= CHAPTER I “= i ‘ 1 PROBLEMS OF The Sailings ‘....+-...---- Page . ‘Great Circle Sailing .. ” fh : : ‘ 3. Composite Sailing .-....-.- Page Sse fet feo: . 4. la itude by EX-MERLOIAN sees Page a a vt “S$. “Sight: to NOON-NOON to SIGHT... Page pie Ney . 7 ol ‘Latitude by POLARIS..... «+e Page | cep Eh 7. ISTAR Identification......2. Page 124 134 150 168 162 “ATT 181 183 NAVIGATION, to to to to. to to, 153 149 153 169 180 178 182 184 123124 _ concentrated . mainly.on basics going modern ‘solving'method mostly or q +within course &- DISTANCE. Simply because, in general'terms, while it is THE SAILINGS in the ART OF NAVIGATION ile You might notice at the end, that the emphasis of this collection is true, that itis important to: solve ‘various unknown, fthe old man or ithe master on board«requires usualty:but not limited todfrom-these two un knowns. While UNDERWAY, it,is imperative, or it is matter of responsi- bility to solve or to:acquire the position of the vessel either by piloting or celestial! observation’, the latest by electronic navigation. In this;regard,,try, not to forget, always to remember... in piloting.. to pinpoint your position, all. you need is prominent.objects, say land- marks, Assisting you,'would be also navigational .aids;,’ may it be on’ board or within the shore lines you are navigating or as per chart dictates. Get cross.bearings whenever possible, intersection ‘Should:be your. position! At least, do not forget to apply known theoretical or personal ‘error as a safety measure, rather than for the sake of precision,while navigating within restricted waters. If you have a good radar "performance, you 4 should not encounter much problem:. You: are safer, but just.;do:not > take. charices. . . In celestial observation, to have a valid and reliable fix position: in the middleof the high seven seas, at least you have'two or more -known : heavenly. bodies. at a time as: reference. The typical and most used. is the: sun at daytime fora single line of position (LOP) and, the famous North Star, the Polaris at twilights for an immediate observed latitude, yet onl at Northern Hemi sphere . » $0. as to be able to attain jood plot for a Fix’ position; you have’ to! ‘prepare; lascertain, solve the Following: i nal ith joe od a) AMT: or UT: for GHA. < b) ‘DR: or assumed" Latitude c)'OR or "assumed" Longitude ‘e) LHA-or-meridian~angte: “tis - - f) Declination of: the celestial: body g) Altitude’* h) Azimuth There are various ways in solvit g. the old,long si . haversine method, either; by: i 9 Ingitude: by. :chro- -. nometer, Much easier isitheluse of the tables like’ PUB 249, Voll & 2° PUB‘NO. 214, 229, etc: atest is the scientific calculato puter Like: of ‘that Tamaya.NCj88. The presence of the'nav-SATELLITE or the digital: sloran instruments indeed made navigation so easy. Yet both have ‘its own: limitation, you can not’attain