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Advanced Calculus

The document defines the limit superior and limit inferior of a sequence. The limit superior is the largest limit of any subsequence, while the limit inferior is the smallest limit. It provides several claims about the properties of limit superior and limit inferior, such as the limit superior always being greater than or equal to the limit inferior. It also discusses when the limit of a sequence exists in the extended real numbers and how the limit superior and limit inferior relate to the overall limit in this case.

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srikanth
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42 views

Advanced Calculus

The document defines the limit superior and limit inferior of a sequence. The limit superior is the largest limit of any subsequence, while the limit inferior is the smallest limit. It provides several claims about the properties of limit superior and limit inferior, such as the limit superior always being greater than or equal to the limit inferior. It also discusses when the limit of a sequence exists in the extended real numbers and how the limit superior and limit inferior relate to the overall limit in this case.

Uploaded by

srikanth
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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limit superior

and

limit inferior

Ideas/Defs

Let {sn }
n=1 be a sequence in R. Define two corresponding sequences {ak }k=1 and {bk }k=1 , which examine

the behavior of the tails of {sn }


n=1 , by
ak = inf sn

= glb{sn : n k}

R {}

an increasing % sequence

bk = sup sn

= lub{sn : n k}

R {}

an decreasing & sequence.

nk

nk

b
Since {ak }
k=1 and {bk }k=1 are monotone sequences, their limits exist in the extended (R) sense.

Now define (and examine) the limit superior and limit inferior of the sequence {sn }
n=1 .
lim inf sn
n

lim sup sn

notation

def

lim sn =
n

notation

def

lim sn =

lim inf sn = lim ak

Thm 4.1.6

lim sup sn = lim bk

Thm 4.1.6

k nk

k nk

b
sup ak R
kN

b
inf bk R

kN

Claim 1. limn sn limn sn


Claim 2. {sn }n is bounded below limn sn R. {sn }n is bounded above limn sn R.
Claim 3. Let limn sn R.
lim sn

> 0 N N n N

sn < +

> 0 N N n N

< sn

> 0 N N n N

< sn

> 0 N N n N

sn < +

Claim 4. Let limn sn R.


lim sn

Claim 5. Let limn sn R.


lim sn
n

Claim 6. Let limn sn R.


lim sn
n

Claim 7. limn sn = limn (sn )


b
Claim 8. limn sn exists in the extended sense (i.e. in R)
In this case, limn sn = limn sn = limn sn .

limn sn = limn sn .

Corollary. Let limn sn R. Then limn sn = if and only if


> 0 N N n N

sn < +

(3)

> 0 N N n N

< sn

(4)

and

Corollary. Let limn sn R. Then limn sn = if and only if


> 0 N N n N

< sn

(5)

> 0 N N n N

sn < +

(6)

and

Claim 9.
(1) limn sn = M R N N n N s.t. sn M
(2) limn sn = M R N N n N s.t. sn M
(3) limn sn = limn sn =
(4) limn sn = limn sn =
b
Claim 10. There exists a subsequence {snk }
k=1 of {sn }n s.t. limk snk = limn sn R.

b
Also there exists a subsequence snj j=1 of {sn }n s.t. limj snj = limn sn R.
Freebie: each bounded sequence has a convergent subsequence.
b
Claim 11. Let {snk }
k=1 be a subsequence of {sn }n such that limk snk R.
Then limn sn limk snk limn sn .
Claim 12.


{snk }
k=1

lim sn = sup lim snk :


k

lim sn = inf lim snk : {snk }
k=1


b
is a subsequence of {sn }n s.t. lim snk R
k

b
is a subsequence of {sn }n s.t. lim snk R
k

Claim 13. provided it makes sense:


(Claim 1)

(2)

lim sn + lim tn
n

lim (sn + tn )

(1)

lim (sn + tn )

lim sn + lim tn

even more ....


(2)

(4)

(3)

(1)

lim sn + lim tn

lim (sn + tn )

lim sn + lim tn

lim (sn + tn )

lim sn + lim tn

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