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Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques

The document discusses node and loop analysis techniques for determining voltages and currents in circuits with multiple nodes and loops. It provides 3 key points: 1) Nodal analysis uses Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) to write equations at each node in terms of node voltages. Loop analysis uses Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) to write equations for each loop in terms of branch currents. 2) Examples are provided to demonstrate writing KCL equations at nodes and using Ohm's law to solve for voltages and currents. Matrix analysis can also be used to solve node voltage equations. 3) Circuits with dependent sources require additional equations relating dependent source values to node voltages for their analysis.

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Muhammad Osama
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40 views23 pages

Nodal and Loop Analysis Techniques

The document discusses node and loop analysis techniques for determining voltages and currents in circuits with multiple nodes and loops. It provides 3 key points: 1) Nodal analysis uses Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) to write equations at each node in terms of node voltages. Loop analysis uses Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) to write equations for each loop in terms of branch currents. 2) Examples are provided to demonstrate writing KCL equations at nodes and using Ohm's law to solve for voltages and currents. Matrix analysis can also be used to solve node voltage equations. 3) Circuits with dependent sources require additional equations relating dependent source values to node voltages for their analysis.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Osama
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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NODAL AND LOOP ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES

LEARNING GOALS
NODAL ANALYSIS
LOOP ANALYSIS

Develop systematic techniques to determine


all the voltages and currents in a circuit
that contain multi nodes and loops.
KCL for nodal analysis (Nodal Voltage), KVL
for loop analysis(Loop Currents), Ohms law
to calculate additional parameters.

NODE ANALYSIS
O
One
e of
o the
t e systematic
syste t c ways
ys to
determine every voltage and
current in a circuit
The variables used to describe the circuit will be Node Voltages
-- The voltages
g of each node with respect
p
to a pre-selected
p
reference node (or ground).
Generally, the ground is selected to which largest number of
branches are connected.
connected
All other nodes are defined with reference to ground node and
g
positive
p
sign.
g The resulted analysis
y
will indicate
are designated
the actual polarity.

IT IS INSTRUCTIVE TO START THE PRESENTATION WITH


A RECAP OF A PROBLEM SOLVED BEFORE USING SERIES/
PARALLEL RESISTOR COMBINATIONS

COMPUTE ALL THE VOLTAGES AND CURRENTS IN THIS CIRCUIT

4k || 12k 12k
SECOND: BACKTRACK USING KVL, KCL OHMS

6k
I3

OHM' S : I 2 =

Va
6k

KCL : I1 I 2 I 3 = 0

OHM' S : Vb = 3k * I 3

OTHER OPTIONS...

6k || 6k
FIRST REDUCE TO A SINGLE LOOP CIRCUIT

KCL : I 5 + I 4 I 3 = 0
OHM' S : VC = 3k * I 5
I1 =

12
I3
4 + 12
Vb = 4k * I 4
I4 =

12V
12k

Va =

3
(12)
3+9

THE NODE ANALYSIS PERSPECTIVE

KVL

KVL

THERE ARE FIVE NODES.


IF ONE NODE IS SELECTED AS
REFERENCE THEN THERE ARE
FOUR VOLTAGES WITH RESPECT
TO THE REFERENCE NODE

KVL
+Vc + V5 Vb = 0

VS + V1 + Va = 0 Va + V3 + Vb = 0
V1 = VS Va

V3 = Va Vb

REFERENCE

ONCE THE VOLTAGES ARE


KNOWN THE CURRENTS CAN
BE COMPUTED USING OHMS
LAW

WHAT IS THE PATTERN???

THEOREM: IF ALL NODE VOLTAGES WITH


RESPECT TO A COMMON REFERENCE NODE
ARE KNOWN THEN ONE CAN DETERMINE
ANY OTHER ELECTRICAL VARIABLE FOR
THE CIRCUIT

v R = vm v N

+ vR

A GENERAL VIEW

THE REFERENCE DIRECTION FOR CURRENTS IS IRRELEVANT

+ vR

v R'

USING THE LEFT-RIGHT REFERENCE DIRECTION


THE VOLTAGE DROP ACROSS THE RESISTOR MUST
HAVE THE POLARITY SHOWN

v vN
OHM' S LAW i = m
R

' PASSIVE SIGN CONVENTION RULES!

i =i

i'
+

IF THE CURRENT REFERENCE DIRECTION IS


REVERSED ...
THE PASSIVE SIGN CONVENTION WILL ASSIGN
THE REVERSE REFERENCE POLARITY TO THE
VOLTAGE ACROSS THE RESISTOR

OHM' S LAW i ' =

v N vm
R

DEFINING THE REFERENCE NODE IS VITAL


+ V12

+
4V

2V
+

THE STATEMENT V1 = 4V IS MEANINGLESS


UNTIL THE REFERENCE POINT IS DEFINED
BY CONVENTION THE GROUND SYMBOL
SPECIFIES THE REFERENCE POINT.
ALL NODE VOLTAGES ARE MEASURED WITH
RESPECT TO THAT REFERENCE POINT

V12 = _____?
V12 = _____?

