrete structures
using Eurocode 2
(Ref. CCIP006)

Eurocode 2, Part 12: Structural fire design6, gives a choice of advanced,

simplified or tabular methods for determining the fire resistance. Using tables
is the fastest method for determining the minimum dimensions and cover for
slabs. There are, however, some restrictions which should be adhered to.
Further guidance on the advanced and simplified methods can be obtained
from specialist literature.
Rather than giving a minimum cover, the tabular method is based on
nominal axis distance, a. This is the distance from the centre of the main
reinforcing bar to the surface of the member. It is a nominal (not minimum)
Continues page 19

How to design concrete structures using Eurocode 2

Table 1
Slab design procedure
Step Task

Further guidance
Chapter in this publication

Standard

Determine design life

2: Getting started

NA to BS EN 1990 Table NA.2.1

Assess actions on the slab

2: Getting started

BS EN 1991 (10 parts) and National Annexes

Determine which combinations of actions apply

1: Introduction to Eurocodes

NA to BS EN 1990 Tables NA.A1.1 and NA.A1.2 (B)

Determine loading arrangements

2: Getting started

NA to BS EN 199211

Assess durability requirements and determine concrete strength 2: Getting started

Check cover requirements for appropriate fire resistance period

2: Getting started and Table 2

Approved Document B. BS EN 199212: Section 5

Calculate min. cover for durability, fire and bond requirements

2: Getting started

BS EN 199211 Cl 4.4.1

Analyse structure to obtain critical moments and shear forces

2: Getting started and Table 3

BS EN 199211 section 5

Design flexural reinforcement

See Figure 1

BS EN 199211 section 6.1

10

Check deflection

See Figure 3

BS EN 199211 section 7.4

11

Check shear capacity

See Table 7

BS EN 199211 section 6.2

12

Check spacing of bars

2: Getting started

BS EN 199211 section 7.3

BS 8500: 2002

Note
NA = National Annex.

Table 2
Minimum dimensions and axis distances for reinforced concrete slabs (excluding flat slabs)
Standard fire
resistance

REI 60
REI 90
REI 120
REI 240

Minimum dimensions (mm)

One-way a,b
spanning slab

Two-way spanning slab a,b,c,d

l y /l x 1.5 f

Ribs in a two-way spanning ribbed slabe

1.5 <l y /l x 2f

hs =

80

80

80

b min =

a=

20

10 g

15g

a=

hs =

100

a=

30

hs =

120

120

120

a=

40

20

25

hs =

175

175

175

a=

65

40

50

100
15g

100
20

25

b min =
a=
b min =
a=
b min =
a=

100

120
15g

200
10g

120

160

250

35

25

15g

160

190

300

45

40

30

450

700

70

60

Notes

Key

1 This table is taken from BS EN 199212 Tables 5.8 to 5.11. For flat slabs refer to
Chapter 7.

a The slab thickness hs is the sum of the slab thickness and the thickness of any
non-combustible flooring.

2 The table is valid only if the detailing requirements (see note 3) are observed and in
normal temperature design redistribution of bending moments does not exceed 15%.

b For continuous solid slabs a minimum negative reinforcement As 0.005 A c

should be provided over intermediate supports if

3 For fire resistance of R90 and above, for a distance of 0.3l eff from the centre line of each
intermediate support, the area of top reinforcement should not be less than the following:
A s,req (x) = A s,req ( 0 ) ( 1 2.5 ( x/ l eff ) )
where:
x

is the distance of the section being considered from the centre

line of the support.

A s,req ( 0 )

is the area of reinforcement required for normal temperature design.

A s,req (x)

is the minimum area of reinforcement required at the section

being considered but not less than that required for normal
temperature design.

l eff

is the greater of the effective lengths of the two adjacent spans.

4 There are three standard fire exposure conditions that need to be satisfied:
R
E
I

Mechanical resistance for load bearing

Integrity of separation
Insulation

5 The ribs in a one-way spanning ribbed slab can be treated as beams and reference can
be made to Chapter 4, Beams. The topping can be treated as a two-way slab where
1.5 < ly / lx 2.

2
18

1) cold worked reinforcement is used; or

2) there is no fixity over the end supports in a two span slab; or
3) where transverse redistribution of load effects cannot be achieved.
c In two way slabs the axis refers to the lower layer of reinforcement.
d The term two way slabs relates to slabs supported at all four edges. If this is
not the case, they should be treated as one-way spanning slabs.
e For two-way ribbed slabs the following notes apply:
The axis distance measured to the lateral surface of the rib should be at
least (a + 10).
The values apply where there is predominantly uniformly distributed loading.
There should be at least one restrained edge.
The top reinforcement should be placed in the upper half of the flange.
f l x and l y are the spans of a two-way slab (two directions at right angles) where
l y is the longer span.
g Normally the requirements of BS EN 199211 will determine the cover.

