Std06 Telugu

Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 157

`Q "KHO

L"KHO
P~ `~Qu

TELUGU READER &


SUPPLEMENTARY READER
STD. VI
JO@~x`#O <~O
JO@~x`#O O
JO@~x`#O J=#+O

`q<_ ~ QO^ O
K< 600 006.

Tamilnadu Textbook Corporation


College Road, Chennai - 600 006.

Government of Tamilnadu
Chairperson : Mrs.M.KAMESWARI M.A.,
HOD of Telugu
Queen Mary's College, Chennai - 4.
Dr. C.V.USHARANI
Reviewer
Ethiraj College for Women, Chennai - 105.
Writers :
K. Sriramachandra Murthy
Grade I Telugu Pandit
M.P.U. Hr Sec. School, Chennai-79.
Dr. (Ms) Padmalochana Devi, Telugu P.G. Asst.
Venugopala Vidyalaya, Mandavalli, Chennai-28
G. Jalandrudu, Telugu P.G. Asst.
Sir Thiyagaraya Hr. Sec. School, Chennai-21
Mrs. M.Annapurna, Telugu Pandit
K.T.C.T. Girls Hr. Sec. School. Chennai - 79
TELUGU DTP & WRAPPER DESIGN

SPECTRUM GRAPHIC STUDIO,


T.Nagar, Chennai - 17.
Price : Rs.

This book has been printed on 60 G.S.M. paper

*f w`O
[#Q}=# Jk<H [
~` Qq^`!
O*| O^ Q[~` =~~
^q_ L` =OQ
qO^ =K =< QOQ
LK [k `~OQ!
`= <" *Q
`= Pt+ =Q
Q `= [ Q^
[# Q} =OQ ^H [
~` Qq^`!
[! [! [!
[ [ [ [

(= [# $^ =# ieOK ~`^ Q H~" # \


h [=Q QH!
h <== O*|, O^ , Q[~`, =~R=, ^q_=,
L`=, |OQ= =#Q ^ [# =## LOQ * K#k.
Jk qO^, =K ~`= u^xOKK#k. =<
QOQ#^ "=O^ qb#", O^ =^ `~O Q=K Q#=
K|_K#k. h Pj~K#= H iOKK h Hix Q#=
K K<~.
~`^ Q H~=Q h [=Q QH! [=Q QH!
[=Q QH!)
iii

`q ` "`
H. O^~O
h~~" H__` x=_O^ HoQ"
h~~" =^#"# uQ ~` YO_ qk
`H}=" JkO^ ^q_ # u~<_"
`H #^" ^i`#~" uQ="
JuQ "< J<`Q" W#=
Zu" Q=}H W~O^ ~< `q}OQ
L< i" u" qO^
=O^ "`^"!
"`^"!!
"`^"!!!

iv

q#u
q^ [< ^$, q^~ ^$ ~`, `q<_ `
x~
#~OQ Jx =~ eH =^#O` q^^#O
K < OHO` ~OkOK|_#k D P~= `~Q u ~ QO^= .
''q^ Q # q#= J<~ ^ . q#=< <k q^~
q+` x~}O [~Q`Ok. P q^ q^~# P^~=O`Q
fi k^e.
`q<_ `O q^}oH O#, ~H ~K<
O# U~~z, Ju ^` ~H=# ~OkOK_xH
#Hx#k. Minimum Level of Learning (ML.L) `##iOz
D ~HO ~OkOK|_#k. JO`HH q^~ $[<`H
Hx OOkOz, +@ PHx, Ja~zx HQ* q^OQ
xiOK|_#k.
'^+O^ `Q Jx OOK|_# `Q +x
f O^~^# q^~ J=Q`O K_O ^<^O.
`q<_ ` P^#~OQ U~_# x} ~
H~OQ ~O=# HiOK_O, ~Q=# xiOK_O
[iyOk.
WO^ P ~ Q= O|OkOz# H= iK =, H`
^= , H` ^= J~= , J"k H, "H~}
O, q^~ ,
v

L^ K# W`k JO=# O^~z q^~ ,


L^ ~~O LQH~OQ LO_@ ~OkOK|_#k.
WO^e ~O=x q^~# L`= ~Q fi
k^_ xH J#"# "#x K =K#.

H$`[`
''`q<_ ~QO^ O ~OkOz# D P~= `~Qu
"KHO x ~ Q=# ~zOz#, J#=uOz# H= ~K~ `
= H$`[`.
ZO` =_ _.\.. K Wz# 'H" QH "i |OkH
= H$`[`.

vi

u[
~`^O < `e. ~fO^~ < `|@=.
< ^=O> < ZO` W+O. ``=`` HO #Oz
< "~`OQ =z# O^ ZO` Qk. |q^~#k.
nx `KHx Oy`#. D "~`
xH <# `y#"} Jx
|A= KH\xH Z_ `O K#.
J=#, <##, L^#, ^# Q~q#.
u"i`# =~^Q "Q`#.
< ^xH, < ^ [ = K#x u[ K<#.
JO^i " < ".

vii

= `Q `e
OH~O_ O^~Ki
= `Q `eH =^O_
= H# `eH =OQ~`
H_ |OQ~ H#K H~}
z~#= ~ ^~eOK = `e

II=II

QQ Q^i H^e`O>#
a~a~ H$+= ~Qe_`O>#
|OQ~ O@ O_`~
=i =` ^~`~

II = II

J=~=f #Qi J~ t
`Q QO` `~_ <^
uH H= uO^<
x`", xd" xez LO_^H

II = II

~^= [H, == uH
u=~ nH, H$+~x Hi
= K= iOQ=x =~"Q^H
h P@ P_`O h @ _`O
* `Q`b! * `Q `b!!
viii

~`=`
^=e "OH@ H$+
[ [ [ ~`
[#~f k=^u!
[ [ [ `
#~<s $^<u!
[ [ =
= K KOK!
[ =O` = `
Ke` e` K~O`!
[ =n $^
H~} ^Q!
[ [ [...
[ kO` Q` O`
k=Q# i`+}!
[ QH "`oH
Q q ^ q~}!
[ =n =^~Q
KOa` O^~ K~}!
[ [ [...
ix

^=# qOK=<!
Q~*_ J~=

^= # qOK=<!
=Oz #k OK=<!
=\= @ H\ \ ,
Q\" `@".
# ~# q^O^,
"~= "}[=O^,
=~H = OKH,
Hu"~O H".
^a=#O < H^x
=\Q K HH,
x ^< # XH"
i [# K.
O`O HO`=#
~Q "_H `__",
^= O> =\ H^
^= O> =#+.
x

JO` XH>
<u ~=~=
JO` XH>, =#=O` XH>,
PO^ "< `q"<
L`< H#_<
=~i J~< Q[~` J~<
O* J~< |OQ J~<

II JO` XH> II

=O^#=O_ =O^#O (`Q)


=}H== =}HO (`qO)
#=~ #=~ (On)
WO WO (Jg)
+ "~~~<Qh
"h XH><

II JO` XH> II

*` =`= "~~~< Qh
h` Jh XH><,
^h XH> J~` ^g LO_=Q,
OKO, q OKO
q ~` "~O
II JO` XH> II
xi

=O^#O

_II ^~k

`b ~u =O^#==
h W = #O^#==
eH =O^~= h
#O^# =x ===.
K^= Q Kk"^==
*u Q~=O OK^==
`e ^O_#, Q~=#
Z" HeK^==.
=` ^O =~K^=
H` =x KiOK^=
=#=O` =#=O@
==`#, =`# OK^= .

xii

II`bI I

q+ zH
H= OY q+ O

^Q=
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

`Q `e
=f `H =
N
`Q a_
<=e H#
`^

2
8
19
28
38
46

Q^Q=
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

~ S[H #@<
~"} H~=
(O+}`H=)
LQk O_Q
J=~rq \ N~=
k<`==
HOp~=
P@ P~Q=
(O+}`H=)
xiii

55
62
74
81
89
96
103

H= OY q+ O

L"KH=
1.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

g~eOQ Hq H$` QO^=o


huH^=O[i 5 H^
*u`
KO^yi
J#^# ==
L+N =~` H^
taKH=i
L+N =~` H^
H~_ H^ 2
''~ ~`
''p= ^$+ ~= ^$+

125-135
136
140
143
147
150
152

* = Q~Q ^=# HO~= K=#.

xiv

^Q=

1. `Q`e
Hq : "OH@ ~fH=
HqiK= :

D ^ Q=# "OH@ ~fH= ~zOzi. ''H===o


J# QO^=x kf O@= #O_ QO|_#k. H=
^<xq^= `|=. ~fH=#Q, 1. O` "OH\=

2. F\ ~f=. g~ ~~ O`=# KOk#"~. W`~


~K# |$O^=#=, `~OH= "^Q#q.

~Ox =Y"# ^ :
^
`[=

==
n

r=#^
`=
2

=#=
|@
=O^#=

Xy#
`

* `Q =@ OK^~
f QOz# `Q `b !
`Q @ `<`@
^ xOz# `Q `b !
`Q `[= k k
x<i# `Q `b !
'^+ ^Q #
f~ QOz# `Q `b !
^ ^=O^ =
n *# `Q `b !
=#=Q r=#^
^=y# `Q `b !
O@= _ =
||e O__ `Q `b !
=_ HO_ H@
=i QOz# `Q `b !
}` H=~
|\xQ `Q `b !
ZO^Kz# ^ K hH^
=O^#= = `Q `b !
3

J"kH
J~ :
`@ =, K= ^ k `[= "Q,
HOu Q, Q == Q^#= n HOu
=#= q`= `= #=, ^= Xy#
Wz# | "OK u H = ~ Q"~
\x [xOz#K@ ZO^ ZH_ `K@ HxOK@.

== :
F `Q`b ! hH Q^#"=x K^#=! h
=@, @ `<~KO_#. <k hQ^#"
qxOKK#k. hHOux #= "OK # Q^#==!
^+x\# h ''`Q Q^x K\ KOKH#^#=.
^q^ h Q^# " iO* Hi#Ok# F
`Q`b! _O @` HH _`# F `Q`b! u#Q=
=^ "# `Q`b! }, H+ x"# F
`Q`b! ZH_ Ez## h" xO_<=. hHi #k
=~QK#k. J\ = `b! h = =O^#=.

HOk ^ J" J~ =K =i ~O_ ^


"O_ :
1.
2.
3.
4.

`Q
OK^~
`e
HO_
4

HOk ^ =u~H ^ "O_ :


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

f
<~@
r==
}=
u
\x

K^
<~O_@
xs==
=
u
"\x

HOk ^ O` "H "O_ :


1. OK^~

2.

3. ==

4. |eO_

HOk ^# O|O^=# ^` [`~KO_ :


1.
2.
3.
4.

`Q
=#=Q
=_HO_
}`

r=#^

H=~
H@

(
(
(
(

)
)
)
)

HOk ["| "O_ :


1. `Q @, =@ Z@O_#?
2. `Q`e Q^#"\k?
3. `Q`e Z\"iH x"#k?

HOk Mm i# ^=# iOKO_ :


1. .................. QOz# `Q `b ! (K^, f, =Q~)
5

2. `Q ................ `<`@ (P@, #@#, @)


3. ^+ `Q ........... (, H, |)
4. } ........... H=~ |\xQ `Q `b !
(`, `, [`)

HOk ^# q_n "O_ :


1. f QOz#
2. \x
3. hH^

q^~ K# :
1. =# `Q+ ==H~O OKHx D Q=#
<~Hx _=#.
2. '`Q "i == `eH#=#.
3. `Q ^= H=^#=# QiOK=#.
L^ K# :
1. `Q`e z`@
=# KOK=#.
2. `Q Hq`# HiOz <iOK=#.

=~=== :
=~= J#Q JH~=. === J#Q ==.
=~===#Q JH~= ==.
6

PO^+ JH~= U|k~ 56


JPWDLT|| 3 4 Z U S X F B JO J H Y Q
V K 2 K [ 1 ~ & @ ~ _ _ } ` ^ ^ ^ # | =
~ = + .
Q=xH : 3 4 2 1 J# D <H~ = `
= "_H =

J= :
PO^+ JH~=x? Jqq?

L^ K# :
XHH JH~=# Z@ H=< (LKiOK=<)
q^~ `=#.

2. =f `HO

- Hq : |^#

HqiKO : =f `Hx |^# =Hq ~zOK_.


D`_ ^^ 13= `a"_. WO^e +# |\ |^#
~= O`O "_#=K#. |^# H$`"# D =f
`HO q`, |O^=, ~A =#Q q+ Z<
`~.

=Y"# ^ :
q_"=
=_
=_
=^

HQ
"kx
<=
@H\
8

\
Hi
e=

* 1. H. J_y# r`O ax
q_" ^~#, Qe q_@ HO><
=_Q ^, Q@H
=_ ^#H |`H=K = =f!
* 2. H. WK#^ q^ ~}=#
*K#^ =Q`#O|, Hg~<
"K#^ <~, "^
=K#^ H_ =! =^# =f!
* 3. H. W=Q, [^=x <~#
'J= x ez #=_Qx <~<
^= a=x <~#
Q=i =# ^q#\ QO@~ =f!
* 4. H. L`= Q}= hK#
H`Q# QQ <~ <_< ^
<uz Hy #
x`_ |OQ~=Q< ~ =f!
* 5. H. Z\ Hk `
=\H =@_ # =#=
<OH `<=H
`OKH u~Q"_ ^#_ =f!
* 6. H. U g HQ
^ g |O^[# ^+= g
g ~}=O^#
gg Q~=[ "kx =f!
9

* 7. H. H== h@ #
Q=x ~t H H=e# Oy<
`= `= <= ^#
^= q` ` @ `^= =f!
* 8. H. #_= g `~"H@
Q_= g `xO@ Qiq `_<
=_= g ~^#=
#_= g ~ =# <=Q =f!
* 9. H. =@ }= ` =
H@ }O| @H\ ^iu<
\H }= =#=
p\H }O| " ^= =f!
* 10. H. i^ =z# =K#
e`=Q <iH e= Oy<
i^ ~# =#
Hi qOy# "QO_ H~}x =f!

J "kH
J~ :
q_"= Z=Q~=, q_@ H+_@, =_
"QO, "^ `Q=, =^ q, W=Q QQ, <OH
^@H, ^#_ H$`~_, HQ zH,
"kx q, g [=^@, ~t H~}=, <=
#O, _= lOK, =_= JiOK, #_=
10

=\_=^, `= x[=, <iH e= H|ih,


@H\ H\ OY x, \ , " O`HO.

^ =O :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

=f ! `# HxH `y#O` r`x W=x [=x


^Q~ ^_@O HO> =Oz Z^e H@Hx x
^#O@ rqOK_O =Ozk.
q^^#" q^ O. ^= K~ @ ~+O.
=Oz Hqx "KH#@ <~i`#= `Q=#
=@ H_.
WOQ K^=x <~, 'J= Jx <~~ ez J#O
@=x J_Qx <~, '`=~ Jx POQ
=x <~ =i"_ `q# QO@` =#O.
|OQ~xH i` W`_ x HiyOz < Jk |OQ~O
H<~^. JQ hK_# "_H =Oz Q} J|=.
Z^\"xx <OKO_, `# =# ^_O_,
O^~#~OQ, "=Q =\_"_ ^#_.
zH# `OK@, |O^[## xOkOK@,
^=#O_ i=@, Q~= P#ux g~@
J##q ^+= =!
h@#O_ | @ _ ^ ~ HOuH
"_~#@ `= `= <e `#K q`
`==`~.
XO@iQ ^i #_=_^. `= WO\ [#O
11

K_^. ~ `# =#=^ LOKH_^.


Z^\"x =# <K< =\__^.
9. =@ `=, H@ #=, H j=, L`~xH
O`H= }= =O\q.
10. H|i H h _#@ O^ `#O`@ `<
"` x =O k. JQ U#Q "QO _x QA#
=` O iOz#@ O ^ ` # O` @ `<
===`Ok.

HOk ^ J" J~ =K =i ~O_ ^


"O_ :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

q^
^~
<~
`~=
"^

=u~H ^= :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

`=
`=
L`=
=u
^+=

q`_
J`=
J^=
=u
x~+=
12

HOk ^# O` "H "O_ :


1. ^#_, 2. <~, 3. }=, 4. e=

HOk ^# O|O^=# ^` [`~KO_.


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

L`=_
^~
HQ
i
H==

~_
=Oz"_
[=x
O^
O^

(
(
(
(
(

)
)
)
)
)

HOk ["| "O_.