Current Directions

THE STRATEGY FOR NODE ANALYSIS

VS

Va

Vb

Vc

1. IDENTIFY ALL NODES AND SELECT


A REFERENCE NODE
2. IDENTIFY KNOWN NODE VOLTAGES

@Va : I1 + I 2 + I 3 = 0
Va Vs Va Va Vb
+
+
=0
9k
6k
3k

@Vb : I 3 + I 4 + I 5 = 0

REFERENCE

3. AT EACH NODE WITH UNKNOWN


VOLTAGE WRITE A KCL EQUATION
(
(Considering
id i
High
i h voltage
l
at
each Node)
4. REPLACE CURRENTS IN TERMS OF
NODE VOLTAGES
AND GET ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS IN
THE NODE VOLTAGES ...

Vb Va Vb Vb Vc
+
+
=0
3k
4k
9k

SHORTCUT: SKIP WRITING


THESE EQUATIONS...

@Vc : I 5 + I 6 = 0
Vc Vb Vc
+
=0
9k
3k

AND PRACTICE WRITING


THESE DIRECTLY

WHEN WRITING A NODE EQUATION...


AT EACH NODE ONE CAN CHOSE ARBITRARY
DIRECTIONS FOR THE CURRENTS

Va

Vb

R1

R3

I 1'

CURRENTS LEAVING = 0
Va Vb Vb Vd Vb Vc
+
+
=0
R3
R1
R2

CURRENTS INTO NODE = 0

I1 I 2 I 3 = 0

R3
I 3'

R2

Vc

I 2'
d

I2

AND SELECT ANY FORM OF KCL.


WHEN THE CURRENTS ARE REPLACED IN TERMS
OF THE NODE VOLTAGES THE NODE EQUATIONS
THAT RESULT ARE THE SAME OR EQUIVALENT

I1 + I 2 + I 3 = 0

Vd

I3

R2
Vd

Va

R1

Vc
I1

Vb

Va Vb Vb Vd Vb Vc

=0
R3
R1
R2

CURRENTS LEAVING = 0

I1' + I 2' I 3' = 0

Vb Va Vb Vd Vc Vb
+

=0
R1
R2
R3

CURRENTS INTO NODE = 0

I1' I 2' + I 3' = 0

Vb Va Vb Vd Vc Vb

+
=0
R1
R2
R3

WHEN WRITING THE NODE EQUATIONS


WRITE THE EQUATION DIRECTLY IN TERMS
OF THE NODE VOLTAGES.
BY DEFAULT USE KCL IN THE FORM
SUM OF CURRENTS LEAVING = 0
SUM-OF-CURRENTS-LEAVING
THE REFERENCE DIRECTION FOR THE
CURRENTS DOES NOT AFFECT THE NODE
EQUATION

CIRCUITS WITH ONLY INDEPENDENT CURRENT SOURCES


Can we add algebraically the current
sources?
sources
?

HINT: THE FORMAL MANIPULATION OF


EQUATIONS
Q
MAY BE SIMPLER IF ONE
USES CONDUCTANCES INSTEAD OF
RESISTANCES.

@ NODE 1

USING RESISTANCES i A +

v1 v1 v2
+
=0
R1
R2

WITH CONDUCTANCES i A + G1v1 + G2 (v1 v 2 ) = 0


REORDERING TERMS

@ NODE 2
REORDERING TERMS
THE MODEL FOR THE CIRCUIT IS A SYSTEM
OF ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS

THE MANIPULATION OF SYSTEMS OF ALGEBRAIC


EQUATIONS CAN BE EFFICIENTLY DONE
USING MATRIX ANALYSIS

EXAMPLE
WRITE THE KCL EQUATIONS

@ NODE 1 WE VISUALIZE THE CURRENTS


LEAVING AND WRITE THE KCL EQUATION

REPEAT THE PROCESS AT NODE 2

i2 +

v2 v1 v2 v1
+
=0
R4
R3

OR VISUALIZE CURRENTS GOING INTO NODE

ANOTHER EXAMPLE OF WRITING NODE EQUATIONS

BB

MARK THE NODES


(TO INSURE THAT
NONE IS MISSING)