3. Slabs
Figure 1

dimension, so the designer should ensure that

a cnom + f link + f bar /2.
The requirements for various types of slab are given in Table 2.

Procedure for determining flexural reinforcement

START

Flexure

Carry out analysis of slab to determine design moments (M)

(Where appropriate use coefficients from Table 3)

No

Concrete class
C50/60?

Outside scope of
this publication

Yes
Determine K from: K =

M
bd 2 fck

The design procedure for flexural design is given in Figure 1; this

includes derived formulae based on the simplified rectangular stress
block from Eurocode 2. Where appropriate, Table 3 may be used to
determine bending moments and shear forces for slabs. Further
information for the design of two-way, ribbed or waffle slabs is given in
the appropriate sections on pages 5 and 6.

Table 4

Determine K from Table 4 or

K = 0.60d 0.18 d 2 0.21 where d 1.0

Values for K
% redistribution
Compression
reinforcement
required not
recommended for
typical slabs

No

Is K K ?

Yes
No compression reinforcement required

d (redistribution ratio) K

1.00

0.208a

10

0.90

0.182a

15

0.85

0.168

20

0.80

0.153

25

0.75

0.137

30

0.70

0.120

Key
a It is often recomended in the UK that K should be limited to 0.168 to ensure ductile failure.

Obtain lever arm z from Table 5 or

d
z=
1 + 1 3.53 K 0.95d
2

Table 5

z/d for singly reinforced rectangular sections

Calculate tension reinforcement required from

M
As =
fyd z

Check minimum reinforcement requirements (see Table 6)

As,min =

0.26 fctm bt d
fyk

where fck 25

Check maximum reinforcement requirements

As,max = 0.04 Ac for tension or compression
reinforcement outside lap locations

z/d

z/d

0.05

0.950a

0.13

0.868

0.06

0.944

0.14

0.856

0.07

0.934

0.15

0.843

0.08

0.924

0.16

0.830

0.09

0.913

0.17

0.816

0.10

0.902

0.18

0.802

0.11

0.891

0.19

0.787

0.12

0.880

0.20

0.771

Key
a Limiting z to 0.95d is not a requirement of Eurocode 2, but is considered to be good practice.

Table 6
Minimum percentage of reinforcement required

Table 3

fck

fctm

Minimum % (0.26 fctm /fyka )

25

2.6

0.13%

28

2.8

0.14%

30

2.9

0.15%

32

3.0

0.16%

0.086Fl 0.063Fl 0.063Fl

0.6F
0.5F

35

3.2

0.17%

40

3.5

0.18%

Notes
1 Applicable to one-way spanning slabs where the area of each bay exceeds 30 m2,
Qk 1.25 Gk and qk 5 kN/m2
2 F is the total design ultimate load, l is the span
3 Minimum span > 0.85 longest span, minimum 3 spans
4 Based on 20% redistribution at supports and no decrease in span moments

45

3.8

0.20%

50

4.1

0.21%

Bending moment and shear coefficients for slabs

End support /slab connection
Continuous
Pinned
End
End
End
End
support span
support span
Moment 0
0.086Fl 0.04Fl 0.075Fl
Shear
0.40F
0.46F

First
Interior Interior
interior spans supports
support

Key
a Where fyk = 500 MPa.

3
19

How to design concrete structures using Eurocode 2

Eurocode 2 offers various methods for determining the stress-strain

relationship of concrete. For simplicity and familiarity the method
presented here is the simplified rectangular stress block, which is
similar to that found in BS 8110 (see Figure 2).
The Eurocode gives recommendations for the design of concrete up to
class C90/105. However, for concrete greater than class C50/60, the stress
block is modified. It is important to note that concrete strength is based
on the cylinder strength and not the cube strength (i.e. for class C28/35
the cylinder strength is 28 MPa, whereas the cube strength is 35 MPa).

Deflection
Eurocode 2 has two alternative methods of designing for deflection,
either by limiting span-to-depth ratio or by assessing the theoretical
deflection using the Expressions given in the Eurocode. The latter
is dealt with in detail in Chapter 8, originally published as Deflection
calculations7.
The span-to-depth ratios should ensure that deflection is limited to
span /250 and this is the procedure presented in Figure 3.