1. =_ ^#Hx |`H_" "x Hq ZO^H<_?
2. =^ "#q Uq?
3. =i `q# QO@` ="#q Uq?
4. hK# L`= Q}=_=x Hq Z K_?
5. ^#_#"_ Z "Qe?
6. Q~=<[ g~_^x Hq K# f~k?
7. q` `=Q Z =~^~?
8. HO K~x #q?
9. =@, H@, \H, p\H }q?
10. O^ Z =Ok? Z `Ok?
13

HOk Mm i# ^=# iOKO_ :


1. "^# =K#^ ......................... (q^, <~, H_)
2. U g ......................... (H, HQ, O^)
3. =@ }= ......................... (`=, J`=,
J==#O)
4. #_=g ~ =# ......................... (#=Q,
<=Q, =Q)

HOk ^=# q_n "O_ :


1. `<=H
2. `@
3. `~"H_

q^~ K# :
=O J~= ^# K^=` HO~O KO_.

L^ K# :
XHH huH XHH H~ `~K KO_.

"H~}
=
JK q=~} :
`Q +x U|k~ JH~=# JK,
LH~=x =_~H=Q qlOzi.
14

JK :
'J #O_ 'B = Q JH~=# JK JO^~.
gxH ~=, }= Jx _ ~ H^. Jq, ''J P W
D L T |, | Z U S X F B

:
'H #O_ ' = Q JH~=# JO^~.
gxH }, =O[#= Jx_ ~Q^. Jq, ''H Y Q
V K K [ ~ & @ ~ _ _ } ` ^ ^ ^ # | = ~
= +

LH~= :
O J# ~ =_H~=# LH~= JO^~.
L =#Q ~ O_ O J# D =_ H ~ = ~@
JK#, J@ # LyOK@ =# gxH
LH~=x ~ =z#k.

JK ~H= :
LK~}# |\ JK ~O_~H=
1. = 2. n~=
1. = : \Q H|_ JH~=
J W L | Z X
2. n~= : _=Q H|_ JH~=
P D T | U S F B
15

gx _ JH ~ = ~ = # |\ =H = ,
=H`== Jx ~O_ ~H= Q=.
1. =H= :

=OH~Q LO_ JH~=


L^II Z U X F
2. =H`== : qHe =OH~Q #O_ JH~=
L^II S B (gx< =$^O^~)

~H= :
'H #O_ '= = Q JH~=# S^ =~=Q
qlOzi. gxH ~=x ~.
HYQV
'H =~=
KK[~& 'K =~=
@~__} '@ =~=
`^^ ^ #
'` =~=
|= ' =~=.
D S^ =~=O^e "^\ JH~=# ''~+=
JO^~. ~+= J#Q Hi#=Q H|_ JH~ =
L^II HK@`
`eHQ H|_ JH~=# ''~= JO^~
L^II Q[_^|
=~
: <H H|_ JH~ = # =~
JO^~.
L^II YK~~_^^
S^ =~=O^e z=i JH~=# ''J#<H=
16

JO^~. <H J#Q =. = =# H|_


JH~=.
V&}#=
J> '~= J# ~ JH~= QO` #O_
H|_@K gxH JO`= J# ~ =z#k.
'+ J# ~ JH~= Tk H|_@K gxH
T+= J# ~ =z#k.

J=
HOk ["| "O_.
1. `Q H~# Zx q^Q qlO=K<
~#O_.
2. K Zx? Jqq?
3. n~K Zx? Jqq?
4. =H= J#Q <q? Jqq?
5. =H`== J#Q <q? Jqq?
6. ~ += J#Q<q? Jqq?
7. ~ = #Q <q? Jqq?
8. =~#Q<" ^~}=Q q=iOK=?
9. J#<H= #<" `=?
10. JO`= , T+=# q=iOK=?
17

q^~ K# :
^ L<=x LK~}# Q=xOKO_.
L^ K# :
LK~}x +`# q^~ QiOK#@ K@.

18

3. N (u~~)
J#"^H~ : N q^#O^ _H~
K. ~=eOQK~
HqiK O : `q"^ " # ''u~~ # ''u~==~ ~zOzi.
D u~~# _II K.~=eOQK~Q~ ''N J# jiH`
`Q#O^ J#"^= Ki. 'u~ J#Q N Jx J~=. '~
J#Q H. 'u~~ J#Q N Jx J~=. g~ [H
K K~ }^O` u~=~ g=x T`H @O^
[xOzi. L^=$u #=OaOz, ^gq~=} Ki.

19

=Y"# ^ :
J~Qe
H\"O_
q^
=
ZQH

J
`+
HiH
He
LHi
HqOK@

r=
<=<
"_Q
`=
^~}
He

H=
Qi+
H`=
<_
Hx

1.

<~~QeH <~_"x,
<i# g^@ x=O^ ^Q

2.

JH~O| OY <_ h~O_


# HO| #O^ r=

3.

HO_O_ "~# Q=, "=


|O_ ^Q Q~ H\"O_

4.

`+Q Q_ `Q<=O, Q
i+ q^H iHQ KO_

5.

H"i" Q x"ie
xq <~, <~~, ~q <_ Q

6.

H`= * * h~~,
<H~ <i#He #~ ^=

7.

Zk# <_ ^x #~,


=$k=H < " Q O_@?
20

8.

XH [# <~ Hx q^
<H [#O^# #HiQ#

9.

`"O^ `+x ^~} O^ Qx,


HqOKKO^~ H=O^

10. JH~=Q He Q q^, Hx


HH=Q He Q<, ~`~=?

J"kH
J~= :
J~Qe J~=~ `Q< J#Q}=Q x==
=iOK= J H# r= } H=
O_` O_^Q< H~ ~O_ O_# HeyO_"~
H\"O_ =_ `+ O`+= <=< ^_Q
Qi+ Q"~ q^ *#=O` HiH H,
# H"~ ^x Hx"~ ^"~ <~~
`eqQ"~ "_Q J= H`= WH K<
K< `=K=Hk He Hk `= `eq <_
^= =$k= =~}= = ZQH `eH#H
LHi "K"_ P<H[# U_[# ^~}
q Hx Kz HqOK P_ He O^ JH~=
<#=xk JH= <#= x O^.

== :
1.

H=^u q^ <~=#. J@ =@ P
q^H q= Q Oz ^xH `y#@ =iOK=#.
21

2.

D H=#O^ } JH~ = , OY ~ O_
H#=O\q.

3.

q^#OK"~ H# H"~. q^ <~x "i


H#, O_` =#=. J#Q ZO^ xH~x
"~x J~=.

4.

Q"~# *#=O` # O`+=# HeyOK#.


J\"i` = K# =## P#O^=
HQ#. "ix HH#@ PHx HeyO^~.
"i_@ _ =## ^ HeyOK#.

5.

* # =O` # Q ~ ==^ q# =` q^
<~ H#"_ *x HQ_. J@ <~ @ Q _ "_
J[_Q#.

6.

WHqx `=Hk h\ T@ JkH= Q#@, q^#


<~Hk *#= Ja=$k Q#.

7.

q^=O`# Jx ^=, Jx Q== `#"


Q#. J\ q^# JOKO_@ J*#=.

8.

=#=_ XH [# <i# q^, U_ [#=~


LQ_#.

9.

q^O `= < ~ H# q^ # W` ~
<~ @=# P#O^=##q O`~. `= *<a=$kH
"~ Z= H$+ K=#x P_^~.

10. =#=# q^ x["# O^. Jk Z\H


#tOK^ . qye# O^ x #tOz=#.
22

HOk ^ J" J~ =K =i ~O_ ^


"O_ :
1.
2.
3.
4.

J
=
^~}
JH=

=u~H ^= :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Qi+
LHi
JH~=
JH=
He

Hx+
JHi
H~=
H=
q

HOk ^# O` "H "O_ :


1. J~Qe H 2. H\"O_ 3. `+
4. h~~ 5. LHi 6. He

HOk ^# O|O^=# ^` [`~KO_ :


1.
2.
3.
4.

=
J
q^
JH~=

He
HiH
r=
h~~
23

(
(
(
(

)
)
)
)

HOk ["| "O_ :


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

q^ Z\k ?
Z\"ix HH#@ PH HQ#?
q^<@ <~H#=#?
J*x Z\" _? q^ Zx [# L Q_ #?
q^O PHe yOK#k Uk?
x["# O^ Z@O_#?

HOk Mm i# ^=# iOKO_ :


1. JH~O| ................. <_ h~O_
(1. HOH 2. =OH 3. OY)
2. H` ................. * * h~~
(1. = 2. = 3. ~=)
3. `"O^ ................. ^~} O^Qx
(1. +x 2. =$+x 3. `+x)
4. JH~=Q ................. Q q^
(1. q 2. |eq 3. He)

HOk ^# q_n "O_ :


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

<~~QeH
x=O^
JO^ ^Q
OY<_
HO_O_
24

6. "~#
7. h~~
8. q^
9. H=O^
10. HiHQKO_

q^~ K# :
1. `H=x h`= N <~Hx <~=
=iOK=#.
2. q^H Q^#=# `Hx J\ q^#Oz
L`=} Lf~ H=#.

L^ K# :
N# ~K HO~= K~OK=#.

"H~}=
"KH= (eOQ=)
''"K H = '' J#Q "K~ = # ` | = . D
"KH=< ''eOQ= Jx _ ==iO`~. Wq =_
q^=. Jq =^KH=, =f"KH=, J=^KH=.
1. =^KH= : ~+# QiOz `#k. nx<
OeOQ=O^~. L^II ~=_, H$+_
2. =f"KH= : # QiOz `#k. nx<
25

eOQ=O^~. L^II `, H
3. J=^KH= : }=x ==, H^#
QiOz `#k. nx< #OHeOQ=O^~.
L^II =~`=, HO, |

=K#= :
OY# QiOz `#q =K#=.
Wq ~O_ ~H= : 1. UH=K#= 2. |=K#=
1. UH=K#= : XH\ J# OY# QiOz ` ^=
L^II H=, HO_
2. |=K#= : ~ O_ JO`H< = OY# QiOz
` ^=.
L^II H=, HO_, |

J= :
1. =^KH=#Q<q? J@=O\ Hx ^=#
`O_.
2. =f"KH=#Q<q? L^~}x=.
3. J=^KH=#Q<" `e Hx ^# `O_.
4. =K#=x? Jqq? L^~} ~H=Q `_.

q^~ K# :
g ~O=x =K#=# "KH=# QiOKO_.
26

L^ K# :
1. =K#=#, "KH= # q=Q q=iOz q^~ K
^= x eOQ =K#=# QiOK#@ K @
2. UH, |=K# Q= ^= O^ [~Q =~#
q^~ `e*@.

27

4. `Qa_
Hq : <~ z~Orq
HqiKO : <~ z~OrqQ~ ~"# ^u Hq` "
~ # PHiO KQ k@. g~ 1925 H$l H@~ [xOK~.
"~ Kx Q~ " K^=<~. `O gi
`e ~K# `Q . H~ Q, H^, #=, <\H
J<HO ~zOK~. gi <@HO Q#Q~O JO^s PHiOzOk. 1971
JH|~ 17= `k g~ =~}OK~.

=Y"# ^= :
`#_
n
`[i

^i
~
[Qu
28

*PII"II 1. =^~ =^~"# =# + HO>#


KH<# + [Qu ^
`e HO> `# H
|= hQ=? `Qa_
*PII"II 2. ^"^#K `Q^=#=
*u ^#K `Q *u #=
=O "^#K `Q "_##=
`Q Hix K@= `Qa_
*PII"II 3. "Q ~H=O^ "Q x^~=
^ _= x^~ =~^
=i `#" z = O^
`e #_K H= `Qa_
*PII"II 4. H= h= = "# K_
zO =iH K
~ H= Z~= `zu"x
uiy ~= "Q `Qa_
*PII"II 5. K^= K# " *Q`Q h=
+= Q# <@ | H =
Q}Q H# _ HO_O` `
`e H^Q KO_ `Qa_
*PII"II 6. = " #\ ~ =~=
K^ = `y#^k =^
# |@ # *u ~`"#
n *O^^ `Qa_
29

`IIwII 7.

xe ^~# ^i <~ H=
"=# =` ~ su
K^= "~ qy "~ #@
Q "` " `Qa_

*PII"II 8. X` x =@ Xu KO^
X`# H ~ O^
"#_ _ =K P `
`` k^ H#= `Qa_
*PII"II 9. ^ x _ K^= =~=
^ # ~x K^= ^
^ HeQ <x KO^ =O_`
^" Q `Qa_
PII"II 10. q# =# K@ q`= Q#~^
~ j=# J~^ q^
=~=H q^ `~Q q~Q x
Heq <_ =@ `Qa_
*PII"II 11. H_z ~ #\ H}= uiy ~^
H =~ H_ Q_
n=# _ k^ H= x
q= ^e K^= `Qa_
*PII"II 12. He H@ `#= #=QH=
P@H# =Oz @H#
SH=` ==O` HO` Oz
`[i = `Qa_
30

J"kH :
J~= :
= HO~= n HOu *Qu OK= ^i
Ku"` `[i HtOK `~ Q `y = q~Q #tOK
~ W`~ `#_ =~_ Z~= J q`=
^#=.

^= == :
1.
2.

3.

4.
5.

F `Qa_ ! =# `Q+ fx +. =#
+HO > KH <# + D O K=< ^ . `e
ZO` +"#^ =`$+ JO` +=.
F ` Q a_ ! ^ " k Jx Z= ~ < J_ y #K
`Q^=x K=. *u Uk Jx J_y#K
`Q*u J#=. =O" ^x J_y#K `Q"_#x
`QHix K@=.
F ` Q a_ ! " =*=# x^ = . ^
_K=~ x^~_^. z =O^
=i`#=# =^e #_KH=. (i~=#
=Q LOKH#=x ==)
F `Qa_ ! H=# = K_=.
H=# zO=^. =iH K=^. W`~
H= `z#K g#O` `O^~Q uiy W=.
~=# K^=#_ +=Q H=#.
# Q}QH#K `eO_ HO_O` `
^~KO_#.
31

6.

HO~` \# ~= =~==^. K^=`y#k


U^## =^e@=^. *u ~`"## #|@#K
"Q ~^.
7. xe ^~Q =`== "@ <~H#=.
Kk""iH qQ @#@ Q "` "=^.
8. X` x ^=# Xu K, X`#
^=# `eHQ ^~. "#_ _
J\ ` =K#. H|\ =O^Q Jq k^H #=.
9. ^ #_ K^=~^. ^ Hey#K, ~x K^=
^. ^ #_ KO^=O_` _
^" JQ#.
10. q#=#K@ Heq H=K#. O^, j=
Q K@ q^ J~^Q LO_=K#. Hx, F `Qa_!
q^ J##k H}
O K#k, #tOK#k Hx O^ Jx
=~==.
11. Q_z # H}
= uiy ~^. =~= Q H= Q_ =^.
n=O_Q< W KH@H=#.
12. P@@ HeH@Q #O_@ =Y=. SH=`
== OKHx Ja=$k KO^=#.

HOk ^= J" J~ =K =i ~O_ ^


"O_ :
1. [Qu
2. `e
3. i
32

4. =
5. q`=

=u~H ^ :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

^
^=
=
*Q`
=

J^
J^=
H+=
J*Q`
J=

HOk ^=# O` "H "O_ :


`[i, qy "~, k^H#, ^=

HOk ^# O|O^=# ^` [`~KO_ :


1.
2.
3.
4.

HeH@
^~# ^i
n=#_
Q_z# H}=

=~e~^
W KH@H
=`~
SH=`O

(
(
(
(

HOk ["| "O_ :


1.
2.
3.
4.

`Q+ Q^x Z@ KQ=?


`Qa_ `# Hix Z@ K@H##?
z ` _x^k?
H=<@ KKH#=#?
33

)
)
)
)

5. Kk"@_ fH=# *Q`q\?


6. = "#\ ~=O^ =~=~^?
7. Hq " ^ux Qi U=<_ ?
8. "@_ ` ^~O_ LO_O> UOKe?
9. ^ =Y"q\?
10. q^# Qi Hq Uq K_?
11. H= q"#^x Z@ KQ=?
12. SH=`= H J=~"q\?

HOk Mm i# ^=# iOKO_ :


1. =O"^#K ...................... ##=
(`q_, `Q"_, H#_ Q_)
2. ...................... `#H |=hQ=
("H, P=, `e)
3. ...................... *u~`"# n *O^^
(q~QQ@#, #|@#, ~^#)
4. ...................... z =O^
(=i`#", =Oz`#", K~`#")
5. H= h= ...................... K_
(="=, fQ"=, ="=)

HOk ^=# q_n "O_ :


1. ^"^#K
34

2.
3.
4.
5.