a fix position at. your command from nav-SATELLITE, the latter the area covered being not ‘so wide. So, héreby advice any beginner, to practice all sortiiat methods like the illustrations therein, until’ such time reached that’ ‘stage of proper and we developed, well “rounded know-how called... high efficiency rate... par EXCELLENCE ats CAPT. VIRGILIO A PATOC MMt i 125 + PROBLEMS EN NAVIGATION A vessel. in Lat.;, 33° 04.0" N, Long, 72° 12,0" W, speed of : }4.0 kts s to arrive in Latitude 41” 27.0' Long. 65 1 OW ‘ : ‘s* FIND: “Course (CO) ‘to steer, Pistance and Estimated: Time of Arrival (ETA) if ‘she departs at 0800Hrs June 21, 1990, 20 +5 and +4 on departure and arrival respectively. MERCATOR SAILING 30 O4.0' N° MP fr °2091.7 Long. from 728 12.0° W 27.0' NMP in 2722.2 Long. In? 65° 22.0' W 223:0'.N. DMP ° 630.5 DLO = 6° 50.0! East : * x_ 60 + 480 + | 23 DLO 360 +: 50 “DLAT. = 503" or, NM, DLO 410" ee GP RNS . no : , By. Logarithm Functions By Natural Trigonometric Functions ° rm re ‘Log DLO= 410 = 2.61277 AO ray tng : jog’ DMP: = 630.5 = _2.7996(-| 630.5 = TAM,.,£0 = 0.6502 a \ flog TaN Co 33° O2'='9.8131 co. = N33% 02" EB coenan SN SB 02 1 jhog:* Dk ‘503 170156"! Log sec co’ = (339,02! = - 10.07657 | [Log 'cos'co‘2330"92"" -1!9792343'- Log DLAT™ 503 = 2.70156 + |; [bogDISTANCE:~"8999--=." 2.77813’. Log DISTANCE= 599.9 = 12.77813-10 i vt orth | " direction : : ° : EAS irecti COURSE’ (CO) 'N. 33° 02! to. agree of +, ,Pjati tude NAME DQ: Longitude- 126 WAYS TO FIND "Difference of MERIDIONAL PARTS" (DMP) Example: ” " "By TABLE _5 _ 1 Lat, , from, ‘ bat. “in DLAT 41° 27.0" N 23.0" N QQ) Lat. ‘from: 32° 04.0" N lat..in) 41° 27.0' N *2722.2629 a, "630.5208. Gan, beused: to;FIND: -Difference of MERIDIONAL! BARTS’ (DMP) 33° 04.0! 27.0'BY [VieRcaTor . chart t ‘The: PRACTICAL -APPROACH by CONSTRUCTION of COMPACT TABLE 38 ) to DLO 22.6 MM Length of Departure and is equal ( 127128: wt ae 410 “log ° ~ 630.5 log Hy STONY og SINV TAN: . INV sy +, 803 4, log a - 10 = INV log129 sete | COURSE AND DISTANCE CCD J by MERCATOR SAILING! . By NC- 8B i TAMAYA NPUT KEY . an , (cb } . Course and, Distance 2) @ 33.04 WE LATd — 33.0400N__ Departure. Latitude =} Q | 72.1200%s/M_NE LONGd _72.1200W__ Longitude Departure 4. | 41.2700 WE LATa _41.2700N__ Arrival Latitude (1) 5. .@) .6512200°" s/w N/E LONGa _65 2200H Longitude Arrival (1) “6. fot ak PROCESS: . i , a : , CO). 33°. aa! COURSE 33° go De | “DST: _ 600 Distance 400 __:_ Niles iy | | : "Courses, and: Distances to more continuiung points of arrival may be determined: in or by CD SERIES mode by using SERIES key repeatedly" (0D SERIES) Course and Distance Series “ Arrival’ Latitude (2) Longitude Arrival (2) Note: Put decimal after! degrees. Lf tho Ca | |130 | Steaming Time = Péstance . GAO WM. 42.as71 irs Steaming Time .