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.re wOHdmk wud;H;=udf.a mKsjqvh

zzuyskao ka;kZZ b oelau wkqj ms<sfh, lr we;s Y%S ,dxlSh wkd.; ixjOk ie,iq mok we;af;a kdl" .=jka" wdl" jdKsc yd wOHdmk
hk mxp flakaSh ixjOk Wmdh ud.hka uq,a fldgf.k h' fuu ixjOk ldhhka i|yd ;dlaIKsl ksmqK;djkaf.ka iuka; udkj im;a
ixjOkh lsu i|yd Yd, b,aula j;udkfha ksudKh ;sf' tfia jqj o j;udkfha l%shd;aul jk wOHdmkh ;=< Wiia fm< isiqkg
bf.kqu ,nd .ekSug wjia:dj we;af;a oHd" .Ks;" jdKsc yd l,d Ih Odrdjka jk w;r thska o jeu isiqka m%udKhla bf.kqu ,nkafka l,d Ih
Odrdf h' jdIsl j Yaj oHd, moaO;sh ;=<ska ksudKh lrkafka o je jYfhka u jev f,dalhg wjYH jkakd jQ olaI;djka yd l=i,;djkaf.ka
iuka; fkdjkakd jQ l,d WmdOdka Yd, m%udKhls' fuh l,d WmdOdka w;r Yd, fiajd hqla;shla we;s ug o uQ,sl j n,md ;sf'
fuu ;;a;ajh jyd fjkia h hq;= nj rch iska ykdf.k we;s w;r ;reK ;reKshka kj wNsfhdaj,g uqyqK ug yd /lshdj, kshq;= ug wjYH
jkakd jQ olaI;djkaf.ka hqla; /lshd hqla;sh wvq lsug bjy,a jk ;dlaIKsl yd uD l=i,;dj,ska iuka; f wjYH;dj o ukdj wjfndaO
fldgf.k we;' w;ska ykajd fokq ,nk ;dlaIKsl Ih Odrdj ud.fhka cd;sfhys orejkg /lshdjla i|yd wjYH jkakd jQ oekqu" wjfndaOh
yd olaI;djka YajoHd, wOHdmkh yryd ksudKh jk w;r YajoHd, wOHdmkh i|yd wjia:dj fkd,nk isiqkg o cd;sl jD;a;Sh iqiql
(NVQ) moaO;shg m%fY ug yels jkq we;'
fuu cd;sl ldhh bgq lsf uy;a fjfyila oerE wod< wud;HdxYj,g o" wdh;kj,g o" fomd;fka;=j,g o" Yaj oHd,j,g o b;d fl
ld,hla ;=< wod< Ih ksfoaYhka imdokh lsu i|yd odhl jQ ish u fokdg o Tjqkaf.a lemu fjkqfjka udf.a ia;+;sh m< lsug o fuh
wjia:djla lr.kq leue;af;'

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.re Wiia wOHdmk wud;H;=udf.a mKsjqvh

wOHdmk wud;HdxYh" fh!jk lghq;= yd ksmqK;d ixjOk wud;HdxYh yd Wiia wOHdmk wud;HdxYh tlaj ykajd fok kj ;dlaIKfoh
Ih Odrdj w;s.re ckdm;s;=udf.a m%Odk;ajfhka wo k ykajd ug ,eu Y%S ,dxlsl wOHdmk lafIa;%fha ft;sydisl isuls'
rgg wjYH ;dlaIKh ms<sn| W.;=ka" nqoau;=ka yd m%Khka fuka u mfhaIlhka o fuu kj Ih Odrdj Tiafia ysjkq oelSu wmf.a
wfmalaIdjhs' w'fmd'i' Wiia fm<ska miq fldgila ;dlaIK Ys,amSka f,i /lshd fjf<|fmd<g tlajk w;r" ;dlaIKfoh ms<sn| oHdf Wmdh
yodrd wm YajoHd, moaO;sh ;=<ska ;j;a nqoau;=ka msila /lshd fjf<|fmdf<a wjYH;d i|yd l<ukdlrejka" fYaI{hka" .=rejreka yd wdpdh
uydpdhjreka f,i tla wm Y%S ,xldf .=ld,Sk oelau jk wdishdf wdYaphh njg Y%S ,xldj m;a lsug Tjqka odhl jkq oelSu wmf.a
wfmalaIdjhs'
ta i|yd mdGud,d 40 la muK YajoHd, ish,a, ;=< u iQodk jk w;r 2016 isg Tjqka Y%S ,xld rdcH YajoHd, moaO;shg ms<s.ekSug wm ish,q
fokd iQodk j isk nj o okajkafka buy;a i;=ks'
fuu kj ;dlaIK Ih Odrdj w;sYh id:l Ih Odrdjla jk nj wmf.a taldka; Yajdih hs'

tia'' idkdhl
Wiia wOHdmk weu;s

iii

.re fh!jk lghq;= yd ksmqK;d ixjOk wud;H ;=udf.a mKsjqvh

ldl wOHdmkh iy jD;a;Sh mqyqKq Ih lafIa;%h mj;sk ugka by< kexug wod< m%;sm;a;suh ;SrK .Kkdjla u l,ska l,g miq.sh
rchka iska f.k ;snqK;a th b,lal.; wruqKq lrd <`.d fkdjQ nj ;lhlska f;dr j ms<s.; hq;= h'
uyskao ka;k b oelafuys ;enQ fmdfrdka m%ldjr u hka fuu ;;a;ajhg fya;= fijQ wmg g wod< ;SrKd;aul idOlh m%;HlaI h' tk
ixj; fndfyda hqfrdamd yd wdishdkq rgj, ldl wOHdmkh yd jD;a;Sh mqyqKqjg wod< ;dlaIK Ih Odrdj YajoHd, wOHdmkhg iu.d Ih
lafIa;%hka f,i jOkh ug ufydamld we;s idOlh k ;dlaIK Ih Odrdj tu rgj, mdi,a Ihud,djka iu`. id:l f,i iqixfhda.Sj
;suhs'
f,dalfha m<uq jrg fh!jk lghq;= Ih ksmqK;d ixjOkh iu`. taldnoaO fldg wud;HxYhla f.dvke.+ rg Y%S ,xldjhs' w;s.re ckdm;s
uyskao rdcmlaI ue;s;=ud g jir 03 lg fmr tu m%.;sYS,S mshjr ;nkafka kQ;k ixj; Y%S ,xldj f.dvke.Sf tla uQ,sl mshjrla jYfhks' tfia
k ;dlaIK Ih Odrdj Y%S ,xldf mdi,a wOHdmkfha Wiia fm< Ihud,dj iu. taldnoaO lsu;a iu. u fh!jk lghq;= yd ksmqK;d ixjOk
wud;HdxYh f.dvke.Sf ;enQ wdrNl wruqKq wNsu;d: yd n,dfmdfrd;a;= ish,a, u,aM, oeug ;snQ wjika ndOdj o myj .sh nj udf.a tlu
Yajdihhs' tk fu;eka isg ;dlaIK Ih Odrdj Tiafia ksmqK;d ixjOkhg msfik ;reKhd fyda ;reKsh Bg wod< oekqu" l=i,;d yd mkakrh
iu. uQ,sl kHdhka yd ixl,am f.dvk.d .kafka mdi,a moaO;sh ;=<ska u h' fYaIfhka u mdi,a wOHdmkhg ;dlaIK Ih taldnoaO u ;=< isiq
orejka yd foudmshka ;=< f ms<sn| f.dvkef.k ms<s.ekSu" Yajdih iy ;r.ld;ajh ;=< hqKq ixj; rgj, oa;Shsl wOHdmkh wjidkfha
;dlaIK Ih Odrdjg ys j we;s ms<s.ekSug iudk ms<s.ekSula wm rg ;=< o Wodfh hkak Ih Ndr weu;sjrhd f,i udf.a tl u n,dfmdfrd;a;=jhs'
fYaIfhka u wm j;a jk fuu 21 jk ishji yekafjkafka wdishdf ishji f,ihs' Wodjk wdishdf ishji mok jkafka oekqu uQ,sl
lr.;a oekqf wdlh u;hs' Wodjk oekq wdlfha uQ,sl m%d.aOkh jYfhka nqoah" ;dlaIKh" oekqu yd ksmqK;d yekah yels h' f wkqj Wodjk
wdishdf ishji ;=< oekqf wdlh u; mok jQ kQ;k ixj; Y%S ,dxlSh rdcHhg wjYH ksmqK jD;a;slhka ish fokd u mdi,a moaO;sh ;=<ska
u ysfjd hkak udf.a m%d:khhs'

v,ia w,ymafmreu
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iv

.re wOHdmk wlaIK uka;%S;=udf.a mKsjqvh

cd;sl wOHdmk moaO;shg kj ;dlaIK Ih Odrdj ykajd f jevigyk i|yd mKsjqvhla ksl=;a lsug wjia:djla ,eu i;=gg ldrKhla
f,i i,l'
w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< i|yd ;dlaIK Ih Odrdj ykajd u kHdhsl nqoahg wu;r j m%dfhda.sl yelshdj we;s Y%S ,dxlsl orejkg joe.;a
wjia:djls' w'fmd'i' idudkH fm< .Ks;h yd oHdj we;=j Ihhka yhla iu;a u;a bka kEu Ihhka ;=kla i|yd iudk idud: ,nd isu;a
;dlaIK Ih Odrdj i|yd uQ,sl iqiql f'
uQ,sl isoaOdka; ms<sn| wjfndaOh ,nkjd;a iu. u m%dfhda.sl oekqu ,nd .ekSu;a jev f,dalhg wj;SK ug wjYH ;dlaIKh yd ksmqK;dj
,nd u;a fuu.ska wruqKq flf'
Wiia fm< by< m%;sM, u; YajoHd,hg;a tfia fkdyels jqjfyd;a ldl yd jD;a;Sh fldIka iNdj hgf;a cd;sl jD;a;Sh iqiql ^NVQ
III& ,nd .ekSug;a fuu.ska orejkag wjia:dj ,nd we;'
wjidk jYfhka fuu Ih Odrdj ilia lr .ekSf wmg iydh ka ish u wud;HxY" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh iy YajoHd,hka ys wOHhk
ldh uKav,fha ish fokdg uu f wjia:df ia;+;sjka; fj'