HO_O`
q#=#K@
=~=H
H=~H_

q^~ K# :
^=# HO~= K ==# QOK=#.

L^ K# :
^=# ~QH=Q KkqOK=#. ~=
K ^ =# _ , " # _ f H#= # *Q `
`eK =#. =Oz #_=_H Q ^#= `eK =#.

"H~}=
^= "H= :
JH~= _H# ^= JO^~
J J
Q _ Q_
Hx J~=O`"# ^= ==# "H= JO^~.
L^II =^= J LO_#
Q_# JOHiO`~.

Q= :
=# `Q+# S^ ~H=Q qlOzi. gxH
Q= Jx ~. Jq =~Q <="KH=, ~<==,
35

q+}=, J==, H.
1. <="KH= : <==#Q ~. "KH=#Q `#k.
<="KH=#Q ~# `#k.
L^II qO^~`=, K#@}=, |OQM`=
2. ~<== : <="KH=# |^Q "_|_
^=# ~<== JO^~.
L^II J`_, P", "_, "~, g~, Jk
3. q+}= : <="KH ~<== Q}^~=#
QiOz q=iOK#k q+}
=.
L^II =Oz _, `x
4. J= = : eOQ =K# q x ^=#
J== JO^~.
L^II J!, P!, H@H\! JH\!
5. H : <="KH ~ <== ## `#k H .
L^II ~=_ J_qH "#, _ K^=K<_.

J= :
1. ^=, "H= J#<" q=iOz L^iOKO_.
2. Q=x Jqq? L^~}=` q=iOKO_
3. HOk "HOx Q# QiOKO_
H~} `e"# _ Hx P@ _ `= =~
`KH<_.
36

q^~ K# :
JH~=# i J~=O`"# ^=Q =~@ XH
P@Q P_@.

L^ K# :
~=x Q=# QiOK#@ K@.

37

5. <=eH#
- Hq : zO` nH`

H` O^ Hq`x #_Oz "# \Q =#
<\OKQ k@ zO` nH`Q~. g~ 1891 [xOK~. t+
"=iHx H=Q, O^Q "_<~. g~ H^ KH=iQ
~#|_<~. gi W`~ ~K# 1. UH^t (H^) 2. |i (<@HO)
3. H^ 4. =\~= H^ 5. H_`.

=Y"# ^ :
H\ =_, Q^, H~=$`=, "}
38

1.

^Q ^Q "i HOux K
H <=e H=iK~
i q` Jk <@=_Q
`O_= H$+_ [H ~_ !

2.

" O^O hO^O


HO` H@H H# JO^O
JO^h r=O^ez
h <@O K< !

3.

*H=O> K~^>
H$+x H_ =`
H$+x "}H h" JO^O
hH JO^O P "} ?

4.

K~^>, z# H$+h
H\ =_` `O_= =_#
<\ " = = h^ J~`
H$+ Q^# H~=$`=Q

5.

P<_ =~eOzu=@
Q#` t~=# xez
=~m "# k= w`=
uaO|= h ` !

6.

x# x`= H~`
h` P@ P_ "
"~ H$+# == @#
x[=O\" H^ K " !
39

J"kH :
J~= :
"} A@ `O_==_# <@=_# H~=$`=
K= J=$`= =O\k H\=_ A`=_ PeOzuq
qO\q.

^= == :
1.

^Q ^Q "i HO` z= H <=eH=iHK~?


P<=e <@=_`O> `O_=H$+_ [H ~_?

2.

" JO^O, ` h JO^O, JO^" # H@H


H# JO^O Jh r=O ^e h <@O K<~.

3.

h *H=O> H$+x H_ =` K~^?


H$+x Q h= JO^= ? H h= P Q JO^=?

4.

zx H$+x H\=_` <@=_# <\ "==


h^` P H$+ Q^# K= HOQ K~^?

5.

P<_ P =~m <^=# Qx t~=# xz


q<=@. P =~m"# k=w`= uaO|=
h ` ?

6.

~ x`= x< H~` h` P@ P_


==#O^ "~ H$+x == @#. Jk
x[=? H^?
40

HOk ^ J" J~ =K =i ~O_ ^


"O_ :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

"}
"=
=~o
<=e
H$+_

=u~H ^=
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

x`=
J=$`=
L#`=
r==
x[=

Jx`=
q+=
x==
xs==
J|^=

HOk ^=# O` "H "O_ :


H~=$`=, `O_==_, PeOK, uaO|=

HOk ^=# O|O^=# ^=` [`~KO_ :


1. "O^O
2. H$+Q^
3. k=w`=

h `
hO^O
H~=$`=
41

(
(
(

)
)
)

HOk ["| "O_ :


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

<=ex K `O_=H$+_ ZO^ *HO =_?


<=e ZO\ JO^ r=O ^~?
H$+x H_, Q^ <=ex ZO^H_Q_ Hq?
<=e H#x ` H~}"q\?
H$+< == ZO^ @#?

HOk Mm i# ^=# iOKO_ :


1. H$+x "}H h" JO^O? hH JO^O ...................
("}, H}, ~})
2. i q` Jk <@=_Q ................... [H ~_ !
(`O_=H$+_, =^H$+_, zx~=_)
3. =~m"# k=w`= ................... h `
(uaO|=, KO^aO|=, ~aO|=)
4. JO^h ................... h <@O K<!
(1. =#O^ez 2. r=O^ez 3. Q}=# ^ez)

HOk ^=# q_n "O_


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Z=iK~
JO^h
Q#`
x[=O\"
"O^O
42

q^~ K# :
~QH=Q Hq`# K^==#. <=e H## HiOz
JO^=# Q=xOK=#.

L^ K# :
# E fHx "o <=ex KOK=#. U^<
== xz q^~ K O`=Q <Q "H= K OK=#.
q^~ Hq`Hx OOkOK=#.

"H~}=
q~=z= :
Kk"@_, "@_ ^=^, "H=^ ZH_
P Z J~O KH" `eq q~=z.
q~== JO> P@O. z= JO> Q~.

q~=z= D HOk q^OQ L<~.


1.
2.
3.
4.

aO^= (FULL STOP) .


"HOaO^= (COMMA) H=.
J~aO^= (SEMI COLON) gH<.
J#H~}z= (QUOTATION MARKS) H>+<
=~.
5. ~H= (QUESTION MARK) H< =~.
6. P~~H= (EXCLAMATORY MARK) .
7. O_bH~}= (BRACKET).
43

1. aO^= (FULL STOP) ( . )


"HO i J~#_ i J~#@Q `e*\x
zOK_xH aO^= _`~.
2. "HOaO^= (COMMA) H= ( , )
K=# JOO =y#_, J=HH# "_
"HO "#_ 'H= Ly~.
L^II ~=_, H$+_ |*~"o, ~Hx, WO\H =K~.
3. J~aO^= (SEMI COLON) gH< ( )
XH ^ "HO QOQ LO_ z# "H z=~ J~a O^=
=Ok
L^II Kkq#O` z` O~=|^ Kkq Kkq _ [_
H~?
4. J#H~} z= (QUOTATION MARKS) H>+< =~ ''
XH~ J#=@ WOHH~ K K#_, g~ U^ XH QO^O
#O_ QOz Zu f# "H K@_ J#H~}z#
Ly~.
L^II FO #" <~} Jx P q <
=O`^O K~.
5. ~HO (QUESTION MARK) H< =~ ?
U^< q+ x QiOz Z^\"ix tOK@@ J_Q @_
P"HO z=~ (?) ~ Q~# Ly~.
L^II ~=! h"O K<= ?
H$! h"O K^=K<= ?
6. P~~H= (EXCLAMATORY MARK) !
P~x, P#O^x, x, qO`#, "KH# `e
44

^ z=~ D Q~ ( ! ) Ly~
L^II P! P _ ZO` `eqQ"_ !
7. O_bH~}= (H\) ( )
^ q=~}xK@, W`~ <= `@, q=~}
xK@ ~ O_bH~}x "_`~.
L^II =<"Qx (HK@ gx "Qx) Wn Jx
q=iOKk.

45

6. `^
- Hq : Hi Q~=
HqiK= : N Hi Q~=Q~ 1880= O=`~O
=_ = ` n # [xOzi. ' ` ^ J# ~ ~ Q =
''huH^ OQ = J# QO^= #O_ Q O|_#k. Wk w~K~ `
''D^~ hu QO^xH J#"^=. J~ OO~}=,
Hq`#= W`x ~`~ H$`. z#`#=#O_ QO^~ K # #
~OaOz# ue.

46

H` ^= :
`$+, e=, \, ^f~O|, H~H=, x#^=,
eH=, q=, q`, ^=, P#Q, J=#=.
*1. H. OQ=# ^
="= < <H ^H~=O II
kHOz `kx~
[=#Q <H p= K< #u `$+K<
2. P. Jiy q= e =^# "#i
H == =# Q_ g=
^~Q #_= lH ``\ H=#
Q@ H#K #O_ a@ =Q#
*3.`. H ^f ~O|# Q~K#
\
H@k Qx | H$#
^x ~HO =H\ ^~} |_#
Y <H^x "K# ~ O^
4. `. r"=<~= q_= |_#
H= <~}= K HO` k@=
|x >@ gzH xux
^@=# *~ r= =@# =xH
5. `. Q "\_ <=k <q qQ
=$Q _H~ _~^Oz "kh [
Y ## H` ~[O| <
Q~HO|# <H HO| ^_y
47

6. H. Q KKKO_ ^xx
Q `y eHO| QHx =~
< "^x Q>#,
Q K_ ` _ K ^ Q>< #K<
7. H. Jx #^= qx cu^e
=## t =^e =#=# "O
_#` ^=#
M#u x=OK Q~"`= "q<
*8.`. X~ ~q Q<x ~H
^"#O` H$u "x
QO_=O\ q` Hx# #k
O_ = ^e=# q=Q.

J"kH
J~= :
OQO| J `== x"=
=< qHe HtOK ^H~= ~ uHOK
KK P# `Q Ju`$+ qHe ^= q= e=
x~"# [= H== qk `~Q J Q_ Qe
a@=Q qHe ^ ^f~= K@ \ =~=
=H@ uOK J=#= H_@ P~}= K
ZH gzHxux J== H `H_K Q
H "khY K@H= =$Q_ "@Q_ Zq
u H~HO| q HO| }= eHO|
p= "^_ "@Q_ H~== H x#^= |=
48

t K@ ~q P^ =#= Z^~ ^=
"~Kh~ #q (K@) q=Q P~=Q H#
HQ.

^ == :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

J` xO_# ~# Kz# XH p= `# ^=
f~H#@ P x~ [=# "t OK#.
h\x `y# =@ qk==# Qe `H_H J
#_= `Qx ^` H@H#KO_#.
X_# Q K@g^ ~# =~=k Kz qHe
H~}` ^xx ~HO^z q |_# z#
H=<H^xx ~ "#.
`# r=# ~H}~= =^e# P H= <H HO`
^~= `KHx Z\ J` `e p= X_
K~H<#.
# "\_^z# "@Q_ P =#=# =z
H=gk =~=# KO^ez }= OkOK#.
=~ = K # L H ~ = # ` H ~ =
K^z# p= P "@Q_x >#. J`xH Qi
`Q J`_ ` ><x ~K#.
P |= qx _# =~= =O^# K@#
=^e "~H =$H=<H <=kQ #O_#.
W`~ P^ K OKH "iH LH~=
K^z# "iH HO_=O\ P^ =z## Jq
O_= `e=#.
49

HOk ^= J" J~ =K =i ~O_ ^=#


"O_ :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Q
X~
\
^=
^~}
eH=

=u~H ^= :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

x~=

P~}=
L#`
Ju

=e#=
~
J=~}=
x=
J#u

HOk ^# O` "H "O_ :


1. P^# "#~ 2. Zq qQ 3. O_=
HOk ^# O|O^=# ^` [`~KO_ :
1. ~q
^=
(
)
2. eH=
K@
(
)
3. \
P^
(
)
4. ^=
=~=
(
)
5. `$+
p=
(
)
50

HOk ["| "O_ :


1. p=# =~"@ ~HOK#?
2. p= =~=# `H~"@ K#?
3. =~"@ `OKH<#?
4. Z=iH P^ O_= `y=#?

HOk Mm i# ^=# iOKO_ :


1. qx~ [=#Q <H p= K< ............... K<
(H$+, `$+, x)
2. ............................ <H^x "K# ~ O^
(Y, ~Y, Y)
3. ...................... `_K ^ Q>< #K<
(=u `, Qu `, Qi `)
4. ....................... ^e=# q=Q
(QO_=, ^O_=, O_=)
5. |x >@ ........................... ^@=# *
(~zHux, =ux, gzHxux)

HOk ^# q_n "O_ :


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

M#u
H~"`=
"~O_
^H~=
``\H=
51

q^~ K# :
r=H~}=# kOK Hx H^# HiOKO_.

L^ K# :
H~}` _# H^ z`# KO_.

"H~}=
q iK= :
^= =^ O|O^=# HeyOK#k qH
_, =, =,
x<, #<, <, i, QiOz
K`<, K<, `_< `<
H~<, H
=#<, HO><, \
H<, <, H, <, <
JO^<, #<
F, F~, F, Fi, P, P~

^= qH
kf qH
`$f qH
K`s qH
OKg qH
++ qH
g qH
O^< ^= qH

"HOQ= H~, H~, H :


=# s~=# H#, =, Kq Z@ =MOQ=
J> "HxH =MOQ=#q. "\x "HOQ=O^~. Jq
=~Q H~, H~, H
52

H~
H~
H
L^II

: xx K"_
: xx J#qOK"_
: xx `e* #k
~=_ ~=}x KO#
H~
H~
H

J=
1. qH J#Q<q? q Zx q^=?
2. qH `=# `=.
3. HOk "H=x H~ H~ H# QiOK=.
1. NH$+_ #~H~x KO#
2. ~=_ qc+}x ~HOK#.

q^~ K# :
qH `=# HO~= K=#

L^ K# :
q^~K q# HO~= K~OKO_.

53

Q^Q=

1. ~ S[H #@#

~Ox =Y"# ^ :
K^= O^
PH
K~^#=
H$+
^

Mu
"^q
u
`OK@
=$^=

OK#= @`=
=#Q_
Ki`~_
=He
P"^=
JQQ}

~ S[H #@# 1642= O=`~= WOQO_


[xOzi. < O_ O=`~= = =~ ~ " ^ .
J~## z` Y #=, z# O` i H ~ = #
55

` ~ K @ O^ L` x K _ " ~ . #@#
OH$+` `# ## kOK_"~.
#@# ~#~# K^= ^# =~eOK#. @^`
q^= =yOz HOa_ qq^O _wx fHxi.
P<_ M u* O k# Q } ` G " ^ q ''~ S[H
t+_~<_. J\H #@# ## u q+=#
''~ Hx\ qQ `OK#. 1669= O=`~=
#@# H~ ''~ `# PK~ ^qx `lOzi.
#@# `# W~"_= O=`~= ''\x\ Hr
Q}`K~Q xqO|_i. 1672= O=`~= ~
O=# i. P O=#O^e "iH #@#
Ja^= =z#O^=# `=# ~r<= Ki.
"i u<}=# "KHx O< `=
`#OwHiOz J^xQ Z#Hxi. =$^= =~ P O
J^Q #O_i.
#@# ` # rq`O` = =~ J< H i ^ # ,
ij## Ki. D i^#x G OK=
OK#=# ~HuOz#q. Qbe i^# #O_ `#
H=# =yx =~Hxi. # i^#H ~sQ
~_@ "^e_i. HiH, H~, Qbe #@#
=He. J\ = Ja=$kQx q*#G= #@#
H=# XH ~H Zky JO^i P"^=# Ok#k.
#@# =O^Q HOux QiOz i^# ~OaOzi.
P# "_Oz# `= JO^ix P~KH`# K#q.
`Q HxOK_ ~HOu U_~OQ H~H Jx "~
56

`e*i. Jq =~Q "\, WO_Q, |, w<, Z, P~O*,


~_. g\x "^\ JH~=# He# qa~ (VIBGYOR)
JQ#. D q^=Q `x HOux @H= ^~ O ^xx
U_~OQ WO^^# K=K#x P# ikOzi. nxx
|A= K@ XH KH= U_~OQ# "~Oz y~y~
ui. P ~OQh He `x ~OQ ~_#k. D KH=<
#@# KH= (#@# _) JO^~.
QuG= H^eH O|OkOz P# ukOz#
=_ `=# #@# Qu`=O^~. XH ==
`#O`@ `# H^ ^x , ^xH HO`|==~= x #@#Q~
x~Ozi. XH K~ uK~_ LO_#x |A= Ki.
H #Q } ` = (He ~ ) # _ g ~ H x \ i . uH ,
Q}`G= H` ^`# J#iOz# JQQ}.
i^# x\x H ~ = H\
O zi. PH , x J#
H=# "i. J_ XH ^~^ixx _ `~Ki.
q u~QK#^x, Q `O`OQ Z@ H^##
= JO^ix H=~@K O_#. P i`
#@# qH
PH~}H #^x H#Qxi. =H~}H i^# QiOz
XH H^ Q^. #@# XHi `@ ~x PzOKKO_Q
K@#O_ P O _ _# k. nxx P^~=Q K Hx ikOz
Q~`H~}
Hx Hx\i . 1689= O=`~= `# qq^
uxkQ ~"O@ ~i. 1705 O=`~= ~}Qi
Q~==# HiOzi.
#@# i^## QiOz PH K#"i =Y
=H ''b g~ `HKH# Hx\i. ''b #@# ^Q~
57

t+iH= K YQG=#, Q~`H~}


# QiOz <~ Hxi.
#@# i^# K K P~Q= H}Oz h~Ozi. s~
@`= `y## i^# =#^. `# Z# S^= @
~ O ="=# "o [|#_ 1727= O=`~=
=i 20= `n# ~= kOzi. =Y GA *a` Ki#
#@# Ki`~_.