Figure 2
Simplified rectangular stress block for concrete up to class C50/60 from Eurocode 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Procedure for assessing deflection

Determination of steel stress

START
Determine basic l/d from Figure 5

Determine Factor 1 (F1)

For ribbed or waffle slabs
F1 = 1 0.1 ((bf/bw) 1) 0.8
(bf is flange breadth and bw is rib breadth)
Otherwise F1 = 1.0

Determine Factor 2 (F2)

Where the slab span exceeds 7 m and it supports
brittle partitions, F2 = 7/leff
Otherwise F2 = 1.0

Determine Factor 3 (F3)

F3 = 310/ss
Where ss = Stress in reinforcement at serviceability
limit state (see Figure 4)
ss may be assumed to be 310 MPa (i.e. F3 = 1.0)
Note: As,prov 1.5 As,reqd (UK National Annex)

Increase
As,prov

Is basic l/d x F1 x F2 x F3 Actual l/d ?

No
Yes
Check complete
The Eurocode is ambiguous regarding linear interpolation. It is understood that this

was the intention of the drafting committee and is in line with current UK practice.

4
20

To determine stress in the reinforcement (ss), calculate the ratio

Gk/Qk , read up the graph to the appropriate curve and read across
to determine ssu .
As,req
1
ss can be calculated from the expression: ss = ssu
As,prov d

)( )

3. Slabs

Design for shear

It is not usual for a slab to contain shear reinforcement, therefore it is
only necessary to ensure that the concrete shear stress capacity
without shear reinforcement (vRd,c see Table 7) is more than applied
shear stress (vEd = VEd /( bd )). Where shear reinforcement is required,
e.g. for ribs in a ribbed slab, refer to Chapter 4, originally published as
Beams 8.

Two-way slabs
Unlike BS 8110 there is no specific guidance given in Eurocode 2 on
how to determine the bending moments for a two-way slab. The
assessment of the bending moment can be carried out using any
suitable method from Section 5 of the Code. However, co-efficients
may be obtained from Table 8 (taken from the Manual for the design of
building structures to Eurocode 29) to determine bending moments per
unit width (Msx and Msy) where:

Table 7
vRd,c resistance of members without shear reinforcement, MPa

rI =

As /(bd)

Effective depth, d (mm)

200 225 250 275 300 350 400 450 500 600 750

0.25% 0.54 0.52 0.50 0.48 0.47 0.45 0.43 0.41 0.40 0.38 0.36
0.50% 0.59 0.57 0.56 0.55 0.54 0.52 0.51 0.49 0.48 0.47 0.45
0.75% 0.68 0.66 0.64 0.63 0.62 0.59 0.58 0.56 0.55 0.53 0.51
1.00% 0.75 0.72 0.71 0.69 0.68 0.65 0.64 0.62 0.61 0.59 0.57
1.25% 0.80 0.78 0.76 0.74 0.73 0.71 0.69 0.67 0.66 0.63 0.61
1.50% 0.85 0.83 0.81 0.79 0.78 0.75 0.73 0.71 0.70 0.67 0.65
1.75% 0.90 0.87 0.85 0.83 0.82 0.79 0.77 0.75 0.73 0.71 0.68
2.00% 0.94 0.91 0.89 0.87 0.85 0.82 0.80 0.78 0.77 0.74 0.71
k

2.000 1.943 1.894 1.853 1.816 1.756 1.707 1.667 1.632 1.577 1.516

Table derived from: v Rd,c = 0.12 k (100r I fck)1/3 0.035 k1.5 fck 0.5
where k = 1 + R(200/d) 2 and r I = As /(bd) 0.02
Note

Msx = bsx w lx2

1 This table has been prepared for fck = 30.

2 Where r I exceeds 0.40% the following factors may be used:

Msy = b sy w lx2
Where bsx and bsy are coefficients, lx is the shorter span and w (load
per unit area) is the STR ultimate limit state combination. For more
information on combinations refer toChapter 1, originally published as
Introduction to Eurocodes3.

fck

25

28

32

35

40

45

50

Factor

0.94

0.98

1.02

1.05

1.10

1.14

1.19

Figure 5
Basic span-to-effective-depth ratios

Notes
1 For two-way spanning slabs, the check should be
carried out on the basis of the shorter span.
2 This graph assumes simply supported span
condition (K = 1.0).
K = 1.5 for interior span condition
K = 1.3 for end span condition
K = 0.4 for cantilevers
3 Compression reinforcement, r, has been taken as 0.
4 Curves based on the following expressions:

l
1.5 fck r 0
+ 3.2
= K 11 +
r
d

fck

( )]
1.5
r0
1
r

where r r 0
and

l
1.5 fck r 0
+
= K 11 +
d
( r r )

fck
12

r
r0

where r > r 0 .