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wOHdmk wlaIK uka;%S
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wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha f,al;=udf.a mKsjqvh

cd;sl wOHdmk moaO;shg ;dlaIKfoh Ih Odrdj ykajd fok fuu fudfydf;a f mKsjqvh ksl=;a lrkqfha buy;a fidkisks'
wmf.a WmdOdkaf.a ksmqK;d W!k;djka Tjqkg /lshd ,nd .ekSf ndOlhla j mj;S' fuu ;;a;ajh Y%S ,xldf rchg fuka u Y%u
fjf<|fmd<g o ;ka n,md we;'
fuu ;;a;ajhg uqyK
q u fuka u fkka k by< hk Y%u b,aug ms<shula f,i l=i,;d mQK ;reK mrmqrla ys lsu i|yd ;D;Shsl wOHdmk
ugu i|yd ;dlaIKh Ih Odrdj we;=<;a lsug rch iska mshjr f.k we;'
rcfha ie,eiau jkafka l,d Ih Odrdjkag we;=<;a jk YsIH ixLHdj m%.d f,i wvq lr wfkl=;a Ih Odrd i|yd we;=<;a je lsu i|yd
YajoHd," ldl yd jD;a;Sh wOHdmk wdh;kh ;=< kj ;dlaIKfoh Ih Odrdjka o iys; j Wiia fm< i|yd fjk u ykd .; hq;= Ih Odrdjla
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vi

wOHdmk m%ldYk flduidia ckrd,a;=udf.a mKsjqvh

2014 jIfha isg l%shd;aul jk ;dlaIKfoh Ih Odrdj bf.kq b.ekaj l%shdj,shg tla jQ kjdx.hls'
rch iy wOHdmk wud;HxYh ld,Sk jkdlula iys; fuu Ih Odrdj" jD;a;Sh wOHdmk m%fYhla f,i l%shdjg kxjhs' fuu kj Ih
Odrdf wka;.; Ihhkays Ih ksfoaY uqKh fldg ,nd u" tys iajNdjh wOHhkh lsug rehla olajk ish fokdg o isiqkag yd .=rejrekag
;rug u jeo.;a jkq we;ehs is;'
fuu Ih ksfoaYh imdokhg odhl jQ ish fokd lD;{;d mQjl j w.h lr' fuh mYS,kfhka Ihh iSud y`kdf.k bf.kq b.eka
l%shdj,sh M,odhl lr .ekSug Tng iqndYsxikh lr'

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wOHdmk m%ldYk flduidia ckrd,a"
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vii

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha wOHlaI ckrd,a

uydpdh v,s't' wfr;ak nKavdr uy;df.a mKsjqvh
fhda; Wiia fm< ;dlaIKfoh Ih Odrdj yryd Y%S ,xldf idudkH wOHdmk l%uh ;=< mj;skakd jQ jHQyd;aul wiu;=,s;;dj bj;a lsug
o" Wiia fm< oHd yd ;dlaIKsl wOHdmkh i|yd mj;sk wjia:djka je lrka l,d wxYhg we;=<;a jkakd jQ YsIH ixLHdj wvq lsug o yels jk
ksid th Y%S ,dxlSh wOHdmkfhys yerjq ,laIHla f,i ie,lsh yels f'
hqfkiaflda wdh;kh yd cdHka;r llre ixOdkh jI 2002 bm;a l< ksfoaYj,ska ;dlaIKsl wOHdmkh ykajd f we;s jeo.;alu
ykdf.k we;' jev f,dalhg yd ;dlaIKsl f,dalhg yd tys Nd; jkakd jQ fuj," wuqjH" Ys,amSh l%u iy ksIamdok" fnodye yd l<ukdlrK
l%shdj,Ska ms<sn| j wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSug yels jk wdldrfhka fuu Ih Odrdj ykajd u u.ska yd iuia;hla f,i m%dfhda.sl w;aoelS yryd
,nd .; yels oekqu mok fldg f.k wOHdmkh i|yd jk wjia:djka mq,a l< yels jk nj tu wdh;kj, ksfoaYj, meye,s j oelsh yels h'
f,dalfha fndfyda rgj,a ish fcHIaG oa;Sh wOHdmkh i|yd ;dlaIKsl Ih Odrdj ykajd tys m%;s,dN ish rgj, wdl ixjOkh i|yd odhl
fldgf.k we;' kj ;dlaIKsl Ih Odrdj hgf;a Wiia fm< isiqkg bxfkare ;dlaIKfoh" ffcj moaO;s ;dlaIKfoh yd ;dlaIKfoh i|yd
oHdj hk kj Ihhka yeoEug wjia:dj ie,fikq we;' tfia u tu.ska cd;sl jD;a;Sh iqiql ,nd.kSug o wjia:djla ie,fik ksid Wiia fm<
Nd.fhka miq jev f,dalhg wj;SK ug o isiqkg wia:dj ie,fia'
kj ;dlaIKfoh Ih Odrdj ykajd f we;s jeo.;alu wjfndaO lr .kska tu Ih Odrdj ykajd u i|yd w;s.re ckdm;s uyskao rdcmlaI
ue;s;=ud" Wiia wOHdmk wud;H;=ud" jD;a;Sh yd ;dlaIKsl mqyqKq wud;H;=ud iy wOHdmk wud;H;=ud iska .kakd ,o uQ,sl mshjrhka fuys,d b;d
w.h fldg i,l'
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o" Ihud,d uKav,j, ish idudl idudldjkag yd fuu ldhh i|yd Wmld jQ wka ish u ks,Odkag o fuu ldhh id:l lr .ekSu i|yd
,nd ka uy`.= Wmldrhg ia;+;s lsug o fuh wjia:djla lr.kq leue;af;'

uydpdh v,s't' wfr;ak nKavdr

wOHlaI ckrd,a
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
viii

ye|skau
hqfkiaflda wdh;kh yd cd;Hka;r llre ixOdkh jI 2002 bm;a l< ksfoaYj,ska ;dlaIKsl wOHdmkh ykajd f we;s jeo.;alu
ykdf.k we;' jev f,dalhg yd ;dlaIKsl f,dalhg yd tys Nd; jkakd jQ fuj," wuqjH" Ys,amSh l%u iy ksIamdok" fnodye yd l<ukdlrK
l%shdj,ska ms<sn| j wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSug yelsjk wdldrfhka fuu Ih Odrdj ykajd u u`.ska yd iuia;hla f,i m%dfhda.sl w;aoelS yryd
,nd.; yels oekqu mok fldg f.k wOHdmkh i|yd jk wjia:djka mq`M,a l< yelsjk nj tu wdh;k ksl=;a l< ksfoaYj, meye,s j oelsh yels
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oa;Sh iy by< oa;Sh wOHdmkh i|yd ;dlaIKsl Ihka we;=<;a lsu u.ska f,dalfha fndfyda rgj, fuh m%oYkh lr we;' f ms<sn| wdishdkq
rgla f,i uef,aishdj WodyrKhla f,i oelah yels h' f;dard .ekSu i|yd ;dlaIKsl Ihhka Yd, ixLHdjla idudkH fm< ugf bm;a
lr we;s w;r" th isiqka jev f,dalhg fhduq lsf wdrNhla f,i yekah yels jqj;a jer wOHdmkh i|yd tu.ska ,efnk msgqjy, m%udKj;a
fkdf'
fhda; Wiia fm< ;dlaIKfoh Ih Odrdj Y%S ,xldf idudkH wOHdmkh kj uxfm;lg fhduq lrjk ikaia:dkhla jkafka tu.ska oekg 51]
muK jk l,d Ihh Odrdj yodrK isiqkaf.a m%udKh wju lr" ;dlaIKfoh iy oHd Ih Odrdjka yodrK isiqka m%udKh jir 2016 40] olajd
jOkh lr .ekSu m%Odk b,lalhla jk neks'
fhda; Wiia fm< ;dlaIKfoh Ih Odrdj meye,s f,i u Wiia fm< i|yd jQ fjk u Ih Odrdjla jk w;r tu.ska ;dlaIKfohg wod< mq`M,a
Ih lafIa;% wdjrKh lrkqfha w;HjYH jk wdOdrl Ihhka o iu. h' wOHdmk wud;HdxYh" YajoHd, m%;smdok fldIka iNdj iy cd;sl
wOHdmk wdh;kh w;r meje;a jQ idlPdj, m%;sM,hla f,i mq`M,a ;dlaIKfo lafIa;% lsysmhla wdjrKh jk m Ihka ykdf.k we;' tajdk
bxfkare ;dlaIKfoh iy j moaO;s ;dlaIKfoh f' f w;=ka tla Ihla f;dard .ekSug yelsjk w;r" fojk Ih jYfhka ;dlaIKfoh
i|yd oHdj ;=<ska wjYH uQ,sl oHdj" .Ks;h iy f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh ms<sn| m%udKj;a oekqu l=i,;d ,nd fokq we;' ;=kajk Ihh jYfhka
oekgu;a Wiia fm< Ihh Odrdj ;=< l%shd;aul jk Ihh 11la w;=ka tlla f;dard .ekSug wjia:dj isiqkag ,e we;'
;dlaIKfoh Ih Odrdf jHqyh my; i|yka m f:
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bxfkare ;dlaIKfoh $ffcj moaO;s ;dlaIKfoh ^tla Ihhla muKla f;dard .; hq;= h'&
;dlaIKfoh i|yd oHdj

ix

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isiqkaf.a jD;a;Sh wOHdmkh cd;sl jD;a;Sh iqiql rduqj iu`. inkaO lr.kska moaO;shg f.khdug wjia:dj ie,iSu'
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mdi,a mdol we.hS l%shdj,sh mdi,aj, l%shd;aul jk w;r f ms<sn| wod< Wmfoia iy wdlD;s .=re udf.damfoaY ix.%yh iu`. bfha ,ndfokq
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,e h' iuld,Sk wOHdmk jHQyhka yd l%shdj,ska ;=< oelsh yels j,;d ksid OrKSh udkj ixjOk ixl,am rduqj we;=<; wOHdmkh ;=<ska <``.d
lr .; hq;= my; oelafjk wruqKq imqrd .ekSu wOHdmk moaO;sh i`oyd jQ ;u b oelau f,ig cd;sl wOHdmk fldIka iNdj m%;HlaI fldg f.k
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udkj wNsudkhg .re lsrSf ixl,amhla u; msysgd Y%S ,dxlsl nyqO iudcfha ixialD;sl O;ajh wjfndaO lr .kska cd;sl taldnoaO;dj"
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;yjqre lsu

