NETWORKING

What is networking meaning

Benefits of Network
Types of Networks
How will you make a network 2 PC

More than 2 PCs

(Requirement HUB, Switch)
H/W Requirements
S/W Requirements

INTRODUCTION
Computer Network is a group of computers
and
other
devices
connected
by
a
communications link that enables any
computer to interact with any other computers
on the network.
Computer Networks commonly include
microcomputers and shared resources such as
laser printers and large hard disks.
The devices on a network are known as
nodes, and the nodes are connected by cables
through which messages are transmitted.
Communication media can be a copper wire,
fiber optics, microwaves & communication
satellite.

 The concept does not change even if there

are two computers or there are one million
computers on the network
The main reason for making a network is to
share information like, folder and files and
resources like printers & CD-ROMs across
computers

BENEFITS OF NETWORK
Sharing Information:
Sharing and accessing of information in easier
and economical. This improves productivity.
Improves centralized storage deployment by
allowing multiple users, to access the same data
or disk, thus reduces time for re-organizing data if
scattered.

Sharing Hardware Resources:

A network allows anyone connected to the network to use
the printer, not just the individual sitting at the computer to
which the printer is attached.
Network computers can also share FAX modems, Scanners,
Hard-Disks, CD-ROMs etc
You can configure some of the applications to be run from
a server instead loading in local computer

Preserving Information:
A network also allows for information to be
backed up to a central location. When you back
up to a central location, you have one place to look
for the lost information and you can be assured
that the information is being backed up.

Protecting information:
A network provides a more secure environment
for a companys important information.
Networks provide an additional layer of security
by way of passwords. You can give each network
user a different password, allowing the network
server to distinguish among those who need
access to have it and protecting the information
from tempering by those who do not.

E-Mail
One of the greatest benefits to users of networks
is electronic mail or e-mail.
Network user can instantly send messages to
others to others and even check to see whether
their message has been received.

TYPES OF NETWORKS
Local Area Network
Metropolitan Area Network
Wide Area Network

LOCAL AREA NETWORK

A LAN is relatively smaller and privately
owned network with the maximum span of
10 km. to provide local connectivity with a
building or small geographical area.

METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK

MAN
Designed for a city
More encompassing than LAN
Smaller than WAN
It can be defined as a network that
covers a metropolitan area, which is a
city of not more than ten of miles or
tens of KMs.

METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK

WIDE AREA NETWORK

WAN
Can be defined as a network that
covers countries and even continents
having more than tens of miles of
distance.
Widely dispersed geographic areas
Transmit signals between nodes in a
network
Utilise
public, leased or private
communication devices

INTRANET & INTERNET

Network within different branches
of single organisations is Intranet.
(Examples: Railways, Banks)
An International Network of
computers world wide is Internet
(Example : World Wide Web)

INTERNET
It

is a world wide network of networks

consisting of millions of users
It is not owned by any company or
organisation
It is normally implemented as a LAN or
WAN internetwork
It is a series of networks joined by routers

NIC & MODEM

Network Interface
Card
On board or Add-on
PCI card
Enables and controls
the exchange of data
between the PC on
LAN

Modem
Digital to analog and
vice-versa

SWITCH

SWITCH
Switch
A device that joins multiple computers
together at a low-level network
protocol layer i.e. Data Link Layer in
OSI Model.
Its identical to Hub, but contains more
intelligence.
It monitors traffic congestion in
network and makes transmission of
data only when network is free

LAN EXTENDER
Connect two LANs through lease line at 2 Mbps up
to 7 KMs
Can function either as a Bridge or as a Router
Also called as DSL-Modem

ROUTER
Routers are more sophisticated
Connects two or more different networks
Route the data packets from one network to any of the
destination network on internet.
Filters Data packets before accepting
Manages Traffic congestion and implements Firewalls
i.e. prevents intrusion and sniffing of network etc.

REPEATER
Regenerates the Digital Signal
Extends the physical length of a network.

H/W & S/W

SOFTWARE
Operating System [Server & Client]
NIC Drivers
Modem Configuration

NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
It is defined as the interconnection
of the various elements (links,nodes,
etc.) of a computer network.
Network Topologies
physical or logical.

can

be

NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
Physical Topology means the
physical design of a network including
the devices, location and cable
installation.
Logical topology refers to the fact
that how data actually transfers in a
network as opposed to its physical
design.

NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
There are also three basic categories
of network topologies:
Physical topologies
Signal topologies
Logical topologies

NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
The study of network topology
recognizes four basic topologies:
Bus topology
Star topology
Ring topology
Tree topology
mesh topology
This classification is based on the
interconnection between computers be it physical or logical.

