CHAPTER 3 3.1 The advantages of strength design as compared to WSD include the following: (2) Better estimates of the load-carrying abilities of structures. (©) A more consistent theory for the different types of members as say beams and columns {6) The use of mors realistic load factors for the different types of loads. (@) More uniform safety factors throughout structures. {6} Better advantage taken of high strength reinforcing, () More flexible designs with varying percentages of reinforcing 3.2 Strength reduction factors are used to account for the uncertainties in material strengths, variations in structural analysis, imperfect field dimensions and other ‘workmanship items. The factors specified for columns are tower than they are for beams for the following reasons: {@) if@ column fails in a building a larger part ofthe building will probably fil than it beam falls. (0) Itis more difficut to piace concrete compactly in columns than in beams. (€) The failure strengths of reinforced concrete columns are primarily based on the concrete’s ultimate strength - @ property which is quite variable. On the other hand the failure strengths of concrete beams are primarily derived from the steet's yield strength -@ property which is accurately known. (¢) The strengths of columns are drastically affected by their lengths (or that is thelr slendemess ratios) and by minor flaws in their construction. Such is generally not the case with beams. 3.3 The assumptions used for the strenath design theory include: (a) Strains vary in proportion to distances from neutral axes. (b) Concretes are assumed to crush when compressive strains equal 0.003. (6) The actuai curved stress block is replaced with an equivalent rectangular one, (@) Only underreinforced flexural members are to bs used. 3.4 The ACI Code specifies a certain minimum percentage of reinforcing in members to make sure that the ultimate resisting moments of those members are larger than theit cracking moments thus preventing sudden failures without warning, 3,5 (a) A beam which has a balanced steel ratio is one for which thetensile steel will theoretically start to yield at the same time the concrete crushes on the compression side (b) An underreinforced beam has less steel than is required for a balanced design and as a result the tensile steel will yield before the compression concrete fails by crushing, (©) An overreinforced beam is one which has more reinforcing than is required for 2 balanced design. For such member the steel will not yield before failure. Ae 2 result failure will occur suddenly without warning. 3,6 The reinforcing steel provided for concrete members must be protected from the ‘surrounding environment. In other words fire and corrosion protection must be provided. in addition the covering concrete will improve the bonding between the concrete and the refraing via Saenos* 3.7 zt on Aq o 8 Cico 2) ee ASS a odd) ooo os ease 3 CaN) S, 1, B= 0,85 fon yooo esi conerelbe a 5,882. GEO = Spee 6.92. a= (EE Yor) [242482 ¥0,002) = COCTHOR = Cees eee tr le and $= 0,90 $n HAS y (B.~ B= OAH od\od\ay- £822) = 4548.7 in-k = BTA eR poms 4Ofn08F 2.2 310 C374in2) #4 : wd ~ a7\crs) = “aeseh Calon led S im. P= 0.85— (far4eod) fam $008) (5 os\= O,e5-(eesentos) =t222\(4 93) re O45 : es Go = ES = Glan 86.193 ees ae @.003\ = a CHa (e08) = 0100572 > 0,005 sh Ets ductile 2100872 eee and 4 = 0,90 4M n= dAshy (d-S)=O,s0)ara\lre)(e— ‘beds) | = 4010.7 inh = 33Y.2 Sh vgnproe*3. 9 1 is" YFIO-S—+50 000 Su C5,06 in) \g" Asfy _ __G.oe)(es) - Oe5e6 OBA (WNCIS) LAGI in. P.= 8S for yooopsi concrete A = _ 4.96 1 O.es ee= (ae \(0.008\ (Se (c,c03\ 5 0,007 < 004 Y, Section as = 5.836 m. Mey nok be _used as per AGE Section 10.3.5. ection 10.3.5- C v i We U2