II.

fjkia jk f,dalhl wNsfhda.hkag m%;spdr olajk w;r cd;sl Wreufha udye`.s odhdohka y`kd .ekSu iy ixrlaIKh lsu

III.

udkj whs;sjdisl .re lsu" hq;=l yd j.lS ms<sn`o oekqj;a u" yDohx.u ne`ulska hq;=j tlsfkld flfrys ie,ls,su;a u hk
.=Kdx. m%jOkh lsug bjy,a jk iudc idOdrK;aj iu;hka iy m%cd;dka;%sl jk rgdjla .e jQ mirhla ksudK lsu iy
mj;ajd f.k hdug iydh u

IV.

mqoa.,hskaf.a udkisl yd Ydl iqj im;a iy udkj w.hkag .re lsu u; mok jQ ;sridr jk l%uhla m%jOkh lsu

V.

iqiudys; jQ iunr fm!reIhla i`oyd ksudmK yelshdj" wdrNl Yla;sh" pdrYS,S ka;kh" j.lSu yd j.u we;=`M fjk;a Okd;aul
wx. ,laIK ixjOkh lsu

VI.

mqoa.,hdf.a iy cd;sfha j .=Kh je hqKq flfrk iy Y%S ,xldf wdl ixjOkh i`oyd odhl jk M,odhs ldhhka i`oyd wOHdmkh ;=<ska
udkj im;a ixjOkh lsu

VII. YS>%fhka fjkia jk f,dalhla ;=< is jk fjkial wkqj yev.eiaug yd tajd md,kh lr .ekSug mqoa.,hska iqodk lsu iy ixlSK yd
wkfmalaIs; wjia:djkag id:l j uqyqK f yelshdj jOkh lsu
VIII. cd;Hka;r m%cdj w;r f.!rjkSh ia:dkhla ys lr .ekSug odhl jk hqla;sh iudk;ajh iy wfkHdakH .re;ajh u; mok jQ wdl,am
yd l=i,;d fmdaIKh lsu

xi

3'0 uQ,sl ksmqK;d

wOHdmkh ;=<ska jOkh flfrk my; oelafjk uQ,sl ksmqK;d by; i`oyka cd;sl wruqKq bgqlr .ekSug odhl jkq we;'
(I)

ikaksfok ksmqK;d
idlaIr;dj" ixLHd ms<sn`o oekqu" rEml Nd;h u; f;dr;=re ;dlaIK m%K;dj hk wkqldKav 4la u; ikaksfok ksmqK;d mok lr .kS'

(II)

idlaIr;dj

idjOdk j weyqlka u meye,s j l:d lsu" f;are .ekSu i`oyd lsshu" ksjeros j iy ksrjq,a j ,su"
M,odhs whqka woyia yqjudre lr .ekSu

ixLHd ms<sn`o oekqu

NdKav" wjldYh yd ld,h .Kka lsu" .Kkh iy kq i`oyd l%udkql+, b,lal Nd;h

rEml Nd;h

fLd iy wdlD;s Nd;fhka woyia ms<sUq lsu iy fLd" wdlD;s iy jK .<mka ia;r" Wmfoia yd woyia
m%ldYkh yd jd;d lsu

f;dr;=re ;dlaIK m%K;dj :

m.Kl oekqu iy bf.kSf o fiajd mY%hla ;=< o fm!oa.,sl ;fha o f;dr;=re iy ikaksfok
;dlaIKh Wmfhda.S lr .ekSu

fm!reI;aj jOkhg wod< ksmqK;d

-

ksudKYS,S nj" wmid ka;kh" wdrNl Yla;Ska" ;SrK .ekSu" .eg ksrdlrKh lsu" pdrYS,S yd .%yd;aul ka;kh" lKavdh
ye`.Sfuka lghq;= lsu" mqoa.,dka;r in`o;d" kj fidhd.ekS iy .fIKh jeks j.Sh l=i,;d

Rcq .=Kh" bjid ord isf Yla;sh iy udkj wNsudkhg .re lsu" jeks w.hhka

;a;f.S nqoah

(III) mirhg wod< ksmqK;d

fuu ksmqK;d idudl ffcj iy fN!;sl mirhg wod< f'
iudc mirh

cd;sl Wreuhka ms<sn`o wjfndaOh" nyqjd.sl iudchl iudlhka u yd inkaO ixf;dj yd l=i,;d"
idOdrK hqla;sh ms<sn`o ye`.Su" iudc inkaO;d" fm!oa.,sl phdj" idudkH yd ffk;sl im%odhhka"
whs;sjdisl" j.lS" hq;=l iy ne`

ffcj mirh

i f,dalhl" ck;dj iy ffcj moaO;sh" .ia je,a" jkdka;r" uqyqo" c,h" jd;h iy jh - Ydl" i;a;aj
yd ksia ;hg inkaO jQ wjfndaOh" ixfoS nj yd l=i,;d

fN!;sl mirh

wjldYh" Yla;sh" bkaOk" jH" NdKav iy ksia ;hg tajdfha we;s inkaO;dj" wdydr" we`" ksjdi"
wjfndaOh" ixf;dj yd l=i,;dj

bf.kSu" jev lsu iy j;a u i`oyd fuj, iy ;dlaIKh m%fhdackhg .ekSf l=i,;d fuys wvx.= f'
xii

(IV) jev f,dalhg iqodk f ksmqK;d

wdl ixjOkhg odhl u
;u jD;a;Sh <ehd iy wNsfhda.H;d y`kd .ekSu
yelshdjkg i,k whqka /lshdjla f;dard .ekSu iy
jdisodhl yd ;srir jfkdamdhl ksr; u
hk yelshdjka Wmu lsug yd Od;dj je lsug wod< fiajd kshqla;sh yd inkaO l=i,;d
(V)

wd.u iy iodpdr Ouhkag wod< ksmqK;d

mqoa.,hkag ;u ffoksl ;fha wdpdr Ou" iodpdrd;aul yd wd.udkql+, yeis rgdjkag wkq.; fjka jvd;a W; foa
i,k fia lghq;= lsu i`oyd w.hhka Wlyd .ekSu yd iahlrKh

f;dard thg

(VI) l%Svdj iy flh m%fhdackhg .ekSf ksmqK;d

fi!kaohh" idys;Hh" fi,a, lsu" l%Svd yd u,, l%Svd" fkdaodxY yd fjk;a ksudKd;aul jk rgdjka ;=<ska m%ldY jk fkdaoh" i;=g"
wdf. iy tjka udkqIsl w;aoelS
(VII) "bf.kSug bf.kqu" ms<sn`o ksmqK;d
YS>%fhka fjkia jk ixlSK yd tlsfkld u; hefmk f,dalhl mj;k l%shdj,shla yryd fjkia yiqrejd .ekSf yd Bg ixf j
yd id:l j m%;spdr oelau;a iajdk j bf.k .ekSu;a i`oyd mqoa.,hkag Yla;sh ,nd u'

Y%S ,xldf idudkH wOHdmkh ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;s rduqjla i|yd fhdackd cd;sl wOHdmk fldIka iNdj ^2003 foien&

xiii

mgqk
13 fYAK
% sh

msgj
q

.re wOHdmk wud;H;=udf.a mKsjqvh

.re Wiia wOHdmk wud;H;=udf.a mKsjqvh
.re fh!jk lghq;= yd ksmqK;d ixjOk wud;H;=udf.a mKsjqvh
.re wOHdmk wlaIK uka;%S;=udf.a mKsjqvh
wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha f,al;=udf.a mKsjqvh
wOHdmk m%ldYk flduidia ckrd,a;=udf.a mKsjqvh
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha wOHlaI ckrd,a;=udf.a mKsjqvh
ye`kau
cd;sl fmd wruqKq
uQ,sl ksmqK;d

ii
iii
iv
v
vi
vii
viii
ix
x
xii

tallh
01'

,s hka;% iy n, moaO;s

01

02'

uQ,sl bf,lafg%dksl ;dlaIKfoh iy Nd;h

05

03'

.Dyia: c, imdokh iy li, wmjykh

10

04'

;r, hka;% ^fmdm" ;,nur&

13

05'

bxfkare iu;hka iy ;;a;aj iy;sl moaO;s

16

06'

uekSu

17

07'

weia;fka;=lrKh iy m%udK ,am;a ieliSu

26

08'

jHjidhl;aj iy l<ukdlrKh

27

xiii

tallh
01'

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ugu

Ih wka;.;h

01 ,s cjh
1'1 N%ul hka;%hl
Yla;s mj;kh
W;amdokh lr
uQ,Ouh meye,s
lial=remamq kshuh
ifm%aIKh
lrhs'
iqqr;aa kshuh
lsu ms<sn`o j
ju;a kshuh
ia;r lr"
fudagrhl l%shdj
wdrlaIdld
ckl l%shdj
f,i Nd;
lrk w;r
m%;Hdj; Odrd ckl
wjYH;dj
1'2 m%;Hdj; Odrd
iajhx ielnQ ckl
wkqj ,s
hka;%j,
(Self excited generators &
hka;%h f;dard
,dlaIKslhka

fjka fjka j ielnQ ckl

.kshs'
wOHhkh lr
(Separately excited generators &
wjYH;dj wkqj
m%;Hdj; Odrd fudag j.
jvd;a .e<fmk
t;= rys; N%ul
fudagrh f;dard
;ksl,d fm%arK fudag
.kshs'
(Singal phase induction motor &
f;l,d fm%arK fudag
(Three phase induction motor &
wdjrK O%ej fudag
(Shaded pole motor &
t;= iys; fudag
iu uqyq;l fudag
(Synchro nous motor &
hqksji,a fudag
(Universal motor &

bf.kq M,

ld,fo

my; i|yka Yla;s mj;khka isjk

wdldrh ta yd inkaO kshu wkqidrfhka
meye,s lrhs'

