Digital circuits:Boolean algebra, minimization of Boolean functions; logic gates; digital IC

families (DTL, TTL, ECL, MOS, CMOS). Combinatorial circuits: arithmetic circuits, code
converters, multiplexers, decoders, PROMs and PLAs. Sequential circuits: latches and flipflops, counters and shift-registers. Sample and hold circuits, ADCs, DACs. Semiconductor
memories.Microprocessor(8085): architecture, programming, memory and I/O interfacing.

Signals and Systems:Definitions and properties ofLaplace transform, continuous-time and

discrete-time Fourier series, continuous-time and discrete-time Fourier Transform, DFT
and FFT, z-transform. Sampling theorem. Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) Systems: definitions
and properties; causality, stability, impulse response, convolution, poles and zeros, parallel
and cascade structure, frequency response, group delay, phase delay. Signal transmission
through LTI systems.
Control Systems: Basic control system components; block diagrammatic description,
reduction of block diagrams. Open loop and closed loop (feedback) systems and stability
analysis of these systems. Signal flow graphs and their use in determining transfer functions
of systems; transient and steady state analysis of LTI control systems and frequency
response. Tools and techniques for LTI control system analysis: root loci, Routh-Hurwitz
criterion, Bode and Nyquist plots. Control system compensators: elements of lead and lag
compensation, elements of Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control. State variable
representation and solution of state equation of LTI control systems.
Communications: Random signals and noise: probability, random variables, probability
density function, autocorrelation, power spectral density. Analog communication systems:
amplitude and angle modulation and demodulation systems, spectral analysis of these
operations, superheterodyne receivers; elements of hardware, realizations of analog
communication systems; signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) calculations for amplitude modulation
(AM) and frequency modulation (FM) for low noise conditions. Fundamentals of
information theory and channel capacity theorem. Digital communication systems: pulse
code modulation (PCM), differential pulse code modulation (DPCM), digital modulation
schemes: amplitude, phase and frequency shift keying schemes (ASK, PSK, FSK), matched
filter receivers, bandwidth consideration and probability of error calculations for these
schemes. Basics of TDMA, FDMA and CDMA and GSM.
Electromagnetics: Elements of vector calculus: divergence and curl; Gauss and Stokes
theorems, Maxwells equations: differential and integral forms. Wave equation, Poynting
vector. Plane waves: propagation through various media; reflection and refraction; phase
and group velocity; skin depth. Transmission lines: characteristic impedance; impedance
transformation; Smith chart; impedance matching; S parameters, pulse excitation.
Waveguides: modes in rectangular waveguides; boundary conditions; cut-off frequencies;
dispersion relations. Basics of propagation in dielectric waveguide and optical fibers. Basics
of Antennas: Dipole antennas; radiation pattern; antenna gain.

5.5.11 Electrical Engineering (EE)

Engineering Mathematics
Linear Algebra: Matrix Algebra, Systems of linear equations, Eigen values and eigen
vectors.
Calculus: Mean value theorems, Theorems of integral calculus, Evaluation of definite and
improper integrals, Partial Derivatives, Maxima and minima, Multiple integrals, Fourier
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series. Vector identities, Directional derivatives, Line, Surface and Volume integrals, Stokes,
Gauss and Greens theorems.

Differential equations: First order equation (linear and nonlinear), Higher order linear
differential equations with constant coefficients, Method of variation of parameters,
Cauchys and Eulers equations, Initial and boundary value problems, Partial Differential
Equations and variable separable method.
Complex variables: Analytic functions, Cauchys integral theorem and integral formula,
Taylors and Laurent series, Residue theorem, solution integrals.

Probability and Statistics: Sampling theorems, Conditional probability, Mean, median,

mode and standard deviation, Random variables, Discrete and continuous distributions,
Poisson,Normal and Binomial distribution, Correlation and regression analysis.

Numerical Methods: Solutions of non-linear algebraic equations, single and multi-step

methods for differential equations.
Transform Theory: Fourier transform,Laplace transform, Z-transform.

Electrical Engineering

Electric Circuits and Fields: Network graph, KCL, KVL, node and mesh analysis, transient
response of dc and ac networks; sinusoidal steady-state analysis, resonance, basic filter
concepts; ideal current and voltage sources, Thevenins, Nortons and Superposition and
Maximum Power Transfer theorems, two-port networks, three phase circuits; Gauss
Theorem, electric field and potential due to point, line, plane and spherical charge
distributions; Amperes and Biot-Savarts laws; inductance; dielectrics; capacitance.