J "kH

J~ :

K^= O^ K^=, O~= PH HiH H$+


= ^ PK<^~} Mu ~ Ok# "^q
`eqQ"_ u Q^#= `OK L`~K
`lOK =^@ =$^ = =e`#= OK#=
QO^~Q= =#Q_ r=#q^#= =He
XHH=O^ rqOz#"~ P"^= J#=u JQQ}
"^\"~ @`= |= Ki`~_ ~H"#
Ki`Q"_ ~=kOzi =~}Ozi.

HOk ^ J" J~ =K =i ~O_ ^ "O_.


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

u
O=`~=
O=
=$^=
=#Q_
58

HOk ^ =u~H^ "O_ :


1. [xOK@
2. PH
3. Mu
4. u
5. =$^=
6. "KH#@
7. `=
8. |=
9. P^~=
10. P~Q=
11. K~^#=

=~}OK@
J<H
JMu
Ju
=
^+OK@
J`=
^~=
x~^~=
J<~Q=
=i`#=

HOk ^# O` "H "O_ :


1. K~^#= 2. OH$+ 3. ~i
4. y~y~ 5. JQQ}

HOk ^# O|O^=# ^` [`~KO_ :


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

#@#
~
qa~
1869
b

`HKH
U_~OQ
#@< t+_
=H~}H
~"O@ _
59

(
(
(
(
(

)
)
)
)
)

HOk ["| "O_ :


1. #@# Z_, ZH_ [xOzi? "i q^=
Qi "=
2. #@# KH=#Q<q?
3. =H~}H Q^x #@<@ H#Q<#?
4. #@# =Oz# ^=q? Q~=~~=q?
5. #@# t+_=~? P# ikOz# q+"q?

HOk Mm i# ^=# iOKO_ :


1. ~ S[H #@# ..................... O=`~= WOQO _
[xOzi. (1684, 1662, 1642)
2. Mu*Ok# Q}`G "^q ......................
(b, ~, ~\ ^~)
3. U_~OQx "^\ JH~ = # He# ......................
JO^~. (qa~, J, O`)
4. H# Q}`=# Hx\#k ......................
(HiH, #@#, HO)

HOk ^# q_n "O_ :


1.
2.
3.
4.

q^=
Q}`K~_
rq`O`=
~OQx
60

5. =H~}
6. Q~`H~}

q^~ K# :
1. i^#, ij# J=~KH#=#.
2.#@# "^Q q*#"` Ki`# QO^=#
"o Kkq `eH#=#.
L^ K# :
1. #@# z`@=#, i^# z`@=#
KOz kOK=#.
2. u =H @ H ` < " ^ q H_ # q+ =#
QOK@H #@# Ki` =O\ HO^i Ki`#
q^~ kO=#.

61

2. ~"} H~= (O+})


(#Q~ q` XHK@ Ki `= `O_ xK
P ~"} O QiOz K O+})

=Y"# ^= :
O+OK
q*#=
~u#<
H~Q~=
~ =
=Y

O
"^e_
Jn#=
|Ok
"=
~HH

"#=
^
*Q=
^<
"^
*_
62

@ ~`~ =
"^H
Y
#=
J#uH=
*=

(#Q~ q` O+}. ~q, H~}, ", ~Ol`)


~q
H~}

~q
H~}

~q
H~}

: ~"}H~O> Uq\ ?
: ~"} J#Q }=. H~=#Q =`.
}xH J#" # (= ` ) ^ ` <
~"}H~=O^~. Wq =_ ~H=.
q g^ }=, h\ }=,
PH= }=.
: g\ QiOz =#= KiOKHO^= !
: ~ KiOKHO^O. JO^~= XHK@ K~^=
~O_. O`OQ ~x =Oz q+
`HO^=. = <#Q~ | ~"}Y
L^yQ L<~. = <# K # q+ h g
K `#. =# ^ = " @ " ^ @
}H ~ =# H '' O l< H O h"~
| # ` ~ K @ ~ O a O zi.
P<\#O_ <\=~ q*#= ~QHk ~
| ~ = =i#q. J< H ~ H = #
H O h | # ` ~ K @
~OaOz#q.
: D | ~H=# }= Z@
[~QKO_#q?
: J^O` XH ^ H^. =# ^= D<_#
H~= ~= =. ~"} =~=
J =. ZH_ Kz## HO_, K@,
=O_^ LO__q. J_ =# ^=#
63

~q

H~}

~A ieOKKO_i. "~ XHK@#O_


=i H K@ " @ He@
<~~KHxi. P @< Q]= g^
}OKKO_i. ~^=# `~KHx
Q]=# H\ "Q= Q }OKKO_i. Jk
~#~# ~K@Q ~_ P @
Z^|O_, Q]|O_ #_@ "^e_i.
=#=x "^H Ja=$k<O^Hk }
^#= ~= =~y#q. H,
"\~H, |, H~, s, "#
`~#q.
: D | "@"^@ ZH_ `~#q? Wq
=#^ = # H _ =z#q? =# ^ =
"@"^@ |# `~K# O k?
D q=~# K Q"?
: = <#Q~ < K# q+ g K#
q#O_ . D | " @~ =#
#_K K#q. P "@~ xK @ ~u#<#
H x \ i . ^x< \ JO^ ~ . gxx
"@"^@ q^j Hx\i. =# ^=
''Ol< J# O "@"^@ |#
`~KOk. [ =Oz O^# Hey#k.
JO^=# Hx iqH O =O^ =z
P | ~~Y# * =#
J#=Q #O_#@ `~Ky#q.
J\ O JH O_, \\, Pe<
=Y"#q.
64

~q
H~}

~q

: D |# x =<=O^~? XHK@
#O_ WOHH K@ Uq^=Q "#? D
q+ =# Q_ K Q"?
: F K#! q#O_. |# x =#
'|O_ JO^~. D |x P
|O_ JkH~ Jn#= #O_#. "~
xs`H= P ^= |#
O^~. "i ~"H} HO^~ L^Q
x K ^ ~ . < \ H=# ~ |
*Q=Q ##q.
X~ ~g! g <#Q~ ~ JkHiQ^! P ~Y
Uq^= Q xK #k? g <#Q~ UOK~ ?
q=~OQ K"?
: F K#. q#. D ~# q^j Hx\i.
''*""\, ''*i=<< Pqi WO[<#
H#Qxi. 1853= O=`~= "@" ^\ ~
=~= # =# ^= ''=O~ #O_ ^<
=~ ~ O a O zi. ` ~ "` ~#~#
q*#=a=$k KOk _[` #_ WO[##
Hx\i. =#=x "^ XH iqu ^.
1925= O=`~= ''qHi >i# J#
ZH xH ~ =~=# H#Qxi. ^xH
`y#@Q ~ WO[# ` ~K K<~. =#
^= ~ WO[# H~Q~= 'z`~O[#
H^. ~> H~Q~= K< x
'~O|~ H^.
65

H~}

: D ~ XHK@#O_ =iHK@ Z@
#_K<~? } kQ@ Z\
=` Q=?
~q
: ~ W# \ g^ #_K#. ~# x
=# ~+#O^~. XHH +#
XHH +# =~ LO\~. Hx~
\H # #iOz D ~ #_K KO_#. D ~
} O K ^ u H O \ Q k
`eKO_#. D ~ #_@ HO`
|Ok O_#. g~O^i JkHi =
<#Q~.
H~} : JO` q<=. WOHH O^=. ~#
#_ "ix U=O^ ~ . ~ }
~ H } H~ ~ > z=~ O_
|Ok<=O^~.
~q
: ~# #_"ix _=~O^~. ~>
z=~ # O_ | Okx Q~ O^ ~ . D
Q~##iOz _=~ #_KHO^~. "~
zOK K## |\ ~ XH +< #O_
=iH +< #_KKO_#. D ~Y
=Y H~O K< Q^. W_ `eOk
H^!
" : X ~ ! ~ O l` ! | , ~ # Q i
` H<=. g <#Qi Y# Q i
`eH"e~! K" !
~Ol` : F! `H K# q#. ~"} =~=
66

"

~Ol` :

"

~Ol` :

[=~" H\. ~H= ~"}H~ =


JO^@ =. J_ XH ^=#O_
=i H ^ = # } O K @
[=~= LQ_#q. Wk H=,
#^, =^=. "@"^@ H, O_
h\ `#x Hx\i. Hx fQ# He
^<Q ` ~K Hx g\ }OKyi.
^ ^ H# He `` H\ `Q
"_KO_i. ~#~# P ~=# =i
_ = Q
` ~ K
JO^
}OKKO_i.
D _= h\g^ #_K#Q^! XHK@#O_
=iH K@ "@ KH=Q#.
"Q= Q " @ "~ ^# =" < H#Q<~!
P! H q? _ = " \~ # J=i
}OKyi. `~ "` "\ ~=# =i
" \ Q "_ K <~ . = @
= ^ #= ^ $ + =~ e #k. 1835=
O =` ~ = # ''_ J# q^ j _
"@"^@ Pqi _=# Hx\ J\O\H
=^=# ^>#. J\#O_ =~ =#
^ = "_ H xH =z#q. ` ~ "`
[O`~=# H#Q<~.
D =~ xK ^=# U=O^~? Jq
=^= Z@ }OK#?
=~ xK ^=# '~~ JO^~.
67

"

~Ol` :

"

~Ol` :

~~ J#Q ~ = @}
=x J~= . =# ^= #
^ ^ #Q~= =^ X_# D ~~
Q=. D =~# #_"ix 'H< JO^~.
= ~ XH ~ = #O_ =i H ~ =#
"@''\ LQ_#. D
=~< '<H Jx _ JO^~. D <H#
Y = <#Q~ L#`^yQ #<~. "i
K# H~= <H xOKKO_#.
X~ ~Ol`! =~# QiOz <# K#H^!
PHO Zy~ q=<# QiOz K qO\=.
g~O`Q J_Q`O> KO_ Z LO\#.
`H K# q#O_. < ^_ 1783=
O=`~O <# Hx\ ^x =`
PH = # H y ~ #. 1903= O =` ~ =
''Pi~\ ^~ q=#=# H#Qx
q=# }= Ki. `~"` "^ iy#
Hk J< H q^ = # ~ H # K i .
D q=##= ^xH=~=# =`"
L Q_ K#k. J#uH=< q^=
"@ gQK#k.
~~! q=#= xKK@# U=O^~?
Jq PH= Uq^=Q xOKK#q?
q=#= xKK@# ''U~_" JO^~.
= #^= ^ ^ #Q~= ''U~_"
H=. Hx #Q~= *f, JO`~f
q=<=#q. Wq =# K< #Q~=
68

_ H =. D q=#= Ju ` e H #
Jqx =# =` ` ~
K|_#k. q=#=# =O^ ~H Qey#
< u~QKO_#. ^xx ''~ JO^~.
^x =# q=#= PH=#HQ~#.
q=#=# #_ "ix @ O ^ ~ . D
q=#= kQ K@# ''~ < " O^ ~ .
'Hi_~ K###iOz D q=#=
~HH [~Q#. Wq H==Q [~@
HO` |Ok O^~. D "=xH Y
JkHi = <#Q~. `eO^!
" : Jk ~~! =Y"# < "^Q"~
PH #= K @ L yOK
^#=<=O^~?
~Ol` : XH~ H W^~ =Y =Y Ju `~
"@yOK ^#= eH~. 1960=
O=`~= q^j_ D eH~#
H#Q<#. q`O ^= J"iH"~
gxx L yOzi. HO_ , J_ = ,
=^= s ==# XHK@#O_
=iHK@ D eH~ ^~ = Q
`~eOK=K#. ^ == `=
=~=# QiOK@ D eH~#
L yOK K <~ . ` #, =~ ^
zH# [# ~H` ^=D
eH~ =` `~e O=K#. O@
69

HqO~H =O^# K@ D eH~


L Q _ K #q. WOH J< H ~ H Q
eH~ =# _`#q.
JO^~ : J! Zx q+ `H<=. WH WO\H
^=. (JO^~ x+qO`~)

J~ :

J"kH

O+OK@ XHi` <H~ =\_H#@, O


O=, q^#= ^u, =~= ^i, "#=
|O_, @~`~= Ki`, q*#= G=,
"^e_ ~OaOK, H~ = =u, "^H `eqH
Q`#=, ~u#< \, iqH i=
O |Ok O z#, H ~ Q~ = O` , Jn # =
|_O_@, *Q= [Q_#k, Y
Q=, |Ok L^Q, K# Q~, J=i
^~z, #= }=, ~= F_ xK =,
s== ^ ==, *_ Q~, J#uH=
`=H=, =Y =Y, ~H` O`=
^"# ^=, OiH KO@, *=
[ QQ "Oz#.

HOk ^ J" J~ =K =i ~O_ ^


"O_ :
1. q
2. h~
70

3.
4.
5.
6.

PH=
q`
Q~=
=^=

=u~H ^= :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

L^y
~Q@
~=
"Q=
q^j
=Oz
=O^
LQ=
^

x~^y
`~Q@
P^xH=
x^#=
^j
K_
"#H
x~Q=
z#

HOk ^# O` "H "O_ :


1. q^#= 2. @~`~= 3. ~#~#
4. ~OaOK@ 5. XHK@#O_ WOHHK@ 6. KH=
HOk ^# O|O^=# ^` [`~KO_ :
1. z`~O[<
=~
(
)
2. JH O_ ~ WO[#
(
)
3. ~~
q=#=
(
)
71

4. \
5. H#

| O
~= @}=

(
(

)
)

HOk ["| "O_ :


1. ~"}H~=#Q<q?
2. ~ " }H ~ = # _ Z@ }=
KKO_i?
3. ~# Hx\#^=~? ~ Z@ #_K#?
4. =^= =~ Z@ }= K#?
5. q=#=# H x \ # ^ = ~ ? q=#= @
ZQ~K#q?

HOk Mm i# ^# iOKO_ :
1. "@" ^@ }H~ =# ................ HOh"~
|# `~Ki
1. \\
2. Ol<
3. Pe<
2. ~> H~Q~= .................. Q^.
1. HH`
2. OQ~ 3. K<
3. ................... J# q^j_ J\O\H =^=#
^>#.
1. _
2. "\
3. "_
4. q=#= #_K =# ............................ JO^~.
1. |O_
2. ~+< 3. U~_"
72

5. =~ ^ z # "ix ........................... #
LyOz ~HOK^~.
1. |_[~ 2. eH~ 3. [O`~=
6. q=#=# =O^ Q=# .................. JO^~.
1. ~
2. H~
3. _~

HOk ^=# q_n "O_ :


1. "@"^@
2. =^\_
3. q=<=

4. L#`^y
5. XHH
6. [O`~=

q^~ K# :
| O _ , ~ + < , ~ ~ , U~_= H o JH _
q+=# `H#=#.
L^ K# :
q^~# ~"}^#= `~K ^=
q*#`Q fHx "=#.