=- 42" 52" : a (or) Log Distance =° 600 = 2.77815 Log Speed 14 1.14612 - ‘Log Steaming Time = 42.857= = 1.68208 dune* LT = 23 0352. Hrs SOLVING by PLANE SAILING by TABLE 3 & TABLE 38: , : Difference of: Longitude/ From:Mercator .... =,TAN CO. = Bi ried Pre = computation : 1 “a ridional. Parts a ot sbepartire a as DLAT > ick" up: DLO at se nists it Poe Tame a { 1 1 “Enter 37°” as COURSE ' if ‘ADD 0 tol ‘0'to 0.8 Denarture = 326.8 409.2 = DLO131 ! . age IMeRcATOR SAILING by Scientific : Calcularor 2091.7421 Long, 72° 12.0' W 27222629. Longo, 65° :22.0' W DLO" 6° 50.0" East = 410' 2.61278 *10 ‘9968 (3 310 — “hog DMP 's 630.5 Log TAN CO =. 33° 02! = i +10 Log DLAT = 503 2.70156 33° 02" = |. 9.92343 (-) 599.9 | = | 2.77813 ~ 503 Log 2.70186, INV Log 503 J). 10.07657 2.77815 9.73650, | (+) 1465 co 10089 (-) 2.61376 =, 2.77815 9.92343 (+)° 132 PROBLEM: .'To FIND Distance by Mid-Latitude? : * A vessel. is. to ‘depart. from, Latitude 45° 00.0'N “Longitude .:125° 30.0'°E, to arrive at jiatitide “48° 00.0! 'N,) Longitude or to the igo © ” veridian peo hat..458 .00.01.N Long. fi 1250 '30.0'E . Lat. 48". -00.0!.N_.. Long. in 180° 00.0 St ae ag:5? sae “p00! Mid Lat. = 46.59 vg B27" : .DISTANCE = DLO in minutes’ x mo 1) + DISTANCE: :3,270.0 x cos "4" DISTANCE = 3,270.0 x 0.68835 mid: “procedure in solving DISTACE. by Nid-Latitade is ‘identical to tl Parallel Sailing. cy .~ TRAVERSE TAN 5s (co) TAN course (cov : + ia “144 NM oe = SAILING “Courses 258° 1359, 259° 293 169° . 12 130° By SCIENTH ,JDISTANCE = DLAT.,, x SEC COURSE Input: 133 Distances 155 337, ler 390." 404: WEST 144 W DEPARTURE 0.2188 i. 20.6" -W 20.6! - CALCULATOR T W192 Lay 2tevs, cos Inv 1. 1.023688 X 658 = 673.5 NM134: THE SAILINGS to find: © 1) RHUMB Course . Distance 1) eco sone bee ee + by Greal TO" Initial Course Final Course . me Lat. of Vertex yoo we) Long. of Vertex bomen [ Distance to Alter 1 : IM) distance, V0... ~ Parallel Sailing copne: "answers : Departure Point 223121 | Itong: ‘Lat. fr = 35° 00.0" Wi ~ 3319.3 48° 30.0" N “° 30.0! N tei alot | 7 00. o = +360! 98° “40° 55° : = 55°F DLO= 96° ©. £ is x 60! /degree DLO =5700" {135 "- RHUMB COURSE (CO). { (1) : . STAN CO = Difference of Longitude (DLO) Log ‘57 = 3.75587 DMP i: = Log 1088.2 ..=. 3.03670°(-) -, TAN |cO 1g: 79° 11.5" 0.71917 0) = N 79° 11LS'E . . , North to agree with name of DLAT “hs . ,; . «East to agree with name of DLO . a i Poy DISTANCE = DLAT x SEC CO. ‘ 1 “DLAT: » = Log _ B10 = 2.908485 SEC CO = log 79° 11' = 10.72694 j (+) , 13.635425 -10 | DISTANCE.,,.'x.:Log 4, \ “6,319.41. NM if .of! LATITUDE (DLAT) 9.2733 (-) 13.6352) (-10) 4,317.7, NM DISPLAY 3,,7558479 ‘30367087 ‘0¥71916617: ~SUSE BY SCIENTIFIC CALCULATOR... "Natural" INPUT 5700 “5 Yoe.2 eit “INV TAN - IN os, 79.4, Wi 29055 ‘cos. ity 1) Distance | Distance: ' Distance : ' Distance = | Dale Distance" Distance Distance Newrical | Btatate ‘alles | “calles137 DISTANCE BETWEEN 2 MERIDIANS (oF CONSTRUCTION This -is the length.between 