04

hdka;%sl Yla;sh
,s Yla;sh

,s Yla;sh
hdka;%sl Yla;sh

m%;Hdj; Odrd hka;%hl iamYl ,sj,

l%shdj meye,s lrhs'
m%;Hdj; Odrd cklhl m%;sodk w.%%j,
mssysgk fjda,ah;d ;rx.h w`hs'
iajhx ielnQ cklj, (Self excited generators & iy fjka fjka j ielnQ cklj,
(Separately excited generators &
l%shdld;ajh meye,s lrhs'
m%;Hdj; Odrd fudag j.SlrKh lrhs'
m%;Hdj; Odrd fudagrhl N%ul pqnl
lafIa;%h iy wdrNl jHdj;h we;s jk
wdldrh meye,s lrhs'
tla tla fudagrfha Nd;hka ia;r lrhs'

08

tallh

ksmqK;dj

Ih wka;.;h

ksmqK;d ugu

ir, Odrd hka;%hl kHdfoaYlfha

(Comutator& l%shdj meye,s lrhs'
ir, Odrd cklhl m%;sodk w.%j,
;rx.dldrh whs'
ir, Odrd cklhl m%;sodk fjda,a;dj
je lr.; yels wdldrh meye,s lrhs'
fY%aKs t;= (Series wound & Wmm: t;=
(Shunt wound & iy ixhqla; t;=
(Compound wound & fudagj, o`.r
inkaO lr we;s wdldrh whs'
tla tla fudag j.fha f.h iy
jHj;h (Toque & ii|hs'
O ir, Odrd fudagj, Nd;hka
ia;r lrhs'
o`.rhl fm%a; fjda,ah;dj meye,s
oHq;a pqnl fm%arKh
lsu$w: lau i|yd m%ldYkhla
(Electro magnatic induction &
i|yka lrhs'
iajhx fm%r
a Kh (Self induction&
wjlr mKdulhl m%;sodk fjda,ah;dj
wfkHdkH fm%arKh
ukshs'
(Mutual induction&
my; i|yka mKdulj, l%shdld;ajhka
fm%arK fjda,ah;dj iu`. Odrdj
iy Nd;hka meye,s lrhs'
fjkiaf iS.%;djh iy pqnl
wjlr mKdul
i%djh fjkiaf iS.%;djh w;r
wlr mKdul
mj;sk inkaO;dj
fjka lsf mKdul
mKdul t;=j, fmdg ixLHdj
Odrd mKdul
iy fjda,ah;dj w;r inkaOh
Nj mKdul
mKdul j. (Types of transformers&
iajhx (Auto) mKdul
cj mKdul (Power transformers&
wjlr (Step down&
wlr (Step up&
fjkalrK (Isolation &

N%ul hka;h
% l wdfp t;=u ndysr
1'3 O ir, Odrd
mm:hg inkaO jk wkaou"
hka;%j,
,dlaIKslhka
wdfprhl ckkh jk fjda,
a h;dj'
wOHhkh lr
ir,Odrd fudagrhl lafIa;% t;=u
wjYH;dj wkqj
(Field winding & iy wdfpr t;=u
.e<fmk fudagrh
(Armature winding & w;r
f;dard .kshs'
inkaO;dj
ir, Odrd fudagrhl wdfpr Odrdj
wkqj jHdj;h iy f.h w;r
fjkiau

1'4 wjYH ldhhg

.e<fmk
mKdulh f;dard
.kshs'

bf.kq M,

ld,fo
05

05

tallh

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ugu

Ih wka;.;h

bf.kq M,

ld,fo

1'5 ,s n,d.dr
mq k ckkS h iy mq k ckkS h l<
ms<sn| j ir,
fkdyels Yla;Ska
f,i uid n,hs'
Yla;s m%Nj
c,fha Nj Yla;sh
;dm Yla;sh
bkaOk Yla;sh
iq<x Yla;sh
iQh Yla;sh
id.r /<s Yla;sh
N+.; ;dm Yla;sh
;,nur (Turbine& j.
c, ,s n,d.drj, m%;sodk
fjda,ah;djhka" fmkaiafgdla k<"
ick l=r (Surge chember& iy
Wufys ldhhka
n,d.dr j.SlrKh
m%udKh wkqj
Nd; lrk Yla;sh wkqj

mqkckkSh(Regenerative& iy mqkckkSh
fkdjk(Non-regenerative& Yla;Ska meye,s
lrhs'
,s Yla;sh ckkh l< yels Yla;s
m%Njhka k lrhs'
tla tla m%Njh u`.ska ,s Yla;sh ckkh
lrk wkaou ieflka ia;r lrhs'
c, ,s n,d.drj, Nd;jk ;, nur
j. k lrhs'
c, ,s n,d.drhl uQ,sl ieleiaul rEm
igykla whs'
O idOl u; n,d.dr j.SlrKh lrhs'

07

1'6 Y%S ,xldf

ifm%aIKfha (Transmission& iy
,s n,h
fnodyef (Distribution& fjki
ifm%aIKh iy
ifm%aIK fjda,ah;dj
fnodyef
fnodyef fjda,ah;djka
hdka;%Kh meye,s
cd, Wmfmd< (Grid substation&
lrhs'

Y%S ,xldf Nd; jk ifm%aIKh iy

fnodyef fjda,ah;d i|yka lrhs
,s cklhl isg ksjila olajd ,s
Yla;sh ,ndfok wdldrh ia;r lrhs'

07

Odrd mKdul
(Current transformers&
Nj mKdul(Potential transformer&
iajhx mKdul(Auto transformer)

tallh

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ugu

Ih wka;.;h

bf.kq M,

ld,fo

ifm%aIKfha iy
fnodyef Nd; lrk
w;HjYH Wmdx. iy WmlrK
,s ,a m;la ilia lsu
i`oyd wjYH o;a;
1'7 ,sh Nd;fha ,sier je
mqoa., wdrlaIdj
mjdrl ydks
i`oyd n,mdkakd
N+.; w.%fha fodaI
jQ mQfjdamdhhka mqoa.,dkq noaO ,laIK
ms<m
s hs'
ick wdrlaIdj
(Surge protection)
wl=Kq flu

1'8 WmlrKj,
wdrlaIdj i|yd
jk wdrlaIs;
mQfjdamdhka
ms<m
s hs'

fok ,o o;a; Nd; lr ksjfia ,s mfNdackh

i|yd ,a m;la ilihs'
,s ier jeug fya;= i|yka lrhs'
,s ier jefok wkaou iy Odrd m%udKhka
meye,s lrhs'
,s ier jeug n,mdk mqoa.,dkqnoaO ,laIK
fmkajd fohs'
wl=Kq flu ksid ,s ikakdhlj, isjk
ick l%shdj meye,s lrhs'

wdrlaIs; WmlrK
im;a;=
w;a jeiq
mjrKh lrk ,o wdjqo

,s kv;a;= lsj, wod< wdrlaIl WmlrK

Nd; lrhs'

.sks wdrlaIKh
wOdrd .e,S
nqre,a j inkaO ls
.sks ksjk WmlrK

cd;Hka;r ,s bxfkare fr.=,dis (International

Electrical Engineering Regulations& j,g wkql,
+ j
wdrlaIl mQfjdamdhka ms<smeh hq;= wdldrh
meye,s lrhs'
.sks j.h wkqj Nd; lrk .sks ksjk j.h
ia;r lrhs'

08

06

tallh
02'

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ugu

Ih wka;.;h

2'1 wO ikakdhl
02 O wO
wO ikakdhl
jHj, ,dlaIKsl
ikakdhl
wO ikakdhl uQ, jH
.=K meye,s lrhs'
Wmdx.j,
P j.fha iy N j.fha wO
,dlaIKsl
ikakdhl jH
ie,ls,a,g
.kska m%;siu
2'2 O j.fha P-N P-N ikah
yd ixLHdxl
ika wod<
bf,lafg%dksl
vfhdav (Diode& j.
wjYH;dj i|yd
;dlaIKh
iDcqldrl vfhdav (Rectifier diode&
fhdod .kshs'
i`oyd tu
fik vfhdav (Zener diode&
Wmdx.
wdf,dal fudapl vfhdav
fhdod.; yels
(Light emitting diode & (L.E.D.)
wkaou uid
,laISh inkaOl vfhdav
n,hs'
(Point contact diode&
by; vfhdav keUqre lsu iy
Nd;hka
P-N jHj, fjk;a inkaO;d
oa O%ej g%dkaisiag
(Bipolar transistor &
lafIa;% wdprK g%dkaisiag
(Field effect transistor ) (F.E.T.)

bf.kq M,

ld,fo

P j.fha iy N j.fha wO ikakdhl

jHj, jHqyh meye,s lr ikakdhl
;djhka olajk wdldr ieflka ia;r
lrhs'

02

P-N ikahl mmQK ,dlaIKsl iy

m%dfhda.sl ,dlaIKsl jl% w`hs'
iDcqldrl vfhdav" fikvfhdav L.E.D
iy ,laISh inkaO;d vfhdavj, fmr
keUqre iy miq keUqre ,dlaIKsl jl% w`hs'
by; vfhdavj, l%shdld;ajhka iy
Nd;hka meye,s lrhs'

08

N-P-N iy P-N-P g%dkaisiagj,

ieleiau w`kq ,nhs'
tla tla g%dkaisiagrh ;=< we;s P-N ika
fol keUqre l< hq;= wdldrh meye,s lr
wod< mm: igyk w`kq ,nhs'
g%dkaisiagrh ;=< Odrdj .,dhk Ydj
olajka tys l%shdld;ajh meye,s lrhs'
ika lafIa;% wdprK g%dkaisiag (J.F.E.T)
j, wNHka;r ieleiau we| meye,s lrhs'
J.F.E.T keUqre lrk wdldrh we| meye,s
lrhs'
J.F.E.T j, l%shdldrs;ajh meyeos,s lrhs'

tallh

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ugu
2'3

ir, Odrd
wjYH;djhka
bgqlr .ekSu
i|yd P-N
ikah iDcq
ldrlhla f,i
Nd; lrhs'

2'4 m%;siu iy
ixLHdxl
ksrEmKfha
fjki meye,s
lrhs'

2'5 g%dkaisiagrh
iaphla f,i
fhdod .kshs'