15mA
A
VA

8k

2k

8k

2k

WRITE KCL AT EACH NODE IN TERMS OF


NODE VOLTAGES

SELECT AS
REFERENCE

VA VA
+
+ 15mA = 0
2 k 8k
V V
@ B B + B 15mA = 0
8k 2 k
@A

A MODEL IS SOLVED BY MANIPULATION OF


EQUATIONS AND USING MATRIX ANALYSIS

NUMERICAL MODEL

LEARNING EXAMPLE

USE GAUSSIAN ELIMINATION

i A = 12mA, i B = 4mA
THE NODE EQUATIONS

R1 = 12k, R2 = R3 = 6k

ALTERNATIVE MANIPULATION
THE MODEL

* / 12k
REPLACE VALUES AND SWITCH NOTATION
TO UPPER CASE

RIGHT HAND
SIDE IS
VOLTS.
COEFFS ARE
NUMBERS
U
S

* / 6k
3V1 2V2 = 12
V1 + 2V2 = 24 * / 3 (and add equations)
4V2 = 60[V ]
ADD EQS 2V = 12[V ]
1

SOLUTION USING MATRIX ALGEBRA

PLACE IN MATRIX FORM


AND DO THE MATRIX ALGEBRA ...

USE MATRIX ANALYSIS TO SHOW SOLUTION

PERFORM THE MATRIX MANIPULATIONS

Adj ( A)
A =
| A|
1

FOR THE ADJOINT REPLACE


EACH ELEMENT BY ITS
COFACTOR

Draw Circuit again and write nodal


voltage and brabch currents

AN EXAMPLE OF NODE ANALYSIS

Rearranging terms ...

@ v1

@ v2
COULD WRITE EQUATIONS BY INSPECTION

@ v3

= CONDUCTANCES CONNECTED TO NODE

= CONDUCTANCES BETWEEN 1 & 2


= CONDUCTANCES BETWEEN 1 & 3

= CONDUCTANCES BETWEEN 2 & 3

WRITING EQUATIONS BY INSPECTION


FOR CIRCUITS WITH ONLY INDEPENDENT
SOURCES THE MATRIX IS ALWAYS SYMMETRIC
THE DIAGONAL ELEMENTS ARE POSITIVE
THE OFF-DIAGONAL ELEMENTS ARE NEGATIVE

Conductances connected to node 1


Conductances between 1 and 2
Conductances between 1 and 3
Conductances between 2 and 3

VALID ONLY FOR CIRCUITS


WITHOUT DEPENDENT
SOURCES

LEARNING EXTENSION

V1 V1 V2 USING
+
6k
12k
V V V
@V2 : 2mA + 2 + 2 1 = 0
6k
12k
@V1 : 4mA +

BY INSPECTION

1
1
1
+
V

V2 = 4mA
A

1
12k
6k 12k
1 1
1

+ +
V2 = 2mA
12k 6k 12k

Home work:
Examples: 3.2
E: 3.1, 3.2,
P 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4

KCL

LEARNING EXTENSION

6mA
I3

I1
I2
N d analysis
Node
l i
V
@ V1 : 1 + 2mA + 6mA = 0 V1 = 16V
2k
V V
@V : 6mA + 2 + 2 = 0 V2 = 12V
2

6k

IN MOST CASES THERE


ARE SEVERAL DIFFERENT
WAYS OF SOLVING A
PROBLEM

NODE EQS. BY INSPECTION

1
V1 + (0 )V2 = (2 + 6 )mA
2k
(0)V1 + 1 + 1 V2 = 6mA
6k 3k

3k

I 1 = 8mA
3k
I2 =
(6mA) = 2mA
3k + 6k
6k
I3 =
(6mA) = 4mA
3k + 6k

CURRENTS COULD BE COMPUTED DIRECTLY


USING KCL AND CURRENT DIVIDER!!