NETWORK TOPOLOGIES

BUS TOPOLOGY

A single cable, the backbone functions

as a shared communication medium that
devices attach or tap into with an interface
connector. A device wanting to communicate
with another device on the network sends a
broadcast message onto the wire that all
other devices see, but only the intended
recipient actually accepts and processes the
message.

STAR TOPOLOGY
In local area networks with
a star topology, each network
host is connected to a central
hub. the star topology connects
each node to the hub with a
point-to-point connection.
The hub acts as a signal booster or
repeater. The star topology is considered the
easiest topology to design and implement. An
advantage of the star topology is the simplicity
of adding additional nodes. The primary
disadvantage of the star topology is that the hub
represents a single point of failure.

RING TOPOLOGY
In LAN where the ring
topology is used, each computer
is connected to the network in a
closed loop or ring.
The signal passes through each computer
connected to the ring in one direction. This
scheme, only one machine can transmit on the
network at a time. The machines or computers
connected to the ring act as signal boosters or
repeaters which strengthen the signals that
transverse
the
network.
The
primary
disadvantage of ring topology is the failure of
one machine will cause the entire network to fail

MESH TOPOLOGY
Fully connected :
The physical fully connected mesh
topology is generally too costly and
complex for practical networks,
although the topology is used when
there are only a small number of
nodes to be interconnected.
Partially connected : network with a point-topoint link this makes it possible to take
advantage of some of the redundancy without
the expense and complexity required for a
connection between every node in the network.

TREE TOPOLOGY
The type of network topology in
which a central 'root' node (the top level
of the hierarchy) is connected to one or
more other nodes that are one level
lower in the hierarchy (i.e., the second
level) with a point-to-point link between
each of the second level nodes and the
top level central 'root' node.
Each node in the network having a specific fixed
number, of nodes connected to it at the next
lower level in the hierarchy, the number, being
referred to as the 'branching factor' of the
hierarchical tree.

TOPOLOGY
There are many network topologies available:
Star - uses a hub
Tree - uses a hub
Bus - does not use a hub
Ring - does not use a hub

REPEATER
Regenerates the Signal
Extends the physical length of a network.

BRIDGE
Bridge
A traffic controller

Divides a long bus into smaller segments

so that each segment is independent traffic
wise.
Regenerates data

BRIDGE

BRIDGE

SWITCH
Switch
A sophisticated bridge with multiple
interfaces.
A node that needs to send a frame
sends it directly to the switch.

SWITCH

SWITCH

LAN EXTENDER
Connect two LANs through lease line at 2 Mbps up to 7 Kms
Can function either as a Bridge or as a Router

ROUTER
Routers are more sophisticated

Route the data packets from one network to any of the destination network on
internet.

ROUTER

NIC & MODEM

Network Interface Card
Add-on board or PC card
Enables and controls the exchange of
data between the PC and LAN

Modem
Digital to analog and vice-versa

CABLES

Infra Red Port

Transmission Modes
DA-IICT

Simplex (SX) one direction only, e.g. TV

Half Duplex (HDX) both directions but not at the same time,
i.e. only one direction at a time,
e.g. Citizen Band radio
Full Duplex (FDX) transmit and receive simultaneously between
two stations,
e.g. standard telephone system
Full/Full Duplex (F/FDX) - transmit and receive simultaneously
but not necessarily just between two
stations,
e.g. data communications circuits

Communication Basics of Networks

DA-IICT

Types of connections of computers into networks

Physical Connections.
Wireless connections.
Physical Connection:
Physically connect computers together.
Use of wires or optical cables.
The connections are called network links.
Three most common physical links:

Twisted pair.
Coaxial cable.
Fiber-optic cable.

Communication Basics of Networks

DA-IICT

Twisted pair:
Two wires twisted together.
Makes them less susceptible to acting like an antenna and
picking up radio frequency information or appliance noise.
Telephone company uses twisted-pair copper wires to link
telephones.

Unshielded Twisted Pair

Communication Basics of Networks

DA-IICT

Coaxial cable:
Also two wires.
One of the wires is woven of fine strands of copper forming a
tube.
The wire mesh surrounds a solid copper wire that runs down
the center.
Space between has a non-conducting material.
Makes them more impervious to outside noise.

Coaxial Cable
First type of networking media
used
Available in different types
(RG-6 Cable TV, RG58/U
Thin Ethernet, RG8 Thick
Ethernet
Largely replaced by twisted
pair for networks

Communication Basics of Networks

DA-IICT

Fiber-optic cable:
Light is electromagnetic.
Can transmit more information down a single strand.

It can send a wider set of frequencies.

Each cable can send several thousand phone conversations or
computer communications.

Glass Media
Core of silica, extruded glass or
plastic
Single-mode is 0.06 of a micron
in diameter
Multimode = 0.5 microns
Cladding can be Kevlar,
fibreglass or even steel
Outer coating made from fireproof plastic

Connectors

Fibre Optic
RJ45
Token Ring

Thicknet
TPiece

Communication Basics of Networks

DA-IICT

Wireless connections:
The link is made using electromagnetic energy that goes
through space instead of along wires or cables.
Two types of wireless communications commonly used in
networking:
Infrared.
Radio Frequency (RF)/Microwave.