Ih wka;.;h
wO ;rx. iDcqlrKh (Half wave
rectification)
mQK ;rx. iDcqlrKh (Full wave
rectification)
fmu (Filtering)
uD mEiaiu
S (Soft soldering)
fjda,ah;d hdukh (Voltage regulation)

ixLHdxl iy m%;siu ksrEmKh

m%;siu ix{d iy ixLHdxl ix{d
iei`u
m%;siu iy ixLHdxl ix{dj,
Nd;hka
m%odk iy m%;sodk ix{d f,i
m%;siu ix{d Nd;h

bf.kq M,
wO ;rx. iDcq ldrl mm:hl mm:
rEm igyk whs'
uOH ijqk;a (Center tapped) mKdulhla
Nd; lr mQK ;rx. iDcq ldrl
mm:hla tl,ia lrhs'
fia;= iDcqldrlhla Nd; lr mQK ;rx.
iDcqldrl mm:hla tl,ia lrhs'
fmrykla fhfuka miq ir, Odrd ugu
je /<s;s fjda,ah;d ugu (Ripple
voltage level ) wvqjk nj olajhs'
fjda,
a h;d hdulhla (Voltage regulater)
inkaO lsfuka m%;sodk fjda,ah;dj
ia:djr lrhs'
m%;siu (Analog) iy ixLHdxl (Digital)
ix{dj, ,laIK fjk fjku bm;a
lrhs'

g%dkaisiagrhl mrd;sl
g%dkaisiag oka; lshf yelshdj ,nd.kS'
m%;s,dNh (Gain)
wjYH;djh wkqj g%dkaisiagrhla f;dard.kS'
Wmu ix.%dyl Odrdj (Maximum
collector current)
cj W;aickh (power dissipation)
Wmu iemhq fjda,ah;djh
g%dkaisiag mj;Sh ,dlaIKsl
(Transfer characteristics)
lmd yef m%foaYh
(Cutoff region)
6

ld,fo

06

02

07

tallh

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ugu

2'6 ix{d ugu

jOkh l<
yels mm:hla
f,i jOlh
Nd; lrhs'

Ih wka;.;h
il%Sh m%foaYh (Active region )
ika;Dma; m%foaYh
(Saturation region )
g%dkaisiagrh iaphla f,i Nd;
lsru
S '
g%dkaisiag jOlhla f,i keUqre
lsu
iar keUqrej (Fixed biasing)
iajhx keUqrej (Self biasing)
Nj fn keUqrej (Potential
divider biasing)
g%dkaisiagrh jOlhla f,i Nd;h
lsu'
FET jOlhla f,i Nd; lsu'
ldrld;aul jOl (Operatioal
amplifier )
le igyk
mmQK ,dlaIKsl
m%odk indokh
m%;sodk indokh
sjD; mq~q m%;s,dNh
l,dm m<,
ldrl jOl Nd;hka
wmj;l (Inverting) jOlh
wmj;l fkdjk (Non inverting)
jOlh
7

bf.kq M,

ld,fo

g%dkaisiagrh iaphla f,i Nd; lrhs'

hdka;%sl iaphl;a g%dkaisiagrh iaphl;a
fjki ii`ohs'

my; i|yka keUqre ls oelau i|yd

mm: rEm igyka w|shs'
iar keUqrej (Fixed biasing)
iajhx keUqrej (Self biasing)
Nj fn keUqrej (Potential biasing)
by; i`oyka keUqre lsj,g wod< ir,
.Kkh ls islrhs'
Nj fn keUqrej Nd; lr l=vd ix{d
jOlhla tl,ia lrhs'
foda,fkalaIh u; m%odk iy m%;sodk ;rx.d
-ldr olajhs'
FET fhdod jOl mm:hl rEm igykla
whs'
ldrld;aul jOlhl le igyk whs'
mmQK ,dlaIKsl i|yka lrhs'
o;a; m;%sldjlska ,nd.;a fok ,o ldrl
jOlhl ,dlaIKsl mmQK ,dlaIKssl
iu`. ii|hs'
wmj;l jOlhla tl,ia lr .Kkh
lrk ,o m%;s,dNh;a foda,fkalaIfhka uek
,nd.;a m%;s,dNh;a ii|hs'
ldrld;aul jOlhla Nd; lr m%ldY
ixfolhl ixf;dj jOkh lsu i`oyd
ixikaol mm: tl,ia lrhs'

12

tallh

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ugu

Ih wka;.;h

bf.kq M,

i xi k aol h (Comparator)
2'7 ;rx. yev
cklhla f,i
foda,lhl (Oscillator) uQ,sl
foda,l ykd .kS'
ixl,amh
foda,l j. i|yd Nd; lrk
Wmdx.'
NE555 ld, mm:h

foda,khla i|yd wjYH;d idlPd lrhs'

O foda,l mm: Nd;lr ;rx. yev ,nd
.kS'

2'8 wjYH;dj wkqj

h l%shdj,shla
md,kh lsu
i|yd ixLHdxl
;dlaIKh Nd;
lrhs'

ixLHdxl ksrEmKh i|yd oauh rgdj

Nd; lrhs'
my; i|yka ;l oajdr i|yd ixfla; we|
i;H igyka f.dv k`.hs'
AND, OR, NOT. NAND, NOR
EXCLUSIVE OR
;loajdr Nd; lr my; i|yka mm:
tl,iaa lrhs'
oYu ixLHd oauh ixLHd njg
mj;kh lsu i|yd fla;l
oauh ixLHd oYu ixLHd njg
mj;kh lsu i|yd fla;l
O m%odkhkaf.a inkaO;dj wkqj
m%;sodkh ,nd.; yels ir, ;l mm:

oauh ixLHd (Binary numbers)

;l oajdr (Logic gates)
i;H igyka (Truth table)
inkaO;d ;l mm: (Combination logic circuits)
ir, ;l mm:
fla;l (Encoder)
fla;l (Decoder)

oauh ixLHd by<g .Kskhla (Up Counter)

tl,ia lrhs'
by<g .Kskhla ixLHd; fnokhla f,i

ld,fo
03

13

tallh

ksmqK;dj

Ih wka;.;h

ksmqK;d ugu

ixLHdxl .Ksk (Digital counter)

l%uf,a; ;l md,k moaO;s PLC
(Programmable logic control)

2'9 ,s ixfoaYk
wjYH;d i|yd
m%;siu iy
ixLHdxl ix{d
Nd; lrhs'

bf.kq M,

Nd; l< yels wdldrh meye,s lrhs'

PLC j, jOkh meye,s lrhs'
PLC j, m%fhdack iy jdis meye,s lrhs'
PLC j, le igykla whs
PLC j, o;a; igyka lrk wdldr i|yka
lrhs'

,s ixfoaY ud.hl m%d:l ix.=Kl

(Primary coefficient) m%ldY lrhs'
w ixLHdk ifm%aIKfha m%d:l
ux ifm%I
a Kh (Line transmission)
ix.=Klj, wdprKh idlPd lrhs'
w ixLHdk ifm%aIK ud.hlska isjk
oHq;a pqnl lsrKh (Electro magnatic
.=jka ,s ifm%aIKh
radiation) ir<j meye,s lrhs'
(Radio transmission)
oHq;a pqNl ;rx.hl ixrpl iy
oHq;a pqNl ;rx. ms<sn| ixl,amh
tajdfha idfmalaI Ydjka i`oyka lrhs'
m%;siu ix{djla u.ska jdylfha
ia;dr uQ; ix{djl iy ixLHd;
isjk ia;dr uQckh (Amplitude
uQ; ix{djl ;rx. rEm igykla whs'
modulation) (AM) iy ixLHd;
uQckh (Frequancy modulation)
(FM)

ixLHdxl ix{djla u.ska is lrkq

,nk ia;dr iy ixLHd; uQckh
uQckh ms<sn`o ixl,amh

ld,fo

uQckh ms<sn`o ixl,amh meye,s lrhs'

10

tallh
03

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ugu

3'1'
03 .Dyia; c,
imdokh yd
li<
l<uKdlrKh
ms<sn`o j
wOHhkhl
fhfohs'
3'2

Ih wka;.;h

bf.kq M,

c,fha iS; nj
iS; im;la
f,i c,fha
h - N=.; c,h' .a,eish iy
jeo.;alu ia;r
whsia l" j.=re ,a yd wfkl=;a
lrhs'
c, m%Njhka 3%
lrh - id.r 97%
c, pl%h

c,fha jHdma;sh ia;r lrhs'

c, pl%h w`hs'

c,h msis lr
jd;kh" le lsu iy wjidokh"
fnod yeu ms<sn`o
fmu" ridhksl fhu" I kdYkh
j ia;r lrhs'

lD;% s u j l% s h d;a u l lrk l% u fuka u

iajNdl ixisoa u.ska o c, m;% lrKh
isjk nj ia;r lrhs'
.Dyia: c, iemhq moaO;shl fLd igykla
w`hs'

.=re;aj l%uh" fmdm l%uh iy mSvk

fmdm" c, ysi" pQIK ysi yd fnod
ye ysi
3'3 .Dyia: c, imdok .nvd gexlsh" fiajd k<h" PVC k<
yd Wmdx." lrdu yd lmdg" fmdm
moaO;shla $ fldgila
j.
ie,iq lr ia:dmkh
lrhs'

.Dyia; c, imdok moaO;shla $

fldgila ie,iq lrhs'
.Dyia; c, imdok moaO;shlg
wjYHjk c, k< Wmdx. k lrhs'
.Dyia: fmdm l%u rEm igyka u.ska ia;r
lrhs'
.Dyia; c, imdok moaO;shla $
fldgila ia:dmkh lrhs'

3'4

.Dyia: li< W;amdokh jk l%u uihs'

tajd j.SlrKh lr j.= .; lrhs'

.Dyia: wmjH
j.S lrKh
ia;r lrhs'

h ne` li< yd >k li<

10

ld,fo
02

08

08

02

tallh

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ugu

Ih wka;.;h

bf.kq M,

3'5 li< neyer lsf ms<siaiSu

j.SlrKh l< li< neyer lsf l%u
l%u ia;r lrhs'
ia;r lrhs'
m%;s pl%ShlrKh
kej; Nd;h
Kh
fldfmdaia lsu
j jdhq ;ekSu
mQ;sl gexlsh
mdie,a mirfha li< u;aj neyer lsf
mirhg ydkslr fkdjk whqre
l%u ie,iq lrhs'
N+.; c,h yd jd;h wmsis fkdjk
m neyer lsu
ikSmdrlaIl WmlrK" c, W.=,a" c, wdoY kdk ldurhl WjdrK i lr we;s
uqdj
wkaou rEm igyklska fmkajhs'