Once node
d voltages
l
are known
k

I1 =

V1
2k

I2 =

V2
6k

I3 =

V2
3k

LEARNING EXAMPLE

CIRCUITS WITH DEPENDENT CURRENT SOURCES


CIRCUITS WITH DEPENDENT SOURCES CANNOT
BE MODELED BY INSPECTION. THE SYMMETRY
IS LOST.
LOST
A PROCEDURE FOR MODELING
WRITE THE NODE EQUATIONS USING DEPENDENT
SOURCES AS REGULAR SOURCES.
FOR EACH DEPENDENT SOURCE WE ADD
ONE EQUATION EXPRESSING THE CONTROLLING
VARIABLE IN TERMS OF THE NODE VOLTAGES

NUMERICAL EXAMPLE

1
1
1
2
+
v
+

v2 = 0

1
12k 6k
3k 6k
1
1
1
v1 +
+ v2 = 2mA
6k
12k 3k
* / 4k
* / 6k

v v v
io + 1 + 1 2 = 0
R1
R2
v
v v
iA + 2 + 2 1 = 0
R2
R3
MODEL FOR
CONTROLLING VARIABLE

io =

v2
R3

V1 + 2V2 = 0
REPLACE AND REARRANGE

1
1
1
v1 + v2 = 0
+
R1 R2
R3 R2
1
1
1
v1 +
+
v2 = i A
R2
R2 R3

V1 + 3V2 = 12[V ]
ADDING THE EQUATIONS

V1 =

24
V
5

5V2 = 12[V ]

LEARNING EXAMPLE: CIRCUIT WITH VOLTAGE-CONTROLLED CURRENT

REPLACE AND REARRANGE

CONTINUE WITH GAUSSIAN ELIMINATION...


ELIMINATION
WRITE NODE EQUATIONS. TREAT DEPENDENT
SOURCE AS REGULAR SOURCE

OR USE MATRIX ALGEBRA

EXPRESS CONTROLLING VARIABLE IN TERMS OF


NODE VOLTAGES

FOUR EQUATIONS IN OUR UNKNOWNS. SOLVE


USING FAVORITE TECHNIQUE

USING MATLAB TO SOLVE THE NODE EQUATIONS


R1 = 1k, R2 = R3 = 2k,
R4 = 4k, i A = 2mA, i B = 4mA,

= 2[ A / V ]
DEFINE THE COMPONENTS OF THE CIRCUIT

DEFINE THE MATRIX G


Entries in a row are
separated by commas
(or plain spaces).
Rows are separated by
semi colon

R1=1000;R2=2000;R3=2000;
R4=4000; %resistances in Ohm
iA=0.002;iB=0.004; %sources in Amps
alpha=2; %gain of dependent source

G=[(1/R1+1/R2),
[(
), -1/R1,, 0;; %first row of the matrix
-1/R1, (1/R1+alpha+1/R2), -(alpha+1/R2); %second row
0, -1/R2, (1/R2+1/R4)], %third row. End in comma to have the echo
G=
0.0015 -0.0010
0
-0.0010 2.0015 -2.0005
0 -0.0005 0.0008

DEFINE RIGHT HAND SIDE VECTOR

I=[iA;-iA;iB]; %end in ";" to skip echo

V=G\I % end with carriage return and get the echo


SOLVE LINEAR EQUATION
V=
11.9940
15.9910
15.9940

LEARNING EXTENSION: FIND NODE VOLTAGES


REARRANGE AND MULTIPLY BY 10k

2V1 V2 = 40[V ] * / 2 and add eqs.


V1 + 2V2 = 0
5V1 = 80V V1 = 16V
NODE EQUATIONS

V1
V V
4mA + 1 2 = 0
10k
10k
V V
V
@V2 : 2 1 + 2 I O + 2 = 0
10k
10k

@V1 :

CONTROLLING VARIABLE (IN TERMS ON NODE


VOLTAGES)

IO =

V1
10k

REPLACE

V1
V V
4mA + 1 2 = 0
10k
10k
V2 V1
V
V
+2 1 + 2 =0
10k
10k 10k

V2 =

V1
V2 = 8V
2

FIND THE VOLTAGE VO

NODE EQUATIONS

LEARNING EXTENSION

NOTICE REPLACEMENT OF DEPENDENT SOURCE


IN TERMS OF NODE VOLTAGE

Vx Vx
+
= 0 * / 6k
3k 6k
V
V
V
x + O + O = 0 * / 12k
6k 12k 12k

2mA +

3V x = 12[V ] V x = 4[V ]
2VO 2V x = 0 VO = 4[V ]

Home work
Example: 3.4
E: 3.3,
3 3 3.4,
3 4
P: 3.44, 3.45, 3.48, 3.50

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