2° Meridians 41h i>TI) Great Circlé Sailing” “." HAVERSINE-COSINE METHOD OY SCIENTIFIC CALCULA Wat TAY 2k = WAV 1D GOS UA COS an 2_ + HAT HAV ( tay? a2) | lo |= 9.73526 Log HAY DLO M i pio_| 5 | .,, {00 Lat_frj 35+]... [00 29.91336 Lat in} 48 1- [30 9.82126 “2 funy {tos jy finy [sin [bei [2 =[- 29-4698 Log COS Laty M+ MR3 Min Log COSAT 2 + Log HAV_65.79328 4 LAT fr NS + LAT. ins WN oe sin tiny WO] 4 fio | = | 10.29504 Nat HAV: = in =_jsin [any ST +.h10 | = 10.0138) Nat _HAV Lt + MR . [any sin| x [2 = .-20.30885 "Nat HAV 2X Ta 00.0' E 267.5237 = 67°31 126°" on ot x 60° = 4051.43M 6cD 265° - 360° = 95° East1) If the Initial Coins “ts greater than Final Course ad in the ‘save Quant, “peal the ‘Shle Log Cos LAT fr M+ MR Hin Log SIN. FC “LOG sin IC H+ MR 19.76722 LOG COS Lat.verte: 54.190 CAT. VERTEX 4° dit cOTAN “Lond, “© SIN UAT fr TAN IC = [infos fw Et Tad tan _| TAN 19.76743 LOG COTAN Long.,, RULES. in’ _Aoplying the | Angle of VERTEX tw | 59.6556 _ Long. Vertex “59° _39" E tandrs destination’ ¥, to the Longitude ‘of departure in 2 DIRECTION r Gpposite to that of the destination. In case 1149 00 E Long. fr ‘the FINAL COURSE is greater than Initia! COURSE, apply the angle V, to the Longitude of depar- LOG COS Lat fr Min Log CSC 2X M+ MR n im ECE Log | + Tel __9.75859 LOG SIN LAT fr Min nie] elo be Ele lehol og| + [10] = | =-| 10,0884 LOG TAN IC MRE MR ture in a direction TOW) that of destinatio. - tong. of VERTEX 2. Apply angle V to the Longitude of departure in a direction toward of destination if IC & FC are adjascent quadrants. Also if the ZX is less ‘than 90 degrees, Angle ¥ will be less than 90 degrees. In case the ZX exceeds or more 90 degrees, Angle V will be more than 90 degrees. 6eL 199° 39' - 350° = 160° 21" West‘By! Nee 88 TAMAYA “C éD ) wil GC ) ‘hats 35.0000N Deer = Lat. Oocinal ke TT 7 ‘after at n = S/W. ‘Langd 240.0000 Depar't:Long.” Decimal 2 AB. oe : We LATa __48.3000N fev at Latitude, be + wd 8 | [input KEY ‘Display po - “a a 125,000 SM Longa _125.0000W wea Lonitude : Decimal co ib uu 5 . . an 45°35" _Initi | av 160° 21" WAyve SERIES) Trvempcate Lat. Series ss. A} bo Cie Freer‘at: : I SOLVING BY MERCATOR SAILING: ad VOKAT = 13° 30" N ‘= 810! 1 DLO. = 96P.". .e 25700! COMP eS 1088.2! BY TABLE 3 Enter’ “counse tco ), as, COURSE 79° . i DLAT oS DLAT +: 81.103 BLL! at. DEPARTURE ‘all : B a whet ., DEPARTURE 4599 at 80° DEPARTURE ‘4172: at 79° hei : Tol, RATE OO! 71 1x 11.5 = 82! a ope: ILLUSTRATION 2 not wena SCALED) 4 4 1 | If the Initial ‘course is greater than Final Course and. in the same qua- ‘tude of departure in a DIRECTION : In case ‘the FINAL/COURSE is grea- than Initial Course, apply the-Angle V, ‘to the Longitude of departure in a direction TOWARD that of destination.STANCE {stance = 5.7 bate Departure PB-=-90° ~ Lat. Arrival ! uM = Vertex, the Point nearest tt Log HAV DLO. Log cS Laty= 380 Log COS Laty= 9.82126: LOG HAV 46988, (- NAT HAV , i voll i HAVLat 5 E Late | | NAT HAV GcD - 5°60" per’ Degree °4,051.0. NM =SIN DLO-; cos Lat i csc 2X LOS SIN INITIAL CO. ‘ L0G SIN ‘DLO = 98° Log” cos Lat, fr= 36° 0¢ ~ 67° 31.0! 