11

ld,fo
15

tallh
04'

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ugu

Ih wka;.;h

04 tfkod Nd; 4'1 tfkod ldhh ;r, Nd; hka;%

(Machinery associated with fluids)
;r, hka;% yd
i|yd ;r, Nd;
WmlrKj,
hka;% fhdod
yekau
l%h
s dld;ajh
.ekSf yelshdj
jdhq (Pneumatic)
yd fYaI;d
uid n,hs'
dj (Hydraulic)
ykd.kska
;r,j, Nd;
kv;a;= lrhs'
Yla;s ifm%aIKh
(Energy transmission)
Yla;s ckkh (Energy generation)
fjk;a
ixjd;kh (Ventilation)
lmk Wrd .ekSu
(Shock absorbing)
>IK wju lsu
;r, Nd; hka;%j, m%Odk
wjhjj, {fmdm (Pumps)
imSvl (Compressors)
;,nur (Turbine) }ldhh
4'2 ldhhg W;
fmdmh f;dard
.ekSf yelshdj
m%oYkh lrhs'

;r, imSvk iy ;r, ifma%IK

ldh i`oyd fhdod.kakd fmdm j.
yd tajdfha l%shdld;ajh" Nd; yd
m%Odk fldgia
wkqjegq (Reciprocating)
msiagka j.h ^Piston type&
m%dr j.h ^Diaphragm type&

12

bf.kq M,
hka;% w;ka ;r, Nd; hka;% fjkalr olajhs'
bxfkare ldhhkaj, ;r, fhdod.kq
,nk wjia:d m%ldY lrhs
;r, Nd; hka;%j, m%Odk Wmdx.j,
ldhh uid n,hs'

O ksKdhl u; ;r, imSvk iy ;r,

ifma%IK ldh i`oyd fhdod.kakd fmdm
j. lrhs'
tu fmdmj, m%Odk fldgia k lrhs'
O fmdm j.j, ;r, imSvkh we;slrk
whqre ia;r lrhs'
tu fmdmj, l% s h dldrS ; a j h m% o Ykh
flfrk ir, wdlD;s ;khs'

ld,fo
06

10

tallh

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ugu

Ih wka;.;h

bf.kq M,

ld,fo

N%ul j.h ^Rotory type&

bial=remamq j.h ^Screw type&
fm;s$;, j.h^Vane type&
iafl%da,a j.h ^Scroll type&
flaka wmid j.h
^Centrifugal type&

4'3 ir, wjYH;d imqrd ;,nur j. ^Turbine types&

.ekSug W; ir,
l%h
s dld;ajh
;,nur ;ekSf
Nd;h
yelshdj m%oYkh
m%Odk fldgia
lrhs'

4'4 cj ifm%aIK
ldhh i|yd ;r,
fhdod .ekSf
yelshdj uid
n,hs'

dj cj ifm%aIKh
^Hydraulic power transmission&
yekau
fh
jdhq cj ifm%aIKh
^Pneumatic power transmission&
yekau
fh
;r, cj ifma%IK moaO;s
Wmdx. yd ldhh
l%h
s dld;ajh
dj$;r, cj ifm%aIK moaO;sj,
lmdg ^Valve& u.ska lrk ldhhka
13

iajrEmh$yevh wkqj ;,nur k lrhs'

;,nur m% d fhda . s l j Nd; jk whq r e
ksrEmKh jk ir, hka;% wdlD;s ;khs
'

08

dj cj ifm%aIKfha fh m%ldY lrhs'

jdhq cj ifm%aIKfha fh m%ldY lrhs'
dj yd jdhq cj ifm%aIK l%uj, we;s
jdis$wjdis wfkl=;a cj ifm%IK l%u
iu`. ixikaokd;aul j jd;d lrhs'
;r, cj ifm%aIK moaO;shl Wmdx.j,
ldhh ia;r lrhs'
;r, cj ifm%aIKfha lmdg ^Valve&
u`.ska flfrk ldhhka m%ldY lrhs'

08

tallh

ksmqK;dj

Ih wka;.;h

ksmqK;d ugu

bf.kq M,

ld,fo

4'5 ;r, imSvk

ldhfha
wdrlaIs; ms<sfj;a
wkq.ukh lsf
we;s jeo.;alu
;yjqre lrhs'

wdrlaIl lmdg ^Safety valve)

jdhq imSvk gexlsj,
jdIam imSvk gexlsj,
mSvk W`kaj, ^Pressure cooker)
YS;lrKj, w ner jyre
^Over load cut-out) iy w mSvk
lmdyk ^High pressure cut-out)
dj mSvk moaO;sj, mSvk ksoyia
lsf lmdg ^Pressure relief valve&
WmlrKj, ksrdmo idOlh
^Safety factor)

imS; ;r, Nd;fha wk;=re ish

yels wdldr uid n,hs'
imS; ;r, Nd;fha wk;=re j,lajd
.ekSug fhdod we;s Wml%u k lrhs'
imS; ;r, Nd;fha ksh; wdrlaIs;
ms<sfj;a wkq.ukh lrhs'
;r, hka;% Nd;fha ksrdmo iSudj blau
-fkdhdug j.n,d .kshs'

02

4'6 tfkod yuqjk

ldh i`oyd
fjkapQ l%shdj
Nd; lsf
yelshdj uid
n,hs'

fjkapQ l%shdj Nd; jk WmlrK

isrlh ^Spray gun)
ldhqfgrh ^Carburettor)
ir, isrl w;afmdmh

isrlfha l%shdld;ajh meye,s lrhs'

fjkapQ l%shdf fjk;a fh uid n,hs'
fjkapQ l%shdj Nd; fldg we;s ir,
WmlrK l%shd lrjhs'

03

4'7 YS;lrK l%shdj,sh

i|yd fhdod .kakd
;r, imSvk
fmdmj, we;s
O;ajh uid
n,hs'

jdIam imSvk YS;lrKhl isis,k

moaO;sfha m%Odk wjhj k lrhs'
isis,k moaO;sfha l%shdld;ajh ia;r
lrhs'
.Dy YS;lrKj, nyq, j Nd; jk
imSvk fmdm" tajdfha l%shdld;ajh iy
ksmojd we;s wdldrh wkqj j. lrhs'

08

jdIam imSvk YS;lrKhl l%shdj,sh

YS;lrKhl isis,k moaO;sh
m%Odk wjhj yd l%shdld;ajh
imSvl ^Compressors)
ixjD; j.h - Hermetic type
wO ixjD; j.h Semi hermetic type
jD; j.h - Open type

14

tallh
05

ksmqK;dj
05 bxfkare
m%;s iy
ms;r
;dlaIKsl
mirhl
Nd; lrhs'

ksmqK;d ugu

Ih wka;.;h

bf.kq M,

bxfkare m%;shla ye`kau

bxfkare m%;s iy ms;rj, wjYH;dj
5'1 bxfkare m%;s
bxfkare m%;s iy ms;r w;r
iy jeo.;alu ia;r lrhs'
iy ms;rj,
fjki
jeo.;alu ia;r
bxfkare m%;s iy ms;r u.ska
lrhs'
NdKavfha fyda fiajdf we;s nj
iy;sl flfrk .=K
wdrlaId iys; nj
YajdkSh;ajh
Wiia ;;a;ajh
ksIamdokfha wju kdia;sh iy
fodaaI
by< M,odhS;ajh
bxfkare m%;s iy ms;r
bls fCIa;%hg fYaIs; jQ m%;s iy
5'2 fmd Nd;fha
imdokh
ms;r k lrhs'
mj;sk bxsfkare
m%;s iy ms;r fmdf Nd; jk m%;s iy ms;r foaYSh j yd cd;Hka;rj bls fCIa;%h
moaO;s k lrhs' ISO
yd inkaO m%;s bm;a lr we;s
wdh;k k lrhs'
SLS / BS
ICTAD
Building regulations
bls lafIa;%fha O wxY i`oyd
5'3 bosl
s lghq;=
wod< bxfkare m%;s yd ms;r
i`oyd bxfkare
m%;s iy ms;r
ICTAD - f.dvke.s,s" uyd ud."
fhod .kshs'
jd ud. wdh i`oyd m%;s
SLS, BS f.dvke.s,s jH i`oyd
m%;s iu; uekq l%u
Building regulations f.dvke.s,s
ie,iq lsug wod< kS;s
ISO bls l<uKdlrKhg
wod< m%;s yd ms;r
15

iu;j,g wod< bls kdudj,s

wdY%fhka O bls lghq;= i`oyd wod<
iu; yd m%;s f;dard .kshs'
ie,iqj,g wkqj bls fCIa;%h l=ula o
hkak f;dard .kshs'

ld,fo
02

05

05

tallh
06

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ugu

6'0 l=vd bvula 6'1' uekqf

uek tys
uQ,Ou (Principles
ie,eiaula
of surveying)
mudKhg
meye,s lrhs'
we`o wjYH
f;dr;=re
iu. bm;a
lrhs'

Ih wka;.;h

bf.kq M,

ld,fo

uekqu ksjpkh
N+h u; msys jia;=kaf.a idfmalaI
msy
s u (Relative position)'
Yd, jmihl isg l=vd jmihla
olajd uekSf uq,Ouh
(Work from whole to part principle)'
fmdf<dj u; we;s ksYa; ia:dk
follg idfmalaIj fjk;a
ia:dkhl msysu ksrEmKh lsf
uQ, Ouh'
1' os. kq folla u.ska
(By two distances)
2' os.la iy wka;.; fldaKh u.ska
(By a distance and an angle)
3' fldAK folla u.ska
(By two angles)
4' ,nl r u.ska
(By the perpendicular distance)

uekqu hkq l=ula o@ hkak ksjpkh

lrhs'
l=vd bvul we;s jia;+kaf.a idfmalaI
msysu lvodishl we| fmkajhs'

02

os. uekSu (Linear measurements)

6'2 uekqf oS
Nd; jk O
WmlrK#
kq j. (Types of
kq mh ^Tape&"
measurements) iy ta
oje,a ^Chain&"
i|yd fhdod .kakd
;%sfldaK;sl l%uh
WmlrK (Surveying
(Trignometry method)"
instruments) j.
k lrhs'
bf,lafg%dksl l%uh
(Electronic method)