Signals and Systems: Representation of continuous and discrete-time signals; shifting and
scaling operations; linear, time-invariant and causal systems; Fourier series representation
of continuous periodic signals; sampling theorem; Fourier, Laplace and Z transforms.
Electrical Machines: Single phase transformer equivalent circuit, phasor diagram, tests,
regulation and efficiency; three phase transformers connections, parallel operation; autotransformer; energy conversion principles; DC machines types, windings, generator
characteristics, armature reaction and commutation, starting and speed control of motors;
three phase induction motors principles, types, performance characteristics, starting and
speed control; single phase induction motors; synchronous machines performance,
regulation and parallel operation of generators, motor starting, characteristics and
applications; servo and stepper motors.

Power Systems: Basic power generation concepts; transmission line models and
performance; cable performance, insulation; corona and radio interference; distribution
systems; per-unit quantities; bus impedance and admittance matrices; load flow; voltage
control; power factor correction; economic operation; symmetrical components; fault
analysis; principles of over-current, differential and distance protection; solid state relays
and digital protection; circuit breakers; system stability concepts, swing curves and equal
area criterion; HVDC transmission and FACTS concepts.

Control Systems: Principles of feedback; transfer function; block diagrams; steady-state

errors; Routh and Niquist techniques; Bode plots; root loci; lag, lead and lead-lag
compensation; state space model; state transition matrix, controllability and observability.
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Electrical and Electronic Measurements: Bridges and potentiometers; PMMC, moving

iron, dynamometer and induction type instruments; measurement of voltage, current,
power, energy and power factor; instrument transformers; digital voltmeters and
multimeters; phase, time and frequency measurement; Q-meters; oscilloscopes;
potentiometric recorders; error analysis.
Analog and Digital Electronics: Characteristics of diodes, BJT, FET; amplifiers biasing,
equivalent circuit and frequency response; oscillators and feedback amplifiers; operational
amplifiers characteristics and applications; simple active filters; VCOs and timers;
combinational and sequential logic circuits; multiplexer; Schmitt trigger; multi-vibrators;
sample and hold circuits; A/D and D/A converters; 8-bit microprocessor basics,
architecture, programming and interfacing.

Power Electronics and Drives: Semiconductor power diodes, transistors, thyristors, triacs,
GTOs, MOSFETs and IGBTs static characteristics and principles of operation; triggering
circuits; phase control rectifiers; bridge converters fully controlled and half controlled;
principles of choppers and inverters; basis concepts of adjustable speed dc and ac drives.

5.5.12 Ecology and Evolution (EY)

Ecology
Population ecology; metapopulation dynamics; growth rates; density independent growth;
density dependent growth; niche concept; Species interactions: Plant-animal interactions;
mutualism, commensalism, competition and predation; trophic interactions; functional
ecology; ecophysiology; behavioural ecology; Community ecology: Community assembly,
organization and evolution; biodiversity: species richness, evenness and diversity indices;
endemism; species-area relationships; Ecosystem structure, function and services; nutrient
cycles; biomes; habitat ecology; primary and secondary productivity; invasive species;
global and climate change; applied ecology.
Evolution
Origin, evolution and diversification of life; natural selection; levels of selection. Types of
selection (stabilizing, directional etc.); sexual selection; genetic drift; gene flow; adaptation;
convergence; species concepts; Life history strategies; adaptive radiation; biogeography and
evolutionary ecology; Origin of genetic variation; Mendelian genetics; polygenic traits,
linkage and recombination; epistasis, gene-environment interaction; heritability; population
genetics; Molecular evolution; molecular clocks; systems of classification: cladistics and
phenetics; molecular systematics; gene expression and evolution.
Mathematics and Quantitative Ecology
Mathematics and statistics in ecology; Simple functions (linear, quadratic, exponential,
logarithmic, etc); concept of derivatives and slope of a function; permutations and
combinations; basic probability (probability of random events; sequences of events, etc);
frequency distributions and their descriptive statistics (mean, variance, coefficient of
variation, correlation, etc).
Statistical hypothesis testing: Concept of p-value; Type I and Type II error, test statistics like
t-test and Chi-square test; basics of linear regression and ANOVA.
Behavioural Ecology
Classical ethology; neuroethology; evolutionary ethology; chemical, acoustic and visual
signaling Mating systems; sexual dimorphism; mate choice; parenting behaviour
Competition; aggression; foraging behaviour; predatorprey interactions; Sociobiology: kin
selection, altruism, costs and benefits of group-living.

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