Percentage of tension reinforcement (As,reqd/bd)

5
21

How to design concrete structures using Eurocode 2

Ribbed or waffle slabs

Figure 6
Procedure for determining flexural capacity of flanged ribs

Current practices for determining forces in ribbed and waffle slabs may also
be used for designs to Eurocode 2. Where a waffle slab is treated as a
two-way slab refer to previous section, but note that their torsional stiffness
is significantly less than for a two-way slab and the bending moment coefficients may not be applicable. Where it is treated as a flat slab reference
may be made to Chapter 7, originally published as Flat slabs4
The position of the neutral axis in the rib should be determined, and
then the area of reinforcement can be calculated depending on
whether it lies in the flange or web (see flow chart in Figure 6). The
main differences compared with BS 8110 are that the assessment of
the flange width is more sophisticated (see Figures 7 and 8).
Where a slab is formed with permanent blocks or a with a topping
thickness less than 50 mm and one-tenth of the clear distance
between ribs it is recommended that a longitudinal shear check is
carried out to determine whether additional transverse reinforcement is
required (see BS EN 199211, Cl 6.2.4).
Table 8
Bending moment coefficients for two-way spanning rectangular slabs
supported by beams
Type or panel
and moments
considered

Short span coefficients for

values of ly /lx

1.0

1.25

1.5

1.75

Long-span
coefficients
for all values
of ly /lx

START

No

Concrete class
C50/60?

Outside scope
of this
publication

Yes
Determine l0 (see Figure 7) and beff from:
beff = (bw + beff1 + beff2) where
beff1 = (0.2b1 + 0.1 l0) 0.2 l0 b1
beff2 = (0.2b2 + 0.1 l0) 0.2 l0 b2
Note: The flange width at the support will be
different from that at mid-span.
For symbols refer to Figures 7 and 8

Determine K from: K =

M
bd 2 fck

Determine K from Table 2 or

K = 0.60d 0.18 d2 0.21 where d 1.0

Calculate lever arm z from

d
z=
1 + 1 3.53 K 0.95d
2

2.0
Calculate depth to neutral axis x from:

Interior panels

x = 2.5 (d z)

Negative moment
at continuous edge

0.031

0.044 0.053

0.059 0.063

0.032

Positive moment
at midspan

0.024

0.034 0.040

0.044 0.048

0.024

Yes
Is x 1.25hf

One short edge discontinuous

Neutral axis in
flange.
Design as
rectangular
section.

No

Negative moment
at continuous edge

0.039

Positive moment
at midspan

0.029

0.050 0.058

0.063 0.067

0.037
Neutral axis in web
Calculate moment capacity of flange from:

0.038 0.043

0.047 0.050

0.028

and

One long edge discontinuous

Negative moment
at continuous edge

0.039

0.059 0.073

0.083 0.089

0.037

Positive moment
at midspan

0.030

0.045 0.055

0.062 0.067

0.028

Kf =

M MR,f
fck bw d 2

Is Kf K

No

Yes

Two adjacent edges discontinuous

Negative moment
at continuous edge

0.047

0.066 0.078

0.087 0.093

0.045

Positive moment
at midspan

0.036

0.049 0.059

0.065 0.070

0.034

6
22

MR,f = 0.57 fck (beff bw) hf (d 0.5hf)

Calculate area of reinforcement required from

M MR,f
MR,f
As =
+
fywd (d 0.5 hf )
fywd z

Redesign
section

3. Slabs
Figure 7

Figure 8

Definition of l0 , for calculation of effective flange width

Effective flange width parameters

Rules for spacing and

quantity of reinforcement

Selected symbols
Symbol

Definition

Value

Ac

Cross sectional area of concrete

bh

As

Area of tension steel

As2

Area of compression steel

As, prov

Area of tension steel provided

As, reqd

Area of tension steel required

beff

Effective flange width

bt

Mean width of the tension zone

bmin

Width of beam or rib

bw

Width of rib web

Effective depth

d2

Effective depth to compression reinforcement

fcd

Design value of concrete compressive strength

fck

Characteristic cylinder strength of concrete

fctm

Mean value of axial tensile strength

hf

Flange thickness

hs

Slab thickness

Factor to take account of the different

structural systems

See Table NA.4 in

UK National Annex

Minimum spacing of reinforcement

leff

Effective span of member

See Section 5.3.2.2 (1)