16

uekqf uQ,sl uQ,Ou meyeos,s lrhs'

ksYa; ia:dk foll isg fjk;a
ia:dkhl idfmalaI msysu lvodishla u;
m%ia;dlj ,l=Kq lrhs'

os. uekSu i|yd fhdod .kakd WmlrK"

tajdfha kHdhhka iy WmlrKj,
ksrjoH;dj ixikaokh lrhs'

02

tallh

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ugu

Ih wka;.;h
fldaK uekSu (Angular measurements)
fldaK j. # isria ;,fha fldaK'
(Vertical angles)
;sria ;,fha fldaK
(Horizontal angles)
wNHka;r fldaK
(Interior angles)
ndysr fldaK (Deflection angles)
os.xYh (Bearings)
WmlrK wdk;sudkh
(Clinometer)
;shfvd,hsgqj
(Theodolite)

bf.kq M,
;sria iy isria ;,j, fldaK fhdod
.kska .`.l m<," .il Wi .Kkh
lrhs'

6'3 uekqf
os. uekSf oS we;s jk fodaI (Errors) os. uekSf oS we;sjk fodaI ms<sn| ia;r
Wmfhda.S jk os.
lrhs'
uQ,dxl fodaI
iy fldaK uekSf
kq mfha m%idrKh ksid
oS we;sjk fodaI yd
we;sjk fodaI
tu fodaI ksjer
kq mh ;sria j ;nd fkd.ekSu
lsf l%shdj,sh
ksid we;s jk fodaI'
wkq.ukh lrhs'
kq lshf oS iy igyka
lsf oS we;sjk fodaI
fldaK uekSf oS we;sjk fodaI
fldaK uekSf we;sjk fodaI ,ehsia;=
WmlrK ksjerosj ia:dk.;
.; lrhs'
fkdlsu ksid we;sjk fodaI
kq lshf iy igyka
lsfoS we;sjk fodaI
17

ld,fo

03

tallh

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ugu

Ih wka;.;h

bf.kq M,

ld,fo

kdNs.; lsf fodaI

fodaI wju lsug ms<sh fhdohs'
wimd; fodaI
h uekqula i|yd wjidk fodaIh .Kkh
lrhs'
fodaI wju lsug fhdok ms<sh
wjidk fodaIh kq ia:dk w;r fnod
uQ,dxl fodaI mlaIdj iy
fodaI rys; is;shula ms<sfh, lrhs'
WmlrKj, wxl fYdaOkh
(Calibration)
WmlrK ksh; ;;a;aj hgf;a
muKla fhdod .ekSu'
os.ska je kq" fldgiska
fldgi uekSu'
mslaiq fLd Nd;h
o;a; igyka lsug fmr kej;
jrla mlaId lsu'
wjidk fodaIh (Final error) .Kkh
lsu
wNHka;r iy ndysr fldaKj,
tl;=j u.ska
m%ia;dl l%uh u.ska
wjidk fodaIh m%Odk kq fmd<j,a
w;r fnod yeu'
m%ia;dl l%uh u.ska
iudkqmd;sl l%uh u.ska'
6'4 oje,a uekq
l%uh uekq
lafIa;%fha
m%dfhda.slj fhdod
.kshs'

;sf
% ldaKl
S rKh(Triangulation )
oje,a uekqf fhfok mo
uekq fLdj (Survey line)
m%Odk uekq ia:dkh
(Main survey station)
18

l=vd bvula ;%sfldaK lsysmhlg fjka lr

oje,a uekqf uQ,sl kHdh ia;r lrhs'
oje,a uekqf oS fhfok moj, f;are
iy tajdfha Nd;h ia;r lrhs'

08

tallh

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ugu

Ih wka;.;h
wkq ,laIH (Subsidiary points )
wdOdrl fLdj (Base line)
wkq ,n (Offsets) ,nl (Perpendicular offsets)"
we, wkq,n (Oblique offfsets)
lafIa;% fmd;- (Field book)
;ks fh igyka l%uh
(Single line booking)
oa;aj fLd l%uh'
( Double line booking)
oje,a uekqf fhdod.kakd
WmlrK
f,day kq mh
(Metallic tape)
fm< .ekajq o`vq
(Surveying poles)
,S l+[a[
(Wooden pegs)
fCIa;% fmd;

oje,a uekqul mshjr

uekq m%foaYh mslaiSu
(Reconnaissance)
lgq igykl
(Prospection diagram) jeo.;a
f;dr;=re i,l=Kq lsu
19

bf.kq M,

oje,a uekqu i|yd Nd;hg .kakd

WmlrK ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'

oje,a uekq l%uh Nd; lr l=vd

fldgila uek tys is;shu ms<sfh, lrhs'

ld,fo

tallh

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ugu

Ih wka;.;h

bf.kq M,

ld,fo

N+h u; uekq fmd<j,a ,l=Kq

lsu'
;%sfldaKj, mdohkaf.a os. iy
f;dr;=re i|yd kq .ekSu iy
tajd igyka lsu'
is;shu i|yd .e,fmk mudKh
(Scale) f;dard .ekSu'
is;shu ms<sfh, lsu'
6'5 ug .ekSu
(Levelling) inkaO
uQ,sldx. uYkh
lrhs'

ug .ekSu ms<sn`o ksjpkh

(Definition of levelling)
N+fha Wi inkaO kqu fhdod
.kakd wjia:d
N+fha Wi m%ia;dlj oelau'
ifudaP fLd is;shu
(Contour map)
osll
a v (Longitudinal section)
jeo.;a ,laIHhkaf.a Wphka
(Spot height)

20

ug .ekSu hkq l=ula o hkak

ksjpkh lrhs'
zz N+fha WiZZ kq fhdod .kakd wjia:d
ia;r lrhs'
N+fha Wi m%ia;dlj ksrEmKh lr we;s
O wdldrhka rEm weiqka olajhs'

03

tallh

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ugu

Ih wka;.;h

bf.kq M,

ug .ekSf Nd; jk mo
ug .ekSf oS Nd; jk mo ia;r
lsug rEm igyka w|shs'
ug mDIaGh (Level surface)
uOHkHh uqyq ugu
(Mean sea level)
;sria ;,h (Horizontal surface)
isria ;,h (Vertical surface)
W!ks; ugu (Reduced level)
ms,a ,l=Kq (Bench marks)
iudka;r fLdj" (Parallel line)
r olakfha wlaIh
(Axis of the telescope)"
nqnq`M k<fha wlaIh
(Axis of the tube bubble)
fmr oYkh (Fore sight)
miq oYkh (Back sight)"
w;rueos oYkh(Intermediate sight)
yerjq ,laIHh (Turning point)
WmlrKfha Wi
(Height of the instrument)
kdNs.; lsu (Focussing)
ke.au ^Rise&
neiau ^Fall&
ug .ekSu i|yd wjYH WmlrK ug .ekSug Nd; lrk WmlrK i|yd
ug .ekSf m%Odk WmlrKh
wdlD;s bosm;a lrhs'
^Level&
ug hh ^Levelling staff&
f,j,a fmd; ^Level book&
21

ld,fo

tallh

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ugu

Ih wka;.;h

bf.kq M,

6'6 osla lvla ms<sfh, ug .kakd ia:dk ykd .ekSu

lsug ug
WmlrK ia:dk.; lsu
.ekSf isoaOdka;h
(Setting the level) yd
Nd;hg .kshs'
tys ;djld,sl ieliq
(Temporary adjustments)
kq lshu iy igyka lsu
(Data reading and recording)
.Kkh ls iy we|S
(Calculation and drawing)

fl ud. fldgil osla lvla m%ia;dr

lvodishl ksrEmKh lrhs'

;shfvd,hsgqjl uQ,sldx.
6'7 ;shfvd,hsgq
uekqf (Theodolite ;shfvd,hsgqjl fldgia ykd
.ekSu
surveying) uQ,l
s dx.
uYkh lrhs'
ml%uK (Traversing)
jD; mrsl%uK (Open traversing)
ixjD; mrsl%uK (Closed traversing)
;shfvd,hsgqjl l%shdld;ajh
;shfvd,hsgq uekqf oS Nd; jk
mo
;sria ;,h (Horizontal surface)
isria ;,h (Vertical surface)
r olakfha wlaIh
(Axis of the telescope)
nqnq`M k<h (Tube bubble)
;sria fldaK (Horizontal angles)
isria fldaK (Vertical angles)

;shfvd,hsgqjl l%shdld;ajh ia;r lrhs'

;shfvd,hsgqjl ldhNdrh fhdod .ekS
,ehsia;.
= ; lrhs'

22

;sria fldaK iy isria fldaK fhdod .kska

.Kkh lsj, fhfohs'

ld,fo
06

03

tallh

ksmqK;dj

Ih wka;.;h

ksmqK;d ugu

bf.kq M,

ld,fo

;shfvd,hsgq uekqug wjYH WmlrK

wjYH WmlrK
mska;+r ud.fhka ia;r lrhs'
;shfvd,hsgqj iy tys we;=<;
fldgia
fm< .eiaf o~q (Surveying poles)
f,day kq mh (Metallic tape)
,S l+[a[ (Wooden pegs)
fCIa;% fmd; (Field book)
we|Sf WmlrK
(Drawing instruments)

6'8 ;shfvd,hsgq
uekqu (Theodolite
surveying) lafIa;f
% ha
m%dfhda.slj fhdod
.kshs

;shfvd,hsgqj Nd;fhka l=vd bvula

uekq m%foaYh mslaiSu
ukshs'
(Reconnaissance)
bvf ieleiau mudKhg w|shs'
lgq igykl (Prospection diagram)
bvf j.M,h .Kkh lrhs'
jeo.;a ia;r ,l=Kq lsu
uekq ia:dk ykd .ekSu iy tajd
lgq igyfka ,l=Kq lsu
N+h u; uekq ia:dk i,l=Kq lsu'
WmlrK ia:dk.; lsu
(Setting the instrument)
;djld,sl ieliq
(Temporary adjustments)
fldAK lsh iy ,l=Kq ls
uekq ia:dk w;r r uekSu
jeo.;a ia;r i|yd kq ,nd .ekSu
(Offsets)
wjidk fodAIh .Kkh lsu
(Final error calculation)
23