73

3. LQk O_Q

~=#O^e =Y"# ^=
q*#=
z~~

`
Q=

P^uH=

=# O$ux Qi `#q O_Q. D O_Q<


~=x, |=x KHO^=. q`"# k#=# [H
`KH#@H U~_#q O_Q. D O_Q =_ q^=.
1. =H ~ " # q. 2. O ~" # q. 3. *f~" # q. =H ~ " # q
[O`. O ~" # q <=, =`=. *uH O|OkOz#
O_Q *f~"# O_Q.
74

=H ~ " # O_Q : \# k#=# [H `K Hx K H#


O_Q# [#k<`==O^~. =~+, `Q=~
*f < [#k#= ##iOz K O_Q
=H~"# O_Q. Wq =~Q QOn[Ou, <[Ou
"^#q.
O~"# O_Q : O=# LQ_
O _ Q O ~ " # O_Q. `O` k<`==,
Q}`O`k<`==, L^k<`==, k<`==
"^Q#q.
*f~"# O_Q : =~+ [#k#=#
`#q. =# ~ O$ux QiOz `#q. H$+[Ou,
N~=#=q, n=o, OHOu, LQk "^Q#q.
O_Q LQk =Y"# O_Q. LQkx Qk
JO^~. Q= <Q. 1. H$`Q= 2. ``Q=
3. ^~
Q= 4. HeQ=. =#= HeQ= L<=.
D HeQ= ~O" # ~A# 'Qk Jxi. Jk ~#~#
"_H+ LQkQ =|_K#k. LQk K`==
~O"#k.
YQ G= ## i Oz ~ K O ^ Q = #=#
|\ OKOQ "~_#k. OKOQ=#Q uk, "~, #H`,
H~}, Q=x S^ q^=. u^ 15. "~= 7
#H`= 27.
LQk u O=`~= K` ^ _q<_ =K#.
LQk `Q"iH q<^=xK O_Q. +`~ _ D
75

LQkx [~H#K<~. LQk ~A# "=~=< x^


K ^ = . =Oy ~ O Q ~ O Q =Q " ^ ~ .
Q== =q_ `~}=# H>^~. WO\x "~O^~
JOQ# #= K #` =G=# ^iO`~. `~"`
LQk K_x Q=O`xH x"kOz ~Q_# lOK^~.
D LQk K _ qQ +" #k. =Oz "=,
=q_H =H, H` zO`O _, = , zq~H ,
L# = He P ~K` K H# K _ LQk K _.
f, H~=, , L, K^, =Q~ =#Q +_K Hey#
D LQk K_ P~Q=# =Ozk. =# rq`= Jx
~H= J#==# F~H< H HQ`Ok. P~^
G= D LQk K_x Qi ~H=Q Ki. Wk
=#= "^ qQ HiOK#.
D LQk~A + _ K ` qO^ K H O^ ~ .
~H=# O_=O@` `$Q lOK^~. q`=,
|O^= HOH `e^~. D LQk O_Q
=Y"#k OKOQ =}=. ~` D OKOQ =}=
#O^ Z#x Ja=#=. P O=`~ e`=# qx P
H ~ = Q #_ K H#@ P#"~fQ =K K #k.
OH=# ` Q+, Hq "#=, Ow`
H~ H = =, iH ^ , |] H ^ " ^ Q q<^
H~H== [~Q#. D LQk O_Q =# O==
HQ#. SH=`= =$kQ#. P<_ x~^ "^
^x H=~= =~ u XH~ L= Q, P#O^=Q D O_Q#
[~HO^~.
76

LQk<_ YO`+=` Q_` P O=`~=O`


P#O^=Q Q_K#x #=H=. =# O$u XH Q"#
O_Q =#= ~Q=#=# qQ ^^= KK#q.
`="~ D LQkx *f O_QQ x~~ Oz =k#=
H\Ozi. =# LQk `Q*u <QiH` <k.

J"kH
J~= :
|= O_Q, [Ou \#k#=, Q=#=
#=, +`~ W`~+# =\_"~, =Oy
"H, Q== ^~|O^=, JOQ##=
`#=, +_K P~~K, "^ `eq,
P#"~u J"@, Q+ , O==
H" O_@, L= L`=, ~Q=#=
Ja=$k, ^^= =, <k "^.

HOk ^= J" J~= =K =i ~O_ ^=#


"O_ :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5,

O_Q
O=`~=
~_
"=~=#
"^
77

=u~H ^= :
1. q`=
2. [Ou
3. `$
4. ~Q=#=
5. SH=`=
6. Ja=#=
7. Y=
8. @@
9. ~O=
10. O`+=

Jq`=
=~Ou
JO`$
u~Q=#=
J<H=`=
^~a=#=
H+=
y@@
=yO
^:Y=

HOk ^=# O` "H= "O_ :


1. q`"# 2. q<^=xK 3. Ja=#=
4. HOH 5. O==

HOk ^=# O|O^=# ^=` [`~KO_ :


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

QOn[Ou
Q}`O` k<`==
n=o
"=
=#=~Q=#=
78

+_K
O_Q
=H~"#k
*f~"#
O~"#k

(
(
(
(
(

)
)
)
)
)

HOk ["| "O_ :


1.
2.
3.
4.

O_Qx q^=? q=iO=.


'LQk J# ~ =K@ Q H~}"q?
LQk O_Q# Z@ [~HO^~?
OKOQ=#Q<q? Jk >~ _#k?

HOk Mm i# ^=# iOKO_ :


1. =# .......................... QiOz `#q O_Q
1. + 2. =`= 3. O$u
2. `Q"iH =Y"# O_Q ..........................
1. H= 2. LQk 3. ~O*<
3. LQk u O=`~= .......................... <_ =K#
1. K`^ _q 2. K`^ #=q
3. K`^ UH^t
4. LQk O_Q =# .......................... HQ#
1. qK~= 2. J<K~= 3. O==
5. LQk `Q*u .......................... <k
1. J<H` 2. <QiH` 3. q=Y`

HOk ^=# q_n "O_ :


1. [#k<`==
2. =Y"#
3. Qk
79

4.
5.
6.
7.

+`~
=Oy
+_K
~Q=#=

q^~ K# :
1. QO^= "o =# O_Q q+= # QiOz
Kkq `eH#=#.
2. =# O_Q< QH W`~ O_Q# QiOz _
`eH#=#.

L^ K# :
=# O_Q` @ W`~ O_Q =Y=#
q^~ kO=#.

80

4. J=~rq \ N~=

~=x =Y"# ^=
J=~rq
L^==
=Y
qQ=
=~

xq`=
xqOK@
#H#@
x~_O|~=
K~=
81

=Ok
OH=
nH
O
^~}=

=Y=
x~# =`=
H}OK@
*#=
x<^=
H

K`#
H=
O#
q$OY=
J[_
z~~}_

#=
^=
JiOK@
^~#=
f~#=
`<+

=#= ~f=. =# ^= ~`^ = . POQ



"~ xq`" =#^= "tOz ieOyi. "~
=## xQ K_yi. =Ok ^ POQ
#
=#^= #O_ ~^@ J<H L^==# Ki.
`O`^== J<H=Ok < H+ #+=#
J#qOzi. "i H$+ e`=Q 1947= O=`~= PQ+ 15=
`n# =#^=# `O`= =z#k.
=# ^ < *= ^u i< q^#=
#=OaOK = # x x~ ~ Ozi. [= ~ < " ^ @
^#=OuQ xqO|_i. =# ^=# ~R=Q
qlOzi. PO^^, =^~ OH ~R=Q #O_#.
D O H ~R=# N ~[QKi =Y=OuQ
xqO|_i. Jx =#~ =^~ [H KO^KO__q.
PO^ u QiO O_#. nx` PO^ =Y
HO^~ ~R q[# #Hxi. D =Y =Y
\ N~=Q~. g~ PO^ ~R= H U~@H P=~}
x~~ nH #_= ayOzi.
D N \ N~=Q~ <~ lx _=@
Q== 1901 O=`~= =i 16= `n# [xOzi. gi
`e^ O _ =H;=, Q~=. gi ^q H q^=
82

=^ Q" x< =^ qH ~ ~O= ~#k.


`~"` =O~H "o x@s WO[hiOQ q^ #Ozi.
Hx L^Q= ^~H^. Z< `= Ki qy "i.
z@z=~ 250 ~. r`=` ~ L^yQ ~ _ i . J@ `~ "`
q""#k. q""# Hx<H #=#O^ ~
qQ= HeQ#.
J_ *f^== ~O"#k. QOnrQi
qx 1927= O=`~=# `# L^Q=# ~r<= Ki.
`~ "` N~=Q~ |~u P== Kii. =#= =
=^ = =Q qOz x~_ O |~ = Q rqOzi. QOn r
J_Q*_ #_z O #O^Hxi. N~=Qix
"KH#K QOnr ''K~Q =H, nH~ _x, W\" ~ ^ =
KQ~x q`` Ki. |~u P== N~=
q+ = K JO^i =### JO^Hxi. 1938= O=`~=
=i 42= O=`~= `O`= H~ x~Oz#
`Q^== x =~ *tH##qOzi.
1944= O=`~= <~ l# HO^=Q KHx
'Y^ ~ "_ H = K ~ = K " ^ e _ i . 1946=
O=`~= <~ l = @## "}Qq
^"= i[# "= H~ x~# =`= xi.
J@ `~"` i[<^~} #=# K~Ozi. =# ^
=G^~}"# Y^~ =Y=# N~=Q~ ZO`
H$+ Ki . PO^ qQ K`
# . Ki`Q Q"~. OH
~R= ##K PO^ `H` "=_^x, `H PO^
~R= H=#x PO^^== ~OaOzi. HO^~ =O`
~R q[ # JOwHiOK#O^# 1951 PQ+ 15= `n#O_ q
`~"Q~ 38 ~[@ x~~nH# H#yOzi. Hx
83

e`= #=. J\ i` \ N~=Q~ OkOz


1952= O=`~= JH|~ 19= `n# x~~nH #Hxi.
=^~ @}=O^e "~ =Y `O`
=~^ x=OKKO_i. "~ N | O|=iQ~.
N~=Q~ "@"^@ O|=iQi WO\ x~# =`=
~OaOzi. "~=, H=, <~A ^\## e`=
HQ^ . `= OkOK^ . x~~nH q~qO*
@
J<H `= [iy#q. `H PO^ ~R x~}=
[~Q=~ nH q~qO#x N~=Q~ ^= Ki. 58
~A x~~nH H#yOzi. N~=Qi P~Q=
~A~A H}OKQ#. W@ ~R `=Qx J@ HO^
`=Qx Z@=O\ O^# ^ . uH nH q~qOK=x
`= `= } JiOz#q. z@z=~ 1952= O=`~=
_O|~ 15= `n# \ N~=Q~ J=~i. gi =~}"~
^=O`@ *#=Q "Oz#k. [ q$OY=Q
^~#= Ki. ''\ N~= J=~ Jx x<^=
Ki. PO^ ^=O`@ J[_ ~y#q. J\ i` P<\
~` ^x PO^ ~R ~@ O|OkOz# f~#=#
1952= O=`~= _O|~ 19= `n# "\i. P<\ #O_
` H PO^ ~R= ~_#k. `~ "` ~#~# H
~R=~_#q.
N~=Q~ PO^ z~ ~ } . PO^
~=`~} H~ }=# `Q= K# `<+,
`Q~+. ^~^x `Q qq^=# gi
~ @ | _ # k. < ~ l # \ N~= l Q
x~ ~ OK = # x < _ J< H ` = [~ Q K #q.
84

\N~= x~|O_~`, @^, H~nH Hx_^y#q.


PO^ ~R=#H Ji =_ }`Q= K#
N~=QiH *~.

J"kH
J~= :
xq`= H~}=, =Ok J<H=Ok, L^==
`=, xqOK@ U~@ K@, OH=
_H, =Y Q"~, #H#@ uOK@,
nH @^, qQ= Z_@, x~_O|~=
P_O|~=x, O Q_@, =~ J<H~,
K~= ", ^~}= ^iOK@, =Y=
Q`#=, K`# `eqQ"~, #= O_@,
x~~nH L"=`=, =#~ =`, H= 15
~A, ^= u[, H}OK@ #tOK@, O#
K#= O_@, JiOK@ J_Q@, *#=
=O_#@=O\ Jy, q$OY= K, ^~#=
|`~=, x<^= HH, J[_ QO^~Q=,
f~#= f~, H O|O^"#, z~~}_
KH= *H=OKH#^y#"_, `<+ `=#
"^"_

HOk ^= J" J~= =K =i ~O_ ^=#


"= :
1. =^~
2. `O_
85

3. O
4. "~=

=u~H ^= :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

H+=
=
e`=
`O`=
OH=
#
~O=
=#=_

Y=
#+=
^+e`=
~`O`=
JOH=
^
=yO
^#=_

HOk ^=# O` "H= "= :


1. L^==
2. H+ #+=
3. J_Q*_

4. q+ =
5. z~~}_
6. `<+

HOk ^=# O|O^=# ^=` [`~K= :


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

*f^==
`Q=
x~# =`=
PO^~R=
x~~nH

`~"
(
\N~=
(
QOn =`_ (
1927
(
1946
(
86

)
)
)
)
)

HOk ["| "= :


1. \ N~=Q~ Z_ ZH_ [xOzi? "i
`e^O_=~?
2. \ N~=Q~ `O`= H~ x~Oz#
`Q^="\k?
3. \ N~=Q~ i[<^~}H K# = Z\k?
4. N~=Qi x~# =`=# Qi "=.
5. PO^~R">~_#k?

HOk Mm i# ^=# iOK= :


1. =# ^=# "~xq`" ........................... =zi
1. `q 2. ~A 3. POQ
2. =# ^=# "^@ ^#=Ou
1. WOk~QOOn 2. [=~< 3. ~r"QOn
3. `H PO^~R=#H ............................ ~_i
1. \ N~= 2. hO Or=~_ 3. =] K<~_
4. QOnr .............................. P== x=Ozi
1. PO^= 2. |~u 3. x~$^
5. <\ q^ih q^~ \ N~== .........................
J=~KH#=#
1. P@ 2. @^ 3. @

HOk ^=# q_n "= :


1.
2.

`O`^==
q^=
87

3.
4.
5.
6.

*f^==
`Q=
i[<^~}
`H

q^~ K# :
H~nH Hey# =~+ Ki`# QO^=O^
Kkq `eH#=#.
L^ K# :
1. `Q~+ rq` q^#=# kOK@
2. \ N~= rq` @=# ` z`=#
HiOz KOK=#.

88

5. k<`==

=Y"# ^ :
"=
Q} ^~}H
P#"

L=
"+==

=`~
Jq<=
^#O

=#= L` =#, P#O^ = # H e yOK @


O_Q~_#q. Jq [O`, <=, =`= Jq
J<H q^=. =# O$ux ` O_Q LQk,
OHOu, n=o "^Q#q. *f O_Q `O`
k<`==, Q}`O`k<`==, QOn[Ou, L^
k<`==, k<`== "^Q#q. ^Hx
OOkO*#q D O_Q.
89

" = #O_ = K~ H# Q } ^~}H


Z=Q #O_#x ^ Ki. <\ ~\ ~. H|\
L`= ~Q ~O^=## "iH H=tH}
=Y=. D H=tH} ~ ~ #O_ ~OaO=#.
*f O_Q# ~ [i#_ "i ^H HQ#.
^= H rq`= #iOz# `Q^# # ^< # Qi
_ P O^~= "~ `HO^~.
qHOz# = =O\ O> W+_x "~O_~. s
~x ~Q, =p~x =@ ZO` =^Q`Ok.
x~"# =#. "i ze K+ =# `e ^x
[=~<QiH ZO` W+O.
K" # xH OH `O ` Qc. JO`x J#~QxH
P#" Z] Qc. Z^ Z] Qc ^iOz Z_ K~Qx
z~#=` HxOz# KK<# QiOz `ex"~~ ^. KK
JO> z<#. Kx H~}=# =# "^[e =# =#
P#O^O HeyOK JO^ KO^===< `# P^~a=<`
=## K~Q# <r K KK< Jx
=|_#. P `#HO` P#O^x, Lx Hey#^x
P< `# L< ~<~. [=~<
Q == OkOz# P# q`# [#k#=#
k<`==Q H\Oz =# ^ ~[^x #O_ ^qH
~ =~ D L`==# #=Q [iOKyi.
Z=i [#k<x k<`=OQ ^=O`\ O|~OQ
[~O\" P [=~< QiOz =#O `H=_O
=YO. [=~ JO> #Q. x[OQ ~`=` P~}O =O\"~
[=~<. g~ 1889 #=O|~ 14= `n J^
90

[xOzi. gi `O_ "f<, `e ~~}. Hj~


^=# < s <H~Q ~[H LO_#. _b ^
P# O_`=# "z _b #Q~=# <H H= H##
=#= #`xH x"=#HK#. H=# J~c + ''#~
JO^ #~ X_# x=OKKO_@K "~ '#~ Jx
=|_ H=OQ < =Oi.
[=~H z#`#O#O_ ^a=#O "O_Q LO_k.
"~O K _xH =# ^O =z ^~H=} K =# JkH~O
K~# POQ# `iqH\x z#`#O< HOH}O
H@<~. QH$+QY, =`QOn, ~~=>,
JhaO\, QOQ^~ u
H =O\ "^= OkO`,
[=~ ~uO|= ^Ox u O`O xi~=OQ uiy
[#^tOz ^``"# QOc~< K [
SH` H~~. HOQ s J<H =Y ^=
x~ Oz P s L# " + = # _ ~ =
=`QOn =O\ =h Ja=<xH `~. J<H
L^=, `Q, ~\ `~"` =# `O`O
=zOk. =# `e ^xQ [=~< ^ i<
^`# K\~.
[=~< *f #i~}=# ^H=#
"K JO`~f =" ^$+ =~#. Ou^`Q
H=OK# H @_ `$f OK ^= U~_O_ K#.
OKj ^O`=# H\OK#. P^xH <QiH`|O^~"#
OK=# =# ^=# _ XH =Y #=# Ki
Q~ = u + # x \ # = h _ [= ~ .
~` `=# ~`~ `
a~^xz ` iOz#k. 1964
91

" 27= `n Ou^` [=~ ~= #OHiOK#.