The minimum clear distance between bars should be the greater of:
Bar diameter
Aggregate size plus 5 mm
20 mm

l0

Distance between points of zero moment

l/d

Limiting span-to-depth ratio

lx, ly

Spans of a two-way slab

Design moment at the ULS

Depth to neutral axis

(d z)/0.4

xmax

Limiting value for depth to neutral axis

(d 0.4)d where d 1.0

Lever arm

a cc

Coefficient taking account of long term

effects on compressive strength and of
unfavourable effects resulting from the
way load is applied

Ratio of the redistributed moment to the

elastic bending moment

gm

Partial factor for material properties

1.15 for reinforcement (gs )

1.5 for concrete (gc )

r0

Reference reinforcement ratio

Rfck /1000

Required tension reinforcement at mid-span

to resist the moment due to the design
loads (or at support for cantilevers)

As/bd

Required compression reinforcement at

mid-span to resist the moment due to the
design loads (or at support for cantilevers)

As2/bd

Minimum area of principal reinforcement

The minimum area of principal reinforcement in the main direction is
As,min = 0.26 fc tm b t d/fy k but not less than 0.0013b td, where b t is the
mean width of the tension zone (see Table 6). For a T-beam with the
flange in compression, only the width of the web is taken into account
in calculating the value of b t.

Minimum area of secondary reinforcement

The minimum area of secondary transverse reinforcement is
20% As,min . In areas near supports, transverse reinforcement is not
necessary where there is no transverse bending moment.

Maximum area of reinforcement

Outside lap locations, the maximum area of tension or compression
reinforcement should not exceed As,max = 0.04 Ac

Maximum spacing of reinforcement

For slabs less than 200 mm thick the following maximum spacing
rules apply:
For the principal reinforcement: 3h but not more than 400 mm
For the secondary reinforcement: 3.5h but not more than 450 mm
The exception is in areas with concentrated loads or areas of maximum
moment where the following applies:
For the principal reinforcement: 2h but not more than 250 mm
For the secondary reinforcement: 3h but not more than 400 mm
Where h is the depth of the slab.
For slabs 200 mm thick or greater the bar size and spacing should be
limited to control the crack width and reference should be made to
section 7.3.3 of the Code or Chapter 2, originally published as Getting
started 5.

acc fck /gc

0.30 fck2/3 for fck C50/60
(from Table 3.1, Eurocode 2)

0.85 for flexure and

axial loads.
1.0 for other phenomena
(From UK National Annex)

7
23

3. Slabs
References
1 BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. BS EN 199211: Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures Part 11 General rules and rules for buildings. BSI, 2004.
2 BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. BS 81101: The structural use of concrete Part 1, Code of practice for design and construction. BSI, 1997.
3 NARAYANAN, R S & BROOKER, O. How to design concrete structures using Eurocode 2: Introduction to Eurocodes. The Concrete Centre, 2005.
4 MOSS, R M & BROOKER, O. How to design concrete structures using Eurocode 2: Flat slabs. The Concrete Centre, 2006.
5 BROOKER, O. How to design concrete structures using Eurocode 2: Getting started. The Concrete Centre, 2005.
6 BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. BS EN 199212, Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures. General rules structural fire design, BSI 2004.
7 WEBSTER, R & BROOKER, O. How to design concrete structures using Eurocode 2: Deflection calculations. The Concrete Centre, 2006.
8 MOSS, R M & BROOKER, O. How to design concrete structures using Eurocode 2: Beams. The Concrete Centre, 2006.
9 THE INSTITUTION OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS/THE INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS. Manual for the design of concrete building structures to
Eurocode 2. IStructE/ICE, 2006.

Acknowledgements
The content of this publication was produced as part of the project Eurocode 2: transition from UK to European concrete design standards. This
project was part funded by the DTI under the Partners in Innovation scheme. The lead partner was the British Cement Association. The work was
carried out under the guidance of the Concrete Industry Eurocode 2 Group, which consists of representatives from:
Alan Baxter and Associates Arup British Cement Association British Precast Building Research Establishment Clark Smith Partnership
Concrete Innovation and Design Construct Department for Trade and Industry Office of the Deputy Prime Minister The Concrete Centre
The Concrete Society Quarry Products Association.

For more information on Eurocode 2 and

other questions relating to the design, use
and performance of concrete contact the
free National Helpline on:
0700 4 500 500 or 0700 4 CONCRETE
[email protected]

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Ref: TCC/03/18
ISBN 1-904818-28-5
24 published January 2006, revised December 2006
First
The Concrete Centre and British Cement Association

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