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Equations THE Solving: V V V V V V V V V

Circuits with independent voltage sources can be analyzed using node voltage analysis. Each voltage source connected to the reference node reduces the number of node equations needed by one. Voltage sources connected between two non-reference nodes are handled using a supernode technique, where the source and connected elements are enclosed in a surface and KCL is applied to that surface. Dependent sources are treated as regular sources, with an additional equation relating the controlling and dependent variables.

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Muhammad Osama
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133 views

Equations THE Solving: V V V V V V V V V

Circuits with independent voltage sources can be analyzed using node voltage analysis. Each voltage source connected to the reference node reduces the number of node equations needed by one. Voltage sources connected between two non-reference nodes are handled using a supernode technique, where the source and connected elements are enclosed in a surface and KCL is applied to that surface. Dependent sources are treated as regular sources, with an additional equation relating the controlling and dependent variables.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Osama
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CIRCUITS WITH INDEPENDENT VOLTAGE SOURCES

3 nodes plus the reference. In


principle one needs 3 equations...

but two nodes are connected to


the reference through voltage
sources. Hence those node
voltages are known!!!
Only one KCL is necessary at V2

Hint: Each voltage source


connected (M) to the reference
node saves one node equation
Workable Nodes = N-M-1

V2 V2 V3 V2 V1

0
6k
12k
12k
V1 12[V ] THESE ARE THE REMAINING
V3 6[V ]

TWO NODE EQUATIONS

SOLVING THE EQUATIONS


2V2 (V2 V3 ) (V2 V1 ) 0
One more example .

4V2 6[V ] V2 1.5[V ]

Problem 3.67 (6th Ed) Find V_0


V4

I S1
V1

R1

IS2

R2
V2

VO

V3

R3

R4
IS3

VS1

R1 = 1k; R2 = 2k, R3 = 1k, R4 = 2k


Is1 =2mA, Is2 = 4mA, Is3 = 4mA,
Vs = 12 V

KNOWN NODE VOLTAGE


@V3 : V3 VVS 12[V ]
V V V
@V1 : I S1 1 2 1 0
R1
R4

2[ mA]

IDENTIFY AND LABEL ALL NODES

V1 V2 V1

0
1k
2k

WRITE THE NODE EQUATIONS

@V2 : I S 3

NOW WE LOOK WHAT IS BEING


ASKED TO DECIDE THE SOLUTION
STRATEGY.

4[mA]

V0 V1 V2
ONLY V1,V2 ARE NEEDED FOR VO

V2 V1 V2 V3 V2 V4

0
R1
R3
R2

V2 V1 V2 12 V2 V4

0
1k
1k
2k

@V4 : I S1 I S 2

V4 V2
0
R2

V4 V2
2[mA] 4[mA]
0
2k

TO SOLVE BY HAND ELIMINATE DENOMINATORS

*/2k
V1 V2 V1
2[mA]

0
1k
2k
V V V 12 V2 V4
4[mA] 2 1 2

0
1k
1k
2k

V4 V2
2[mA] 4[mA]
0
2k

3V1 2V2 4[V ]


*/2k

*/2k

Add 2+3
ALTERNATIVE: USE LINEAR ALGEBRA

3 2 0 V1 4
2 5 1 V 32

2
0 1 1 V3 4

(1)

2V1 5V2 V4 32[V ]

V2 V4 4[V ]

(2)

(3)

2V1 4V2 36[V ]


3V1 2V2 4[V ] * / 2 and add
4V1 40[V ] V1 10[V ]
4V2 56[V ] V2 14[V ]

FINALLY!!

V0 V1 V2 4[V ]

What happens when sources are


connected between two non reference
nodes?

THE SUPERNODE TECHNIQUE

We will use this example to introduce the concept of a SUPERNODE


SUPERNODE

IS

Conventional node analysis


requires all currents at a node
@V_1
@V_2

V
6mA 1 I S 0
6k
V2
I S 4mA
0
12k

Efficient solution: enclose the


source, and all elements in
parallel, inside a surface.

Apply KCL to the surface!!!

6mA

V1 V2

4mA 0
6k 12k

The source current is interior


to the surface and is not required

We STILL need one more equation


2 eqs, 3 unknowns...Problem!!
The current through the source is not
related to the voltage of the source
1
2

V V 6[V ]

Math solution: add one equation

V1 V2 6[V ]

Only 2 eqs in two unknowns!!!

ALGEBRAIC DETAILS for Solution

The Equations
* / 12k
V1 V2
(1)

6mA 4mA 0
6k 12k
(2) V1 V2 6[V ]
Solution
1. Eliminate denominators in Eq(1). Multiply by ...