38° Lat of the Vertex 369. LOG , SIN\Lat. fr = 45° 35.0! LOG TAN IC = n tose 45° 36.0! = LOG COS Lat. of the’ Vertex = 19.7672 (~10) 8 9.99834 9.82126 10.03433 29.85393 45° 35 33" 9.99834 9.9133 29.9459 (-20) 62° - 180° 1e° hw ol “ik. 9.9133 9.8539, 54° LON 9.75859 10.00884 19.76743 (-10) 59° 39.0! East (+) 140° 00.0! East-vtowards Destination 143 199'.-39.0" : 360° 160° 21.0" West’; e rture in 2 direction toward destination if ‘the ZX. is-less‘than90 ‘degrees,144 VARIATION: Solving Great Pp Circle Problein” par = 13° 30.0'N mo = 8 E BY ! Point. of 1 Departure » 90° 00.0" / a eV ano uy 35° 0020". Lat. fr Lato fr= 35° N : ae Long fr = 140° E boy 55° 00.0' = PA j 908 00.0! 4B° 30.0" Lat. in 41° 30.0" = PB | PAT pp = 55° F 44.5? =' 13.59 A1So*RHUMB : LINE, :RHUMB COURSE ‘& ‘RHU solve by. Mercator, Sailing. . Vos VERTEX, | th oint nearest the Pole - 1 Log HAV Po = 9.73526 i Log Sin PA = 9.91380 | ‘Log Sin PB al Ais" Ss 9182126 : SLOG HAV! Bo CHANGE: 29.47032 (-20 NAT HAV “Go: to got 0.29530 THAT Hav PAS PR = 113.5) 0.01382 NAT HAV AB = (67° 3l.0'= 0.30912 x60! /degree GCD = 4,051.0 NM145 [LOG HAV A = NAT HAV PB ~ NAT HAV (AB-PA) CSC_AB_CSC_PA| NAT HAV PB... 15 ‘o = 419 30" = 0.12582 NAT_HAV_(AB-PA) 67° 31¢ ~ 12° 31's 0. 01188 {- THAT HAVO cea = tog HAY g (CHANGE to) = 9105551 Tl A = 670 31 =/10.03433 LOS _CSC__PA =_ 55° 00' = 10.03664 (+) N 45° 35'E = 29.17648 (-20) u : i LOG HAV © A. = INITIAL: COURSE LOG HAV B"=.NAT HAV PA-. NAT HAV (AB-PB) CSC_AB_CSC_PB } “NAT Hav PA = 555 00' = 0.21321 NAT_HAV_(AB-PB) 67° 31° - 41930'= 26° 30" = 9.05067 (-) 1A’ = 0.1625: Log Hav g (CHANGE, to ) 5 = 9.21092 “TOG HAV AB : = 679 31! = 10.03433 | LOG HAV PB : = 41° 30" = 1017874 | LOG. HAY B = FINAL COURSE = 620 O1' = 29.4239 (-20) 4 Le! : -180 fos +”. FINAL COURSE =117° 59! 27118° setvine Distance To ALTER i. rane: : ‘ 1) eet * of Great Circle Distance ... EXAMPLE: gh 2055..5M 2) Get’ _ DIFFERENCE oF Roun course & Great Circle INITIAL COURSE Rhum .Cour: "798° ais re: GC Initial Cb '=- 45° "364 = IC Is “33° 35! = 33.6° 3) Divide ‘e Great Circle Distance by difference of RC & HC DIFFERENCE 2,025:5 MM” 60.3 NW-Distance to ALTER 1° 33.6 i" Final Course = 1a) : 4 Initial Course = Dif. of Courses 7 - 1° not to count (to loss this degree) = {72° , COURSES to CHANGE from,Initial Course x | 60 ''NM distance to Alter 1 320 NM this ~bout the Great Circle Distance sateen more so to RHUMB LINE DISTANCE146 “00.0! : 00.0' = 00.0 35.0! BY: NAPIER'S RULE ae teers in this case Poss gly the COSINE : [Sine Pv COS COA 00S CO-PA thal ‘Oppostte SIDE choses ag? 3g! 7 ‘toa SINE A= 55° 00! ” | SINE 'P: The SINE of any. MIDDLE PART is always equal (=) to the Product of: |