= =#= =`~ [#O H~H _`~.
JO^H "i [#k<x JO^~ O_QQ [~O\~.
~=[Ou, H$+[Ou, QOn[Ou=< < [Oux
_ qHe "_H` [~O\=. x~O`~O ^``
`=`==K< < HO` =x ` Q_\xH
qxyOK"~. <, L# Jq<= O|O^x
~ iOK Hx P # [#k<x k<` =OQ
[~O@<=.
k<` "xH XH < =O^ Q< x
K~`<h, `eqh "eHn@ "iH P@ \, @
\, H^~K#, ^= ~QH=Q K@, L<
\, z`H \ x~O|_`~. P \ q*`
k<`=O<_ |=`e~ . P<_ O` ~OQ~OQ
^ ^iOz "=*=< ~ =~. *fw`=,
^ H Q = P ~ . = @ =Y Juk x
^ <^ iK O K~ . =Y Juk Q" #
O^x~. L`=# ^`~Qu [=~ QiOz
=\_`~. HO^~ < "+O _ "O\~.
=iHO^~ ~H~H #$`, <@H ^i~. =Y Juk
q*` |=u ^#O K~. L^<^_
H$`[` `e# =@ `~Qu L^~h L^
q~~ OK`~. =@ O^~ O`+OQ
HiO` H_` W "_`~. D z<~ < H# He
x[O K~ .
92

J"kH
J~= :
"= a_Q L# ^, Q} ^~}H Kkq#k
Q Oz, *H = OKH# H, P#" Q~, z=, P~ }
O
#Q, L= L`=, "+== "~@, =`~O
Q, Jq<= q_n~x, x~Oz K, |O^~"#
_#, x~O`~O Z_, OOkOK Z= K,
POK _@.

HOk ^ J" J~ =K =i ~O_ ^


"O_ :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

L=
=`~
x~O`~O
"O_Q
OOkOK

HOk ^ =u~H ^ "O_ :


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

H==
=Y
O`+=
L`=
W+=

JH==
J=Y
qK~=
x~`=
Jx+=
93

HOk ^# O` "H "O_ :


1. OOkOK 2. `Q^# 3. == 4. K~Q#

HOk ^ O|O^=# ^` [`~KO_ :


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

< `O_
< [#k#O
K"# O
JO`x =
< `e

~~}
Z~ Qc
"f <
#=O|~ 14= `n
` Qc

(
(
(
(
(

)
)
)
)
)

HOk ["| "O_ :


1.
2.
3.
4.

O_Q#Q<q? *f O_Q =# "q?


= K =Y"# ^ Jx Z@ K Q=?
KK <# O` ZO^H~` ezi?
< `e^O_=~? P# s Qi
`=.
5. [=~ ^a=x Qi h `e#k "=.
6. < [#k#O<_ k<` =O [~ _ xH
H~}"q\?
7. k<`=O "_H# =iOK=.

HOk Mm i# ^=# iOKO_ :


1. ................................. HeyOKq D O_Q
(^=H, ^H, =`$H)
94

2. D ........................... ~ ~ #O_
~OaO=#
(HtH}, xHtH}, H=tH})
3. JO`x J#~QxH P#" ...................................
( Qc, Z] Qc, ` Qc)
4. < [#k#O .............................
(JH|~ 2= `n, [#=i 26= `n, #=O|~ 14= `n)
5. [=~ JO> ...............................
(=Q, #Q, Q)

HOk ^# q_n "O_ :


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

k<`==
"=
P^~a=<
O`
Q"#

q^~ K# :
< rq`=# O|OkOz# z`= HiOz P"
`~K@

L^ K# :
k<`== H =Y=# q=iOz K
O` =@ < Q`#=# Qi K OK@.
95

6. HOp~=

~=x =Y"# ^=
H`=
q`=
`^
H#H=
"=iH=
Wu=
[=
H=

$k
ky[
`
~=
B#`=
Jk~Oz
n# [<^~}
"<Hx_
96

t+iH=
[QkMu
~=}H=
z` qz`=
g}=
xk
k=H`=

~`^= }H`= x=. H`=#Q q.


}H`=#Q q`"# q Jx J~=. k KOk#
}H`= HOp~=. `q<_ HOp~= H^. nxx
` ^Q H#H~=x ezi. ~#~# Jk HOK#~=,
HOp~=, HOz, HOl=~= J# ~`
=|_K#k. HOp
J#Q "# Jx J~=. ~`^=# D @}= <a
#=. N~=KO^_, JQ=i D H`=# ^iOzi.
HOzH ~ Wu= H^. |^=_ q+=# QiOz
[= K# =. P q+= |^=x HiH ##iOz
` H " WK @ H" <_ . q+ = # qOK "i
^ =#H |. qH~ # ~qOz XH JO^" # @}
=#
xiOK=x P*OK#. qH~ xiOz# @}" HOz~=.
<_ "=iH= D @}=# HOzQ KK<~.
D~_ UHO|~<^_ J# ~` WK@ H"
<_. OKeOQ= XH># $neOQ= WK@ Q^. Wk
K ^k` =Y @}=. K ^~_ HOz
[xOK#. WK@ J<H ^"= "#q. `q^=
`|=# N u~=OQ~ D H`=# ^iOK#. N OH~
~=#A ky[ ` D H `=# ^iOz ~= #
U~~KHxi.
Wk |^x H=<\H K~= <Ok#k. JH KH=i
J<H =# OK#. K<u_# '< `OQ
Zxq^= `|=# D H`=# ^iOz ^x B#`=#
`e#. D @}= ^H} ^=# =Y"# @}=Q ~
Ok#k. WK@ #@xqk (108) t=H`= ^<xqk
q+H`= Q=.
97

UHO|~<^ _# ^ = # ^ HOz H t=HOz JO^~.


q+= "# ^= z# HOz, q+ HOz Jx =|_K#k.
D @}=# ~=~= Q^. WK@ |K@ J<H
=` Q=.
NOH~K~ HOzH=H\ ~=# Ozi. gi
`~"` D ~=# Jk~Oz#"~ N KO^Y~O^ ~f
=. <_ gix ^ =x KK<~. g~ 1894=
O=`~= " 20= `n# ^H}k ## 'q~=
[xOzi. N=u =H, |}Q~ gi `e^O_.
giH `e^O_ "@"^@ \# ~ q<^. `# 13=
@< < nH# fHx KO^Y ~ O^ ~ uQ ~ k`
i .
g~ Oz# OH~=~= HOzH =^ Q^. Nq"~
n# [<^~ }
H O # O zi. O$` K~=#
"^^~} H$+ Ki. [ gix H`Q=` ~x "<
Hx_KO_i. gi=^< [O^ ~` q[O^
~` t+iH= Ki. g~ `= OH~=~k`Q
[QkMu <O^K<~.
HOp~= #O^ K_^y # t~=} H= Q^. k
KOk# ^"= J<H= Q=. UHO|~~ ^"=,
H=H J="i ^ " =, =~ q ^ " =,
"=#q ^ " =, H K ~ q ^ " =,
=~^~[q ^"= "^Q#q k KOk #q. Wq
HH HOp~= #O^ z` qz`"# q+= K_=K#.
Jq #~ O= =O_=, ~f~=, P==$H=, |OQ~
|e, "O_ |e "^Q#q Q=. J~G=# g}_#
K}_ WK@< [xOK#. Ow` xk # `Q~[q D
H`=# Qi J<H H~## ~zOz Q#= K#.
98

HOp~= @p~, W`_=# k KOk#k.


u O =` ~ = " Y== WK \ ^" =
L`== [~QKO_#. D L`== [ `O_
`O_=Q =K^~. HOp~= "^^~ K~=#
H O^ # " J~~ K #k. p# ~}= D
HOp~=# Qi | q^= uO|_#k. WK\
| k=H`=x =iOK|_#k. JO^=# ''#Q~+ HOp
Jx Mu KO^K#k. J#Q #Q~= HOp~= +" # k
Jx J~= .

J~= :

J"kH

H`= q, q`= =#=, `^


"@"^@, H#H= |OQ~=, "=iH "_Hxk,
Wu= ~}= K|_#k, [= ==,
H= , $k q, ky[` <Q k#
[~OK@H K }=, ~= P#=, B#`=
Q`#=, Jk~Oz ZH, n# [<^~} n# [##
Ja=$k ~K@, "< Hx_ J<H q^= Q_,
t+iH= q^i`#=, [QkMu OK=O`@ k
KOk#, ~=}H= JO^=, g}= <~, xk
O^ x=, z^H= #=, H;= HO\H
HxOKxk, k=H`= }H`=.

99

D HOk ^= J" J~= =K =i ~O_ ^=#


"= :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

~`^=
H`=
l
=i
`H=
@}=

D HOk ^= =u~H ^=# "O_ :


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

q`=
~=
`H=
`=
[=
Mu
^~=
Hi
<_

Jq`=
P^xH=
~H=
J`=
J[=
JMu
J^~=
JHi
~

D HOk ^=# O` "H= "= :


1. P*OK@
2. | K@ 3. "< Hx_
4. J~~K#k 5. =iOK@
100

D HOk ^=# O|O^=# ^=` [`~K= :


1.
2.
3.
4.

HOp~=
<`OQ
^=
`Q~[q

K<
qH~
Ow`xk
q~=

(
(
(
(

)
)
)
)

D HOk ["| "= :


1. HOp~= ZK@ Q^? P @}=# U ~`
==iOKK<~?
2. HOp~=# Q Wu H^# "=?
3. HOp~=# ^iOz OOz#"~=~?
4. H=H\ ~k`=~? "~ K# = \k?
5. HOp~=# K_^y# q+=q?
6. '#Q~+ HOp Jx Z@ Mu KOk#k?

HOk Mm i# ^=# iOKO_ :


1. }H`=#Q ....................... q Jx J~=
(L+=, q`, j`)
2. OKeOQ= XH>#k ...................... eOQ=
([, Jy, $k)
3. HOp~=# ........................ t=H`= Q=
(108, 100, 99)
4. ^=x ........................ "ix JO^~
(QqO^ ~u, KO^Y~O^ ~u,
101

N~=f~ ~u)
5. |OQ~ |e, "O_ |e ................... ^"=# Q^
(=~^~[q, UHO|~~q, HK~q

HOk ^=# q_n "= :


1. `^`
2. `H=
3. ^k`
4. ky[ `
5. `|=
6. ~ku
7. "<
8. [QkMu

q^~ K# :
}H` ==# `eH#=#. Ki`H q+=#
QOK=#.

L^ K# :
Hx }H`= q~`Q fHx "o JK\
q+=# `e*=#.

V
102

7. P@ P~Q=
(O+})

`^~ : ``, =#=_, J=, <#,


`~=, <x, WO^}, Jth^`.

~O =Y"# ^ :
Q==
^~}
Q=
O^
ql OK

x|O^#
H^eH
^=
g}=
O^#
103

|k =O^`
=~=
"kQ
"==
tH}

|~OQ=
QqQ_
*fH_
JO`~fH_

O==
+
@`=
UHQ`

^^=
}oH
Qu
=~^~H

gk Q== #O_ <x iQ`HO@ =_. Q


=~# ``Q~ _Hs _Hx LO\~.
`~= : U~ <h! ZH_#O_ iQ``<"?
<x :

K< L<= Q^ ``!

`~= : JkQ^~ <h! XO` K=@ \


~C` ~<= Q^~!
<x :

LO_ ``!(JO@ xH`_)

WO^} :

"_ ~C` ~ =O> ZH_


#Oz =K=? UOK =? JO@
xn~O\ ==Q~!
"_ ZO_ J =K_.

`~= : <HO^=! #= h_.


<x :

J=! PH#k J#O @.

WO^} :

W^ =<# <<! (JO@ xH "o


"_H J#O _`Ok)

<x :

J=! J=! D ~A P@\


[iQ= ~QO^=, Z`
104

ZQ~@, ^~=#O_ ^=@, K_ Q_,


HH "^# P@ P_OK~. D P@
\ <# ^=, kf}
QO^#. (<x J#O ux _)
`~= : (^QHO@) << <h! P@ \
QeK=O\! ^=, kf }
Q O^"? + ! < | O`+OQ LOk.
J@O_e~! P@ P~Qx~.
<h :

`` ! P@O> < K W+O . ~^ Q


LO@Ok. ZQ~K, ^=HK. JO`Qx
P~Qx Z\~?

`~= : <h ! ~! WH_ ~! h D ~A P@


P~Q=# Qi K|` q#.
<x :

''~ H@O_ LO> KC ``!


qO\#.

`~= : h PH HeQ@@ K`!


<x :

~! KC ``! (`~= `#
^~} KC@ ~OaOK_)

`~= : P~Q" =Q=<~ ^. JO>


U[| O_ rqOK_" Q O^. D
P@ =# P~Q= K~`Ok. =x+
P~QxH +H~"O` =Y" P@
"== JO` =Y=. D P@#
=_ q^Q qlOK~~ <h!
105

<x :

``! P@O> ~H=O\~. KC,


qO\#.

`~= : <h! P@ =_~H. ~ P_


P@, | ~ O Q O Q P_ P@,
*f"# P@. = HO Qb,
HuH=z, H@O, ` _ a ,
JK#Q, K=KH, "^Q P@
P_"O.
<x :

g HO Wx P@<! ``!

`~= : J"Q^. WOH Z< L<~. X~! <h! g


_ =~ L<_ Q^! P#
q=e U P@ P__ ?
<x :

``! = =O` XH K@
QqQ_`=. `~ "` QQ K~ .
XHH Q` XHH P@ P_~.

`~= : U P@~! <h!


<x :

h ` e ^ `` ! ''K _ Q _
P_`=. ''HH P_`=. H~O~,
K P_`=. WOH Z< P@ P_`=.

`~= : <h! ^ ^ P@ _ P_`"?


<x :

^ ``! z# `y# P@
z#=, ^ `y# P@ ^
= P_`=.
106

`~= : ^ ^ P@# U=O\~ ` <h!


K q#. "\< *f, JO`~f H_
JO\~. Jq =~Q H, HH \, \,
\O@< "^#q.
<x :

~ ``! D P@, P~QxH


O|O^= #^O\~ J^O^ KC `` !

`~= : q#~ <h! D P@ Hx x|O^#


##iOz P_`~. JC_ s~Ox
J===h H^ #. D H^e H =#
^= =K#. HOK= J@ _
H Q ` Ok. Jx J= ==
=#=Q ~H ~ }
[~Q#. =##
O``, L`[ =, K~^#= HQ#.
WkQH @^, *<a=$k HQ#. D
P@ g}= Ok#"ix Kz
O^# Hey q^~ O==
U~_#.
<x :

J ! P@ Wx q+<!

`~= : J=<! g~ P_ P@ Q_ _
q+ <~. K _ Q _ P@=#
s~===h H^e @`"~_#.
HH=# H + HQ#. J^O\~
<h! Q Q P@ K JO\~@Q! P K
P@=# "^ Ou ~Q#. H~"
P_@=# HQ HQ_. UHQ`
107

HQ#. |k =O^= `Q#. =i


`#=O_^.
<x :

F=! Wx q+< ``!