08

tallh

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ugu

Ih wka;.;h
fodaI fnod yeu (Error distribution)
wjidk ie,eiau we|Su
(Drawing the plan)
N+fha j.M,h .Kkh lsu' ;%f
s ldaKl
S rKh (Triangulation)

24

bf.kq M,

ld,fo

tallh
07

ksmqK;dj

Ih wka;.;h

ksmqK;d ugu

7'1 ie,iq m;a wkqj

07 f.dvke.s,s
iu; kq l%u
ie,iq wkqj"
Nd; lrka m%udK
iu; kq
,a m;%hla
l%u Nd;
ilia lrhs'
lrka m%udK
,a m;a ilia
lr msjeh
.Kkh lrhs'

m%udK ilaIlfhl=f.a ,shlsh,s

we;=<;a lsf iu;hka
iu; Kq l%uh
m%Odk jev whs;u i`oyd m%udK
.ekSu'
yq`vqm;a ieliSu'
m%udK ,a m;%hl m%Odk fldgia
,a m;a ieliSf l%u
,a m;a ieliSu

7'2 m%udK ,a m;%hla ish,a, wvx.= < .Kkh lrhs'

wkqj tall <
wuqjH <
.Kkh lrhs'
Y%u ho
hka;% l=,sh
uQ,sl tall <" o< tall <
(Net unit rate, Gross unit rate)
tall <l we;=<;a fldgia
,dN iy Wia ho
(Profits and over heads)
tall < .Kkh

25

bf.kq M,
m%udK ilaIlfhl=g w;HjYH jk
,shlsh,s k lrhs'

ld,fo
10

m%Odk jev whs;u i`oyd iu; kq

l%u wkq.ukh lrka m%udK .Kkh
lrhs'

tall < iy o< tall < ms<sn`o j

iei`ula lrhs'
fok ,o f;dr;=re wkqj m%Odk jev
whs;u i`oyd tall < .Kkh lrhs'

15

tallh
08'

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ugu

08 id:l
8'1 jHjidhl;ajh$
jHdmdrhla
jHjidhlhd iy
i|yd
l<ukdlrKh
jHjidhlms<n
s |
;ajh iy
ksjpkhka
l<ukdlrK
meye,s lrhs'
l%u M,hS
8'2 l<ukdlrK Ys%;
f,i fhd
meyeos,s lrhs'
.kshs'

Ih wka;.;h
jHjidhl;ajh ksjpkh
jHjidhlhd ksjpkh
l<ukdlrKh ksjpkh

l<ukdlrK Y%s;
ie,iqlrKh
ixOdklrKh
kdhllrKh
md,kh
8'3 jHjidhlfhl=f.a jHjidhlfhl=f.a fm!reI ,CIK
fm!reI ,CIK
wNHka;rhg keUqre jQ fm!reIh
Yaf,aIKh lr
jHdmdrhla wdrN lsug we;s
ia;r lrhs'
by< Yla;sh
ndOl |ord .ekSf Yla;sh
b,lal ,`.d lr .eksf
wNs,dIh
wd;au Yajdih
blaukska ld,h .;jk nj
wjfndaOh
fj<| fmd<lg n,mdk uQ,sl idOl
8'4 jHdmdrhl
b,au ;SrKh ug n,mdk
fj<|fmd< yd
idOl
mirh ia;r
lrhs'
iemhqu ;SrKh ug n,mdk
idOl
b,au yd iemhqu u.ska , ;SrKh
u
26

bf.kq M,

ld,fo

jHjidhl;ajh" jHjidhlhd yd
l<ukdlrKh hk ixl,am ksjerosj
ia;r lrhs'
jHjidhlfhl=g l<uKdlrKfha we;s
wjYH;dj ;yjqre lrhs'

02

l=vd jHdmdrhla id:lj l<ukdlrKh

lr .ekSug wjYH l<ukdlrK Ys%;
ia;r lrhs
l<ukdlrK Y%s; l=vd jHdmdrhlg
fhdod.kakd wdldrh meye,s lrhs'

02

jHjidhlfhl=f.a fm!reI ,laIK ia;r

lrhs'

02

jHjidhlfhl=f.a hym;a fm!reI ,laIK

wdfrdamKh lr .kshs'

b,a yd iemhq jl% u.ska , ;SrKh

jk wdldrh yd b,aug yd iemhqug
n,mdk idOlj, p,Hhka ksid ,
fjkiajk wdldrh m%ia;dlj ia;r
lrhs'

03

tallh

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ugu

Ih wka;.;h

bf.kq M,

8'5

jHdmdrhlg
n,mdk iQCIu
mir idOl
ia;r lrhs'

jHdmdrhlg n,mdk iQCIu mir

idOl
wdh;kh yd m%;sm;a;s
.kqfokqlrefjda
iemhqlrefjda
;r`.lrefjda
fnodyef ud.
uyckhd

8'6

jHdmdrhlg
n,mdk idj
mirh ia;r
lrhs'

jHdmdrhlg n,mdk idj mirfha jHdmdrhlg n,mdk idj mir idOl

ixrpl
l=vd jHdmdrhlg n,mdk wdldrh ia;r
lrhs'
m%cd uQ,sl idOl
iajNdl mirh
foaYmd,k idOl
wdl idOl
iudchSh idOl
;dCIKsl idOl

8'7 wf,lrK
ie,iqula ilia
lsf mshjr
ia;r lrhs'

wf,lrK ie,iqul uQ,sl

mshjrhka'
iuia; wruqK
wf,lrK .Kkh
m%;Y .%yh
wf,lrK wruqKq
wf,lrK Wmdh ud.
wf,lrK jevigyka
l%shd;aul lsu
md,kh
27

jHdmdrhlg n,mdk iQCIu mir idOl

ykd .ekSu ;=<ska iQCIu mirh l=vd
jHdmdrhlg n,mdk wdldrh ia;r lr
olajhs'

wf,lrK ie,eiaul we;s wjYH;dj

fmkajd fohs'
wf,lrK ie,iqula ilia lsf uQ,sl
mshjrhka wjfndaO lr.ekSu ;=<ska
wf,lrK ie,iqula ilia lrhs'

ld,fo
01

01

04

tallh

ksmqK;dj

Ih wka;.;h

ksmqK;d ugu

8'8 wf,lrK
wf,lrK ie,iqul wka;.;h'
ie,iqul
Odhl idrdxYh
wka;.;h ia;r
j;udk wf,lrK ;;a;ajh
lr wf,lrK
m%;Y .%yh
ie,iqula ilid
wruqKq yd isoaka
bm;a lrhs'
Wmdh ud.
jev igyka
wh- jeh
md,kh
8'9 uQ,H ie,iqula
ms<s.;a wdlD;shlg
wkqj ilid
bm;a lrhs'

uQ,H ie,iq ksjpkh

wfmalaIs; wdodh m%ldYh
wfmalaIs; ho m%ldYh
wfmalaIs; ,dN w,dN .sKqu
wfmalaIs; fYaI m;%h
wfmalaIs; uqo,a m%jdy m%ldYh
,dN iufok ,laIHh .Kkh
lsu

28

bf.kq M,

ld,fo

l=vd jHdmdrhlg wf,lrK ie,iqula

ms<s.;a wdlD;shlg wkqj ilid bm;a
lrhs'

02

uQ,H ie,iqu hkak ksjpkh lrhs

jHjidhlfhl=g uQ,H ie,iqul we;s
jeo.;alu ia;r lrhs'
wdodh m%ldYh ms<s.;a wdlD;shla wkqj
ilid bm;a lrhs'
ho m%ldYh ms<s.;a wdlD;shla wkqj
ilid bm;a lrhs'
wfmalaIs; ,dN w,dN .sKqu ms<sfh, lrhs
wfmalaIs; fYaI m;%h ms<sfh, lrhs
wfmalaIs; uqo,a m%jdy m%ldYh ms<sfh,
lrhs
,dN iufok ,laIHh .Kkh lrhs
l=vd jHdmdrhlg wod< uQ,H ie,iqula
ilia lrhs'

04

tallh

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ugu
8'10 jHdmdrhlg
n,mdk kS;suh
iudchSh yd
iodpdrd;aul
idOl y`kdf.k
tu idOlj,
n,mEu ksid
we;sjk jHdmdl
wjia:d yd
;ckj,g uqyqK
fok wdldrh
ia;r lrhs'

Ih wka;.;h
;ks$ yjq,a jHdmdrhl m%Odk kS;suh
,sh,s
tal mqoa.,$yjq,a jHdmdrhla ,shd
mosxh wdY%s; kS;suh miqu yd
wdlD;s
tal mqoa.,$yjq,a jHdmdrhl ,dN
fnoSu" yjq,a lrejka n`ojd .ekSu yd
iqrejd yeu ms<sn| fYaI kS;s
jHdmdrhlg wod<jk iodpdrd;aul
yd iudchSh idOl jHdmdrhlg
n,mdk wdldrh
jHdmdrhl iudc i;aldrl j.lSu
jHdmdrsl wjia:d yd jHdmdr i`oyd
n,mdk ;ck

29

bf.kq M,

ld,fo

jHdmdrhlg n,mdk kS;suh" iudchSh yd

iodpdrd;aul idOl k lrhs'
tal mqoa., fyda yjq,a jHdmdrhlg n,mdk
m%Odk kS;suh ,sh,s bm;a lrhs'
tal mqoa., fyda yjq,a jHdmdrhla ,shdmosx
lsu ms<sn`o j ia;r lrhs'
tal mqoa., fyda yjq,a jHdmdrhla ,shdmosx
lsug wjYH wdlD;s f;dard .kshs'
tal mqoa., fyda yjq,a jHdmdrhlg wod<j
n,mdk iqfYaIs; kS;s ia;r lrhs'
jHdmdrhlg n,mdk iudchSh yd
iodpdrd;aul idOlj, n,mEu wjfndaO
lr .ekSu ;=<ska id:lj jHdmdrsl
mrsirhg uqyqK fokafka flfiao hkak
ia;r lrhs'
jHdmdrhl iudc i;aldrl j.lSu iy tys
we;s jeo.;alu ;yjqre lrhs'
kS;suh iudchSh yd iodpdrd;aul
idOlj, n,mEu ksid we;sjk wjodk
ykd f.k ;ckj,g uqyqK fohs'

04