2V1 V2 24[V ]
V1 V2 6[V ]
2. Add equations to eliminate V2
3V1 30[V ] V1 10[V ]

3. Use Eq(2) to compute V2


V2 V1 6[V ] 4[V ]

LEARNING EXAMPLE

WRITE THE NODE EQUATIONS

@v1

@ SUPERNODE
CONSTRAINT : v2 v3 v A
KCL (leaving supernode) :
THREE EQUATIONS IN THREE UNKNOWNS

SUPERNODE

LEARNING EXAMPLE

V3 12

FIND I O

V2 6V ,V4 12V

KNOWN NODE VOLTAGES

SUPERNODE CONSTRAINT V1 V3 12

KCL @ SUPERNODE

LEARNING EXTENSION
SUPERNODE

V1 6V
V4 4V

SOURCES CONNECTED TO THE


REFERENCE

CONSTRAINT EQUATION

V3 V2 12V

KCL @ SUPERNODE

V2 6 V2 V3 V3 (4)

0 * / 2k
2k
1k 2k
2k
V2 IS NOT NEEDED FOR I O 3V2 2V3 2V
V2 V3 12V * / 3 and add
5V3 38V
Home Work
V
Example: 3.6, 3.7
OHM' S LAW I O 3 3.8mA
`E: 3.5, 3.6
2k
P: 3.26, 3.27, 3.34

CIRCUITS WITH DEPENDENT VOLTAGE SOURCES

CIRCUITS WITH DEPENDENT SOURCES


PRESENT NO SIGNIFICANT ADDITIONAL
COMPLEXITY. THE DEPENDENT SOURCES
ARE TREATED AS REGULAR SOURCES

WE MUST ADD ONE EQUATION FOR EACH


CONTROLLING VARIABLE

LEARNING EXAMPLE
FIND IO

VOLTAGE SOURCE CONNECTED TO REFERENCE

V1 3V

V V V
KCL@ V2 : 2 1 2 2 I x 0
3k
6k
CONTROLLING VARIABLE IN
TERMS OF NODE VOLTAGES

Ix

V2 V1 V2
V

2 2 0 * / 6k
3k
6k
6k
V2 2V1 0 V2 6V
IO

V1 V2
1mA
3k

REPLACE

V2
6k

SUPER NODE WITH DEPENDENT SOURCE

VOLTAGE SOURCE CONNECTED TO REFERENCE

V3 6V
SUPERNODE CONSTRAINT

V1 V2 2Vx

CONTROLLING VARIABLE IN TERMS OF NODES


KCL AT SUPERNODE

Vx V2 V1 3V2
* / 12k

2(V1 6) V1 2V2 V2 6 0
3V1 3V2 18 4V1 18

CONSTRAINT DUE TO SOURCE

V2 V1 2kI x

CONTROLLING VARIABLE IN TERMS OF NODES

V1
2k
V
V
SUPERNODE
4mA 1 2mA 2 0
2k
2k
V1 V2 4[V ] * / 2 and add
2V1 V2 0
3V2 8[V ]

V1 2kI x V2 2V1
KCL AT

IO
CURRENT CONTROLLED VOLTAGE SOURCE

V2 4
mA
2k 3

Ix

LEARNING EXAMPLE

FIND THE VOLTAGE Vo

@V4 : V4 4V
AT SUPER NODE

V1 V2 2VX
V2 V2 V3 V1 V3 V1 4V

2
mA

0
1k
1k
1k
1k
1k

1k @V : 2mA V V V V 0
3

IDENTIFY NODES AND SUPER NODES

1k

CONTROLLING VARIABLE

1k

VX V2

SOLVE EQUATIONS NOW

V1 3VX
2V1 2VX V3 6V
V1 VX 2V3 2V
VARIABLE OF INTEREST

VO V1 V3

LEARNING EXAMPLE

Find the current Io

Home Work:
Example: 3.8, 3.9, 3.10
P: 3.54, 3.57, 3.59, 3.60

@V2 : V2 12V

@V3 : V3 2VX

@ super node:
V4 V1 6V (constraint eq.)
FIND NODES AND SUPER NODES

V V3 V4 V5 V4
V1 V2 V1 V3

2I X 4

0
1k
1k
1k
1k
1k

@V5 : 2 I X

V5 V4 V5

0
1k
1k

CONTROLLING VARIABLES
VX V1 V2
IX

V4
1k

7 eqs in 7 variables

VARIABLE OF INTEREST

IO

V5
1k

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