Communication Basics of Networks

DA-IICT

Infrared:
Commonly used in TV and VCR remote controls.
Use infrared frequencies of electromagnetic radiation that
behave much like visible light.
Must be in the line of sight.
Often used to connect keyboards, mice, printers, etc.
Moderate data rates, but easily blocked by obstructions.

Communication Basics of Networks

DA-IICT

Infrared Wirelss LANs:

Infrared Hubs are usually mounted in fixed positions to

ensure they will hit their targets.
The main advantage of infrared WLANs is reduced wiring.

A new version, called diffuse infrared, operates without a

direct line of sight by bouncing the infrared signal off of wall
but is only able to operate within a single room and at
distances of only about 50-75 feet.

Communication Basics of Networks

DA-IICT

Radio Frequency (RF)/ Microwave:

Wide bandwidth, reasonable propagation.
Function even though line-of-sight (LOS) is interrupted.

Not commonly used because of the possible interference from

other sources of electromagnetic radiation such as old electric
drills and furnace motors.
Often used to communicate with distant locations.
Satellite & recent wireless communications use RF/microwaves.

Communication Basics of Networks

DA-IICT

Other Options of Wireless Communication

Sonic or ultrasonic - low data rates, poor immunity to interference
Optical - high data rates, but easily obstructed,
requiring line-of-sight (LOS)

Communication Basics of Networks

DA-IICT

Five basic properties of both the physical and wireless links:

1. Type of signal communicated (analog or digital).
2. The speed at which the signal is transmitted (how fast the
data travels).
3. The type of data movement allowed on the channel
(one-way, two-way taking turns, two-way simultaneously).
4. The method used to transport the data (asynchronous or
synchronous transmission).
5. Single channel (baseband) and multichannel (broadband)
transmission.

Communication Basics of Networks

DA-IICT

1. Type of signal communicated (analog or digital):

Analog:
Those signals that vary with smooth continuous changes.
A continuously changing signal similar to that found on the
speaker wires of a high-fidelity stereo system.
Digital:
Those signals that vary in steps or jumps from value to value.
They are usually in the form of pulses of electrical energy
(represent 0s or 1s).

Communication Basics of Networks

DA-IICT

2. The speed at which the signal is transmitted (how fast the data
travels):
In digital systems:
Speed is measured in Bits per second (bps).
The number of bits (0s and 1s) that travel down the channel
per second.
Baud rate:
The number of bits that travel down the channel in a given
interval.
The number is given in signal changes per second, not necessarily
bits per second.

Communication Basics of Networks

DA-IICT

MODEM - MOdulator DEModulator:

Outgoing:
Converts binary data from computer (digital) into telephone
compatible signals (analog).

Incoming:
Converts telephone signal (analog) into binary data for the
computer (digital).
Can be an external or internal device (usually a card).

Communication Basics of Networks

DA-IICT

Speed of Signal: Sample bps and baud rate speeds:

300 bps
1200 bps
2400 bps
9600 bps
14.4 kbps

(=300 baud) Painfully slow to the college-level reader

(=1200 baud) Good reader can keep up
(=2400 baud) A speed reader would get the general idea
(=9600 baud) Impossible to read
(not measured in baud) 14,400 bps 10 to 20 sec. wait for graphics
28.8 kbps Minimum desired for WWW
(5 to 10 sec. wait for graphics)
56 kbps
Efficient speed for WWW.
These speeds are restricted to the maximum speed of the modem
at the other end of the connection.

Communication Basics of Networks

DA-IICT

3. The type of data movement allowed on the channel:

Simplex transmission
Half-duplex transmission

Full-duplex transmission
Full/Full-duplex transmission
(explained earlier)

Communication Basics of Networks

DA-IICT

4. The method used to transport the data:

Two types of data transmission, each requiring a different modem.
Asynchronous transmission:
Information is sent byte by byte.
Cheaper and more commonly used.
Synchronous transmission:
Data is sent in large blocks rather than in small pieces.
Preceded by special information, concerning error detection and
block size.
These modems are expensive but very fast.

Communication Basics of Networks

DA-IICT

5. Single channel versus multi-channel transmission:

Channel - A path of a signal.
Single channel (Baseband) transmission:
Capable of only sending/receiving one signal at a time.
Phone line: Single line = single phone call at a time.
Multi-channel (Broadband) transmission:
Capable of more than one channel at a time.
Fiber-optic cable, microwaves, Satellite transmissions.

DA-IICT

TX & RX
Architectures

Basic Building Blocks of a Communication System:

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