Formula sheet Final Exam IGEE 401 / ELEC 6411

Average and rms values

The instantaneous power is:

p(t ) = v i

PAV =

1
T

p(t ) dt =
o

Sinusoidal steady-state and phasors

v = 2 V sin t

Power, reactive power and power factor

S = VI* = Vej0 Iej = VI ej = Sej
S = VI cos + jVI sin

i = 2 I sin (t )

S = P + jQ,

I = V Z , Z = R 2 + X 2
L

1
X L = L, = tan ( X L R )

V = Ve j 0 and I =

1
1 2
v i dt I = I rms =
i dt

To
T o

S 2 = P2 + Q2

Apparent Power (VA) = S = VI

Real Power (W) = P = Re[S] = VI cos
Reactive Power (VAr) = Q = Im [S] = VIsin
PF = P = cos
S

V Ve j 0 V j
= j = e = Ie j
Z Ze
Z

In phase (IP) and out-of-phase (IQ) components: I P = I cos P = VI P , IQ = I sin Q = VIQ

Three-phase systems
j0

Va = Ve , Vb = Ve

2
3

, Vc = Ve

2
3

Vab = Va Vb =

j( )
3Ve 6

= VLL

j( )
e 6

S 3 = 3 VL I L , P3 = S 3 cos , Q3 = S 3 sin = 3VL2C

Transformers (ideal):

NpIp = NsIs Vp/Np = Vs/Ns VpIp = VsIs

Line current distortion

12

1T

is (t ) = is1 (t ) + ish (t ), I s = is2 (t ) dt

T

h 1
0

I sh2 , THD(%) = 100 Idis , where I dis =

h =1

I s2 I s21 =

I sh2 , Crest factor =

h 1

s1

Average power, total power factor, and displacement power for a nonlinear load:
PAV =

1
T

2Vs sint is dt = Vs I s1 cos 1 , S = Vs I s , PF =

Thyristor based ac controllers

I n = V0 _ n Z n

Phase controlled
Fundamental current for resistive load:

Vs I s1 cos 1 I s1
I
1
=
cos 1 = s1 DPF , PF =
DPF
Vs I s
Is
Is
1 + THDi2

where Z n = R 2 + (nL) 2

I1 = a12 + b12 ,

Fundamental component for inductive load:

I L1 =

VS

a1 =

2 VS
(cos 2 1),
2 R

(sin 2 + 2 2 )

On-off or integral half-cycle control: n cycles on and m cycles off.

(rms)

b1 =

2 VS
(sin 2 + 2 2 )
2 R

I s , peak
Is

Single-phase diode bridge rectifier (considering a highly inductive load):

Vd 0 = 0.9V s , I s = I d and I s1 = 0.9 I d , DPF = cos 1 = 1, PF = DPF

Line voltage distortion:
di
di
di
vPCC = vs Ls1 s , is = is1 + ish , vPCC _ 1 = vs Ls1 s1 , vPCC _ dist = Ls1 sh =
dt
dt
h 1
h 1 dt
Three-phase full bridge rectifiers:

v d = v Pn v Nn , Vd 0 =

I s1
= 0 .9
Is

(I sh X Lsh )2
h 1

1 /6
2V LL cos t dt , Vd 0 = 1.35V LL = 2.34V s
/ 3 / 6

Input current components considering a highly inductive load:

I s = 0.816 I d

I s1 = 0.78 I d

I sh =

I s1
h

DPF = 1

PF = 0.955

Single-phase thyristor ac-dc converters:

2 2
V d =
V S cos = 0 . 9V S cos , Pdc = I dc V d

S = V s I s , S 1 = V s I s 1 , P1 = V s I s 1 cos , Q 1 = V s I s 1 sin , I S 1 = 0 . 9 I dc
Three-phase thyristor ac-dc converters considering a highly inductive load:
V d = 1.35V LL cos , I s =

S =

3V LL I s , S 1 =

3V LL I s 1 , P1 =

3V LL I s 1 cos , Q 1 =

Q SVC = QTCR Q FC =

SVC (TCR+FC):
Voltage regulation

I
2
3
3
I d = 0.816 I d , I s1 = 0.78 I d = I s , DPF = cos 1 = cos , PF = DPF s1 = cos
3
Is

V s2
X L1 _ eff ( )

3V LL I s 1 sin

V s2
,
XC

I Th _ rms =

2I
2

VS = jX S I + VT , VS = V S , VT = VT 0, I = I , VT = VS jX S I

Tuned harmonic filters

f h = h f grid =

Buck dc-dc converter:

(Vd Vo )t on = ( Vo )t off , Vo
Vd

1
2 C h Lh

t on
v
I
V
1
= D = ctrl , o = d =
TS
Vst I d Vo D

DTS
TV
1
I L , peak =
(Vd Vo ) = S o (1 D ) = I oB
2
2L
2L
2
2
2
fc
Vo 1 TS (1 D)
1
=
=
(1 D) , f c =
Vo
8
LC
2
2 LC
fs

I LB =

Boost dc-dc converter:

(Vd )t on = (Vd
I LB =

Vo )t off ,

Vo
I
1
=
, o = (1 D )
Vd 1 D I d

V t
VT
1
I L , peak = d on = o S D (1 D )
2
2L
2L

I oB =

V o TS
D (1 D ) 2
2L

Vo DTS
T
=
=D S
Vo
RC

Single-phase inverters:

id (t ) =

Vo I o
V I
cos o o cos(2t ) = I d + i d 2
Vd
Vd

SPWM (half-bridge)

ma =

Vcontrol
f
, m f = tri
f control
Vtri

(VAo )1 = m a

Vd
V
, m a = control 1
2
Vtri

f h = ( j m f k ) f 1 , j integer k odd/even
h = j mf k

Square Wave (half-bridge)

(VAo )1 =

4 Vd
V
= 1.273 d
2
2

(VAo ) h =

(VAo )1
, h odd integer
h

Voltage cancellation:
4V
(180 )
, half of a pulse width.
Voh = d sin(h ), =
h
2
3-phase SPWM

(V LL )1 _ rms =

3-Phase square-wave:

3
2 2

V LL 1 _ rms =

m aVd , m a 1
6

Vd , V LL h _ rms =

6
Vd , h = 6n 1
h

For SPWM controlled dc-ac converters it should be noted that the values in the table are peak values normalized
with respect to the voltage that appears at the output of the converter: Vd for full bridge and 0.5 Vd for half
bridge. Also, the principle of voltage cancellation

Design of a second-order LPF:

Gain =

Vout _ h
, Gain(dB) = 20 log(Gain), fres =
Vin _ h

fh
10

Gain( dB )
40 dB / Dec

UPF diode rectifier:

V I
V I cos 2t
pin (t ) = Vs sin t Is sin t = Vs I s Vs I s cos 2t , p d (t ) = Vd id (t ), id (t ) = s s s s
Vd
Vd
v d ,ripple (t )

I sin 2t
Vd
1
ic dt = d
, For constant frequency control : I rip =

Cd
2 Cd
4 f s Ld

Switch-mode bi-directional grid interface:

P = V s I s1 cos =

V s2
Ls

Vconv1

V2

sin , Q = V s I s1 sin = s
Ls
Vs

Vconv1 = V s2 + ( Ls I s1 )

2 0.5

ma
2

Vconv1

1
cos
Vs

V dc

HVDC:

V dc _ B = 1.35 V LL cos B , B = 180 o B , extinction angle, V dc _ B = 1.35 V LL cos B

PdB = 1.35 V LL I d cos B , Q dB = 1.35 V LL I d sin B