`~= : Jk =`" Q^. JO`~f P@=#


#~ @`=, H K`# J=bQ
H^eOK =~= HQ#. @~Q^.
=x+ "kQ_ H_.
<x :

``! "==_ XH P>Q^!


q=~OQ K"!

`~= : <h! "=O _ P@ Q" . P@


P_"~ ` xiQ "=O K ^~.
" == Z< ~ H = Q =.
P<, ^< Q "^Q#q.
"i"i Ja ~ zH ` y #@ Q Z#Hx
P@ g}x Ok P~Q=O`
Q^~.
<x :

~ ``! # Hr#
"=tH}
W~O \~ J^O\ `` !
K"!

`~= : `O_ K#. q# <h! u ~


"= tH} ~~. q^~ P
tH}
x ^ += = Hey P@
QO^^~. Jq Z<... Z... \,
Q_, Z<.Z.Z ~_ H "^Q#q.
108

<x :

| H ^ K = `` ! P@
P~Q=#^x WC_ `<#.

`~= : X~ |_"! `ex q+


H^Q K `O\~. Q J~
=~O^! H|\ L`O` P@,
"== "^Q tH} x
^ ^ =# `__=#. `=
"~ Z< q^=Q P@ O|OkOz#
} oH # ` ~ K ` OK
K<~. "i =~= q^ih, q^~
#_z ^QuH #H#=#. `eO^!
Jth^` :

<h! WO` `` KO^O` <#


q<#. h Q J~=~O^!

<x :

<<~! g~C_K~. D ~A ``
K# q+=# ZO` `<#.

Jth^` :

J=# |! ^ "H=
=~^~H `eO^!

<x :

J=# <<! D q+ h < `


Q_ K =# \\! \\!

J~ :

J "kH :

Q== "He J J@<Ok } `~Q u


,
^~} ^u Q= O^ qlOK Q= K,
109

|~OQ= "e ^=, QqQ_ QOQ _


*f H_ =#^= P_ P@, JO`~f H_
q^j` P_ P@, x|O^# q^#=, H^eH
H^@, ^= K=@, g}= <~, O^#
=~, O== H "O_@, + |=,
@`= |=, UHQ` XH q+= H=OK@,
|k=O^` `eq`=`#=, "kQ ~Q=K
_O|_"~, "== ^OQ= K XH H,
tH}
^# , ^ ^ = ^= H Ja=$k, }oH
x~
q^#=, Qu Ja=$k, =~^ ~ H =~= #
KOK#q.

HOk ^ J" J~ =K =i ~O_ ^


"O_ :
1. Q=
2. ^=
3. ~=
4. ~
5. =~=

HOk ^ =u~H ^ "O_ :


1. ZO_
2. Z`
3. O`+=

"#
=
^Y=
110

4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.

W+=
PH
Q
~=
^
*f=
HOK=
=#=
L`=
=~=

Jx+=
J<H
^
P^xH=
z#
q*f=
Z=
J=#=
x~`=
J=~=

HOk ^# O`"H "O_ :


1. J 2. ~C` ~ 3.O==
4. g}= 5. UHQ`

HOk ^# O|O^=# ^` [`~KO_ :


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

P~Q=
P<
"^Ou
~
q^i

Z<..
K
"==
^Qu
=Q=
111

(
(
(
(
(

)
)
)
)
)

HOk ["| "O_ :


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

P@x~H= ? Hx P@# ~#=?


P@ P_@ =# HeQ_ =# `=?
*f JO`~f H_# ~#=?
P@ P~Q=# Q O|O^=# `=?
P@_ "~ K = # ^ q ? ~ WK
tH} Z\k?

HOk Mm i# ^=# iOKO_ :


1. =x+ P~QxH ................. J=~=
(1.@ 2. P@ 3. =@)
2. He` P_ P@# ................ JO^~.
(1. HH\ 2. K 3. \)
3. P@=# q^~ ................ HQ#.
(1. O== 2. J#== 3. =)
4. K P_@=# ..................... HQ#.
(1. P= 2. q<= 3. "^Ou)
5. `ex q+ ................. K` =Q
`eHO^~.
(1. H=` 2. @K 3. H^Q)

HOk ^# q_n "O_ :


1. <HO^
2. XHH
112

3. ^~Q=
4. q^~
5. ^^=

q^~ K# :
Hx~ \H x==o##iOz q^ih q^~
Jx P@ #=#.

L^ K# :
1. Hx ~O=# P@ ^~ kOz# q^~
=Q `eH#Q~.
2. *f, JO`~f P@# Qi q*`# Qi
q^~ `=#.

113

L"KH=

1. huH^=O[i
N g~eOQO O`
1. Q]` HH# `_
XH `_ Q]` HHx =z Q] =O^ "tOz
[=x H#=#= HQO_ ~u" XHH Q]# KO
HO "^>#. D H~=Q Hx k#= [iy#
`~"` Q"_ "= Hx\, Q] "+= "Hx # P
`_ "_HH `_ ayOz K~=## K@H= "xx
" _ Q > # . P qO` K z K @ @ = ##
Q"O_H_ =z Q] < Li fK<=x J_yi. ''Wk
Q] "+= "# `_ Qx x[=~# Q] H^. U "+=
### `_# @H#_# <hQ#< Li f^#
Jx K # H H# K~ = `yOz K "i = x"~}=
K#. J_ "~O^~# ="+= "#O^#Hk `y# tH
x O`+Oz "_e~i.
Q. H@ "+O| =## QQ "
=^ x[= |= =H xK
H `e# =@ < [#
" Qxx ^+O` sx
hu : "= Z< ^Q^.
125

HOk ["|"O_ :
1. `_ "=# QiOz q=iO=.
2. `_ "=# [iy# Uq\?

126

2. O=, =$Q=
XH<_ O=# =Hx =$Q=# *i Ok KH x
`q`~g^ ^_ "_K#_Qx `= g^ x`~
^O_u#_Qx ~~= KH#KO_@H~
_O|_H ~KH<#. J@ `~"` <Hi O=#
= =_ =$Q=# Qe |^ "@~ H
|e# lOH# |@Hx KO#. "x <H =$Q= Ok x|O^#
H~=Q lOH# <Q Q=Q yOz =O^Q `#
~+= =z# Q=# @H#@H <Q Q=# ~A
=O^ >#. JO`@ O=Q=# " " "e`
E K ''Wk < # O =#~#O^ # =O ~ O ~ Q `
`O`=K` < ~=# Q Q=. Jk =#= KH #
_O|_H# |\ `=` ^= K= =z#_
q+ ~= <=g^< _= O_@K` < ~=#
Q=. P=k <# =$Q~A#Q@K` [~# g ~i
~}= < =iOK=# Q=. P qye#k <H_
^^kH=Q #O_@# |\ <=^ ~Oz`=
H=@# |\<# x"~=Q QOK=# Q=. H|\
|k=O`~# gs<Q Q=# < =^e" "`
"^H#@H ~OHHK@H j=Q O_ Jx O"#.
127

w. `# #kx` "u <#~K <_


x[ =~# Y= aO <~ ^_
~q^= ^#`_ =`_
* "u ~^ qK
hu : Jkx` "u `Q^.

:
1. O=, =$Q= KH# X_O|_H Z\k?
2. O= =$Q=# Z@ "yOK#.

128

3. O= ZH
O"H\ ZO_ uiy J =z XH =]K@ h_#
~ O_ q q OK K O_ Q ZH XH \ i Q ` H x =z
^xg^#O_ ^=@ `@OK#. ^x ^= @K`
"x O=eH_ z x^O Q= K# O^H = ~+=`
Ku P ZH# H\ KO#. J_ ZH =K`
^= HO"O^ Q^^ ~=` ''g ! <# ^[O`=#.
^ = ~ " i = = < ~ Q H Jq" H = K ` < # K # ~
J ~ ^ = # H q Oz < }^#= K _ . =$Q
~=~# e#"~ ^O_<~=~# =[O`=
~ yO=# ~ #Y=# <=O\ J[O`=
~H=` " ~K@ ^~= H^ Jx n#=Q "_H<#. P
P~ "H= $^= Hiy#^ O= H~}Oz "xx
K O H q_ z > # . JO` @ =+ H = `# |uH
#O`H=# " =~=#x eH "H g_x `#
i ^~ #. J@ `~ "` HO`H=# O=~=
xq`= =#=#O^ q~= KK =z =^ ==#
" @ H_ x ~# = _ P =$` = #O_
`OKH#@ H=HH OH~=Q #~KK z
_KO_Q, ZH "x HO~~= qx `# HQ #O_ "_e
=z ^@ xez, `# =#H~= Ok# ZHQ@
`e O=# _=^x K H$`[` |_#@Q
129

H==# `# ^O`=` "@H_ =K = `x


`Q HiH O=# =$` =Y= #O_ q_OK#.
w. Hx " # _ ^=
## ^_ KOQ Qey O_.
H=## ^" #OK Q~_H
~ [# #H$u =.
hu : J _ Hx ==O^ Q"iH
_^~. H=# Q"~ JOHiOK@ `Q^.

HOk ["|"O_.
1. O=# ZH H"O^ HeQ#?
2. P ZH #k KOH U q_K# ?
3. ZH O=<@ ~HOK#?

130

4. H, `_
XH<\ "< =#=O` uiy"i P~"H_#
^~HH=@K` = K zH# XH `_ Q==
"tOz XH ^xx ~O\=O^~ u~QK# |e# H#
KK#. J_ `_ H g=# ~ #=iOz
" `# |O^`=# `Hx ''q`_! h=
qHe P~Q^ L#@ H#|_K<=. W@=O\ H+
,
O^~ qQ=# Q"xx =# |O^=~= =i=ix
< h =~ K z O_ ^ . <H O > Z = =Oz u
h"@O_Qe yu" H~}= HOK= <O^#Q Oz `=.
## <# OOKH#K P`uQ `K<" Hx x[=Q
<# hHO> k =_Q=. =` "=_ ZH_H_
# ~=x hHO> Z=Q uiy uk#=#
@H <# hHO> Q }= =Q @_ ^#. J~##
H_xO_H PHeK` ^_K <x@ K=# ^=Q
#<#. Jx eH#. ''<# K#> h=# K# H=# h=#
<=< LO^= Jx H L`~qK#. ''h= K_ x "
< K= Jx `__Q#. W H=e Hz ^OQ# eH
~x=O_@. WO`HO> =~q ^. Jx H |^
K#. ''WO`H^! D xx <# =#iQ K^#. W\ <
u = ^YH~"#k. QeH, "#, =OK Oz, ==
=_K #@_q |@|# x"= KKO_@HO> "
131

`O_ uk#=# =Oz [#= KK ~Q =Oz


HQ "Kx ~O@ "= KQQ@ =Q= H^!
Jx `_ eH #. ''JO^ O^ = ^ . WH h= h ~O\gk
^#=# q_z\ ~H_ <` #O_ <"O@ u~QKO_=
Jx H `_# `^= K#. JO`@ P ~O_#
^_ O` u~QKO_Q `_ H "_ >_ XH\
O_@ Kz Jk " J_y `eH=## "_H H^~
''q`_! h "_<" H#|_K#k. ^x L Q" " q=iOz
< a=`=# f~= Jx "_ H<#. ''J@~#K K^#
q#=. <# HOK= H== H^##Q@K` =#+
<H" H~z^<"x Q\@ ## H\\ ~O\"~
~u@ =`= ## q_z@^~. JO`HH <# Q
x^~ ~` "=QeyO_ ~O\x *Q~ H``
H=e
HKKO_=## ^ = K` ## =Y=Q h >_ Q
`yeOz ~O\ O = # H\ @^ ~. W@ Q H\ \# #
~= #= HQ< "_ Q q ## q_z@K O_@K`
~` <# ^KQ OK~= K=K#. < [=x
uk#=# =O= `# ux Z=He =Q fHx
=z `# K`` < @#. WO@## "iHO^iHx <g^
= q@=. "~ `= u#Q qye# ==# `z
=#Q_ O_H_= < _= @^~. <# Y_
q^ = O` h= q<=H ^ ! WH <" O @ ~ = Uq?
J#=xOKK<"q? Jx H eH#. ''~#. <# h"O@
~#. h Y=O` h" LOKHx WH ## q_z@=. h=
K # Y= <HH ~^ . < =YOQ H=Ok `O`=.
Jk H~# `~"` ~*kH~qz## <HH~^. Jx
eH JK@ x=H `_ "_e#.
132

w. J## ^_~ O_ #=~`=


#O| Q_KK |`HO>
^# |~"_H `O` =$u
QOl `QK |`@ H~=
hu : xQ LO_ O `Q_O H< `O`OQ
|`` QOl `Q_O ".

HOk ["| "O_.


1. `_ H # U=_ Q #? ^xH H Wz#
=^#"k?
2. H r=# q^#=##iOK@ `_ ZO^
u~iOK#?

133

5. Q]=, Q_^
^qH Qx=@H~ =Oz r# H\ OH
iOK@K` O`+= @*H ~`Q ="Q#@Q
HeOKK Q]"H\ <<=Y= ~Q` "^>#.
J_ ^ |~= g^ "Hx "H Hm_H#K
#_KK# Q_^H\ =~=^=# ^xHO@|_#. P
Q~ = # Ez Q]= =Q~ =` ''h= ^i `y ^~=Q
. h =O^ Q = #= q_ z " y ~ = H ^ H u" h=
<HeHO^|_ #ey^= =! Jx i=Q |eH#.
Q~O^`K` HO^ K_H QO` "K# Q]= =O^~
=~=@ @ OH Q_^ "Q <H "~ Huye
^xH ^i ~K#. W@ [iy# HO`H=#H Q]=
^= Q_ O\^~ H H"_ H=|_ `#g^
=@ " `Hx=KO_Q O\He` "Q #_KK
=~ <Q_^H ^~_# . J_ Q_^ u`~= K @
`#H_ =O` =z#^x qOz ''F q`_! Jx ez, ''<_
< #_H# Ez iOz# =#= H~ `=~? J\
`= Q~=# Ez `=H_ ~\ = @#x <# <_
<=###<# Jx HiOK#.
134

w. =O^ Q~O| #_=, <_# ^x


"#H< ==#O| [#K#O_,
Qi`x H^ HO` HQ<x,
L= O`^ ~[#.
hu : QiOz# "xH P^ Hey#_O^~ O`+_`~.
JO^H Q~= xH~^.

:
1. Q]= Q~=` Z@ =iOK#?
2. Q]=# Hey# #u Z\k? JO^ Q_^ U=x
eH#?

135

6. *u`
=# `e ~`=`. =#O ~fO. =# *u#O`\h
XH `\ #_Oz `# rq`=O` ^a=$k H~H JiOz#
=` QOnr. D }`_ =# *u`. QOnr
=#=`"^O, F~, Ou, JO ^O` OK=O`
" O K~. JO` =O^ # _ U ~[H < _
J=OaOKx gi JO"^O JO^s P~~zOk.
QOnr 1869 JH|~ 2= `n Q[~`x ~|O^~
#Q~O [xOK~. gi `e `b~. `O_ H~OKO^. QOn
J~ "<^H~OKO^QOn. QOn J##k =O<==.
l*~ g~ t "rx fik # @ ` e ` b ~
QOnrH ^=Hx, `=~## J=~z#k. QOn z#`#=#
K_"=# `O_ *|#O_ _| ^OQeOK#. `~"`
` _ `O_=^ ` XHx WOH_ K #x =}=
K#. q`` H =OH}= K## `~"` \
r=# KO@ =x =O~= =<#. QOnH 7
O=`~= = "~ ~[H@ "oi. JK@ ^qH
~ Ki P^~ q^iQ ~ `KH<#. QOn =
`iO^ <@H=# Kz `" `# rq` ~=x ZOz
` =~= z=i=~ rq` Q=#= yOK#. =}=~x
H^# Kkq `e^O_O^ q^`` #O_=#x
OHeOKH<#.
136

QOn 13= @ H i ~x q"=_#. q"==#


P# K^ = P@OH= HeQ #. J~#\H @^ ` P#
`# K^ =# H#yOK#. 1885 QOnH `$ qQ= HeQ #.
QOn O_# "o 1891 E< i+~ @=# Ok
~`^=# uiy=K#. WOQO_ `##O`H= =^,
=O= =@H `eHz# =@# H_H<#. q^#O_
uiy=z# =@ `e =~}"~ qx qHe ^dOK#. `^i
O~ <"^=$ux x~Ozi. 1893 ==~
i~=#H ~|O^~x =~H~ QOnrx ^H}H
Oi. JK@ POQ
JkH~= #O_i. ~fHK @
Z\ =. x= rqOKKO_i.
XH i QOn r XH @ =` ~ Q u \ H @ Hx# \ H
`"i`@ P `~Qu > }= KhH P#
=# \~"g^ qi"i. QOnr ~f
J==#=# Kz OKH <+# WO_< HOQ sx
U~~z ~f#O^ih SH= K#. _~< #Q~=#
g= x P==# xiOz ''WO_< Xx<
J# H uH# H\
O K#. 1906 `Q =# ~OaOK#.
``e`=Q J`_<H~ K~ ==K#.
^H}
H `Q = e Oz# =@ QOn ^= #
=z QY, uH, JxaO\ "^Q <# HeH<#.
1915 Q[~`x J^^# ^Q~ |~f P==
xiOK#. QOnr L#` P=H#Q}=Q Jk n#
[<= HeOKK #_|_#. 1921 QOnr ~[
O^#H x~H~}
^==# #_#. 1922 P#
H~Q~ tH qkO|_#. J<~Q==# =O^Q< q_^
137

K|_#. q^j =G |+~}#, Y^~ ^^~}# QOn


kOK#. QOn Wi< X_O|_H H~= ~f
L# =Q `~KH# J=H= aOK#. QOn
q^ q^#= O+H`= J=~=x qOz "~ q^
q^#=# ">#. 1942 PQ+ 8= `n# H\ WO_
L^==# ~OaOz POQ
# ~`^ = # =^e=x
KiOK#. 1944 |=i 22= `n QOnH ~qQ=
HeQ #. 1947 PQ+ 15= `n ~`^ = # `O`= =K#.
Hx ^= ~O_Q pe=#. O^ =O H\_Hyi.
"i SH`H~ QOn H$+ K#. uk#= _bx a~
=#=x P=~} O^ =" =~= H~
~# [i#.
1948 [#=i 30= ` n OH= 5 Q O @
~<=Ok~=# "KO_Q <^~O <H< Q_ J<
=H QOnrx i"~` He KO#. QOnr ~=~} K K
}= =^# .
^ `O`= H~ `# rq`=iOz# x~ rq
QOn=`_. P# U ^= PtOK^. =#=`O
~^e# =#`_. JO^H qHq ~gO^_ QOnx
=`_x Hx_#. ~`^ `O` =~O _
QOnr `# J^` JGO JO` `"i =## HiyO
KQeQ~. == H~<, `# #=# @ J~#
JO` [# =O`=Qe K# QOnrx eHO^~
P^ ~ OQ f H"e. < ~ . Hx Q = O` x
t~#OHiOKq Hx . J> =#+O^~ _`~.
y@`~. Hx `=~O rq`O Q_ #=# P^~#
138

z=i=~ xH<"~ HO^~. P HO^i =# QOnr XH


P^~"k, =#=_.
hu : ^x qOK. =Ozx OK

HOk ["| "O_ :


1.
2.
3.

QOnr =, q^=# Qi q=iOK=.


QOnr #_Oz# L^==# Qi "=.
QOnr *u`Q `Q#x Z@ KQ=?

139

7. KO^yi
PO^ ~ R= #O^ e z` ~ l x u~ u
@}
=# ^Q Hg@~ ^~= KO^yi H@Q^.
u~= =K u D H@# O^iOK^~. D
H@ Ki` Ki`uH=Q k H H#k. `= "t OKx
~[^ H=. D H@ q[#Q~ =[ =
~[^x #Q~=Q qe#k. <_ H@x O$u ""
tk=~#\H Hx ^ K K^~H K~
P#O^x HeyOKK#q. KO^yi @}=# g=x
<~}=#=# ieOz# W=_ #~O ^=~
KO^yi H@# xiOzi. D H@ K@ ^ ^ t`
xiOz# |~ A#q. D ^ ~ = # ~ O_ "
"^~=#q.
D ^~= KH= ^= ~A Jn#= ##k.
J#O`~= q[#Q~ =[ = ==~#k. J@
`~"` ==O "# #~O~ D H@
x=OK#. `oH@ ^= ~l`# q[#Q~
= KO^yi H@# ~[^xQ KHxi. P~g\ =
U|_ KO^yi H@ k#k# =~=#"#k. HH=
1646 O =` ~ = K O ^ y i H@ QO_ =
==~#k. `~"` H~ #"|, "~ #"| KO^yi
140

H@# =~KHxi. DO_ HOh"~ ~O\ *i


H@# xiOKH#@ "H# JkH~ `= O`H
D H@#O^ O_ [iy#k. H@ JO` ~ Q Q ~[
^=, =O_=, ^"= xiOzi. JO^
~[= ^k. Jk H#HOQ HxOKKO_#. P
=#=#O^e t<}= Hx_^y#k.
~[= ~= ^~ # Q^. WO^ = , "+ = ,
*# =`= KOk# t<}=Q HO qQ=
`H=Q#. p#~AH= <QiH`tH#,
P^=#, P<_ "_H## = =yx ~@
O^~<~= =l= #Ozi. NH$+^=~ "i
^ " ~ i "~ = # O |Ok O z# tH qQ
~@# "`# KK#q.
PO^ ~R ~ @H Y K O ^ y i H@ ^ $ + x
iOz#O^# k#k# =~=# "==# O`iOKH#k.
` PO^^ =Y=Ou KO^yiH `H #
`OK@ Ja=$k }oH# ~OkOzi. QO_
H@ ##@ HOu =i ^x ^H= KO^yi H@
U~@ Ki. PO^^ ~@H Y Hx H@ ~=
==` H@ K@ =#O~H} H~H==# K\#k.
Wk ~@# q+=Q PHiOz#k.
H@ xiOz# ~"} H~H== ~@
P#O^`=xKK#k. P<\ ~A "==,
<QiH`, ==~=, i< q^#=H# Q\#@Q
141

~"} H~H== ^~ "_QK#k. q^ih


q^~ W\ Ki``H"# KO^yi H@# ^iOz =#
^ "==# Kz `Hx *<a=$kx O^=#.
:
1. KO^yi H@ ZH_ Q^? H@ H Ki`H
q+=# `=.
2. H@O^e ~[=# Qi "=.
3. KO^yi H@#a=$k K@ `= fH#
K~q?
4. P<\ ~A "== <_ Uq^=Q `eK#k?

142

8. J#^#== Qk.
- L+N

(D H^ J"^ ~O LOk. "O#xK


[#"xH K|_Ok)

^~ H `" # ~H `O Ju~^ Q, =~^ Q ZO^~


H#=~. ^xqk JH} # ~HO J`=,
H$`=~, H$K~ qy~. W@ O_=~^Q~, H~ _ ,
`H qy~.
^~~AH \a+HO [iOK~. JOg^ L# c+
`= ~^~q+ kOz L`~} }HO
"tOKQ< Q=~# k=H K~_.
[iy# O Q=O P , Pf JO^ ~
=~}OK~< ^ ^~~A =#x qHO K< LOk. D
=xH t`O KH"x qOKQ J"^O
yOK=x q^O WK~.
"i P^#~O J"^QO P~OaOK_. ^ ^
#Oz KH=~ , q^O ZO^~ =K~. qq^ #Q~ #Oz
[#^ #Oz Hk [ P QO uHOK_xH =<~.
K_=z# "~O^iH =~, =}, ~` ^< K~. JH_
=z#"i O`$_O_ L#"_ XH_ _.
143

J ~ [# O`$ HeyOz# J"^ QO Kz#


^=` "# iOz ^~~Ax Ja=xOK~. J
P#OkOK =O P Q gxH XH =Oy =zOk.
"~O^~ D H =Oy Z ZzO^? Jx P~O`
K<~.
J_ =Oy #=` ''^=` _ Ja#OkOK Q=
Wk JOk. `~ JO^~. ^x s~O XH QO |OQ~
HO`b#`Ok. ~ O_= QO == K~ O` LOk. '' _
^~ |k` e D Q [iy# ^#O U=`O?JOk.
JO^~ `~. ^xx K 'Z=~ =h_?
Uq\# H^? J<~. J "~ P`~``
J_QQ '=^#OQ
q#O_ Jx W KOk =Oy. ''D ^~q J~#
~H`O KHOH`O _< ~Q Q$ [=x
LO_"_. P# XH =~_O_"_. P J~H _
q"O J~Ok. "~ #Q~ ~` H\x ^` K
H= H^ q_z ` KO@<~. H_, H_ P
=$^# q LO_"~. Z=iH x KO_ U@H@
^iH#^x ux `$Q rq`O Q_`<~. ~|g^<
=# xe rq`O yOK_xH P~O f<"~. P rq`O
_ ~"~ ^<xH JiOK"~. J LO_Q XH<_ "~
`= i~ O`x K uiy, JH_ ~e# ^#yO[
Ui `Kx ^Oz O_ K, =O_x #Q~ =OQ
OK<~. u#_xH ^==`<~. J@=O\ =O
XH =$^_ =K_. P# H ` ~. Z=H
|@_ < ~. _H =_ L<~. PHe PHe Jx h~O Q
J_Q_. P## P^~O Q fx =z, `# H ~@Hx
144

''P~! `=~ "H^! = Pu^O HiOz J#QOKO_.


U }H x HQO_, U xH X_Q@O_ "O `K#
^#yO[ O_` =O_# P~qk. nO` g PHe^
x"iOKHO_ Jx Q$ [=x `# QO P# =_OK_.
Jk P~yOz `#HOH PHeQ LOk J<_. P =@ qO@<
P# ~ `# QO WzOk.
WOH P =$^x PHe^ f~^x `e H_, H_
_ "i P~O P# \~. JO` P~yOz, P#
P#O^O` ''<<! g Juk `~O, J#^#O < `$x
H e yOK~. h`@ h @O|Ox "~ O ` PH e `
^_` _ g~ u# P~O ^#O K, }O
kOK~. g ^# |kx ~H "KO\~.
OKO PHe` L# =x+ Z@=O\ xH<
X_Q_`_. J#OHO Z< ^~} K_ =#=_.
J@=O\ ^ g ^# |k ZO` Q^ ^=` _
QOK~. ^Q QO_ H"~ P ^~O J=`~. D
~O_ L# g k=H a~.
PHe` J=\OK }H ~O` J#O @_OHO> U
^#= Qk H^. J@=O\ J#^#O K# }` g~
JO@O_Q ^= q=#O =zOk. "~O^~ P q=#O ZH "~.
W^O` qO@ K# <# "~ "o# J#O`~O P O`O
P Juk ^ H_y#K@ uiQ#, uiy# H P ^
H_y # h\`_ `ye# < ^ O D QO |OQ~==~#k.
^#O JO> J^.
145

J#O`~O Z<< ^#, ^~ Q ^ uiy< D


~ O_= H ^ O W< LO_~Ok. WH_ _ JO`. #=`
"o~Ok =Oy.

HOk ["| "O_ :


1. ^~~A J"^ QO ZO^ K_?
2. ^~~A [i# J"^ Q q# `=
3. Q =z# =Oy U=#k?
4. =Oy K# H^# `=.
5. Jx ^#=H# J#^#= q# Jx Z@ `Q =?

146

9. taKH=i
(J~} ~O ~==i ^~~A` K# H^)
Lj#~_< =~AO_"_. P# =~_ ta. D#
=^`Q HH Mu O^_. JO`\ Hi =z# ta
KH=i ^# q+O Uq\ sHO Kx WO^_, Jy |^~~.
Jy`_ =~O ~O ^iOK_. ^"O^_ _Q
|~_. P =~x `~=` _Q =#k. =~O Q[.Q[
=}` Zyi Zyi J@` taKH=i =^ =z _, ~}
~}
=~* Jx iOzOk.
JC_ JH_ L# ~[~`_ ''=~*! D =~O
}O` x# ~} "_Ok. U rqH~< }=O`
uH~=~Ok =~H\ ^. J< }~H}HO> L`= H~
^. Hx, =~# K~n_O =$` KH=O@<~
q^O. ^xH t`O `^. J<_.
Jk qx P =~O ''=~*! P _Q _ x#
~ } " _ #. < < H = =xx. P ~ O q_ z ~
u~Q`<#. n#, J=~ =~* ~H_x "^
+<~. H#H x# ~} "_`<# JOk.
J\ HH _ Ki# _Q, ''=~*! u rqH Z< ~
~. Wk =~" x# ~} "_Ok. J~` =~
147

_Q P~O Jx =iz, < <\ ^Q~ P~"# D


=~x q_z\ < } H_ JOk. P =@
qO@# ta KH=i =# PO^# _Ok. '}cu` =z
~}
"_# "iH J
q=x ~A H ^O "# ~=H,
O@ =_ H=^=` q`O_=O KOk. Q J@=O\
~[O [ ~H} H << ^ _`~. JO^=
=~A #~HO _`_.
=i D _Q PHe` ^x P~O =~O. ^x <\ =O^
J#O f_= " . WC_ < H~= O Uq\? Jx PzOz
~A 'F _Q hHO`HO> ~zQ LO_, |O HeyOK P~O
W#. nx q_z@ J<_.
_Q : =~*! D =~O =OO HO> ~zH~=~#
P~O =~H\ ^ . U H ^~H# C_ =~< = P~OQ
WK_ |^=_.
ta : F _Q! ~}
"_# D =~x q_z ^~ x K #.
< } =^O\# Hx Jqz# }H x
[~Qx=#. D q+O Jx H `. JO^K` #=
=~x q_z =~^~< J_Q.
_Q : =~*! #= JO` ^K^z#@~` <=@
q#. h _ `_ pe ^xx =OO f D =~O |~=`
=OQ `z P =OO <H~. P~y#.
Wk qO@< ta KH=i, ` `Oz XH" =~x
LOz, Hu`
`# `_ H =OO `H _ LOK_. ZO` =OO
_`< =~O |~=H =O H=_O ^. ~O_=`_, K~
148

H \< Jk `Q ^. ^O` ta `< ` ~<_.


_Q : K <# "_`<#. Jx Zyi~Ok. Jk K
taKH=i ''F =~=! #"=~=. Uq\h H^? Jx J_Q_.
''=~*! <# Jy`_#. P _Q ^"O^_. h Hi
qx, h ~}Q` ~H} ^$+h, ^# Hh ijeOKx =KO.
#= q[O O^=. h OkH D =# = #O JO`\
"~. h HeQ =~_ _ h Hix x_`_ Jx
J^$=~Ok.
D q^OQ ~}"_# }HO `# s~< ^#O K#
=~+_ H#H< D <\H taKH=i ~ M`=~Ok.
^` ~ K@C_ gi ~ `xiQ KCO\~.
hu : ~}
Hi# "ix ~HOK@ =#= ^~=.
HOk ["| "O_.
1. WO^_, Jy U~ ^iOz ta KH=i =^
=zi? J`x` U=x O+Ozi?
2. Z@=O\ ~A #~HxH `_?
3. ta KH=i =~=# ~HOK@ _QH=x K#?
4. _Q Hi# ^q\? z=~ Uq [iyOk?
5. =~= taH J q+= <@ `e#.
6. ta KH=i ~}Q` "`= Z\k?

V
149

10. ~ ~`
- H~_ H^
F ~AQ~ H Kx ^"O" "_`<~.
JO` zO`K@#O_ F ~~ =z ~AQi Hg^ _Ok.
~H, @, <k` J@, W@ ~Qu F
==# D_HO@, `#HO@ fHx =K~.
WO` |HQ == ~AQi HgkH ~O^
qiO^ Jx JO^~ =# "<~. PQO `HH#
~AQ~ K|_~ ==" aOQ K~.
Ku T`H~, ^=_ ~# =YO, H QO`H
L< KK^~x K`#O, `## D_HO@ `z#"i"
P" PQ OQ K__O ^ . =^e@O_x ^
__ = ^ .
D == WO`x ZO^ KO k? ~~ zO`H
"O^? ~A "O^?
P"# k # ~HH @
# x"iOK~ ~AQ~. P"#
`#^Q~ ~OKH<~.
''U==! ZO^ Kq J_Q~.
''=~*! = Q_ H<Q [~O` L<_. W"
150

u#_xH U"< \K J<~ "^"~. =i =~O\


u#_xHO^. JO^Hx D K@^Q~ =K#. << K@H
ZH#. JO^H PH HO^_ `
x ~` H_`<#.
K@# ~` H\< o~ Q^ JOk =}`
==.
''~ `H` K@ o, ~Aq"e! ~A =#H
"~ ^ =zOk D .
~AQ~ "O@< == ^ "H ''< *#^
K# `e== h= J<~. P"# HH ZHOK~. `#
OQ =O^ #_ P == H_# "^O"
H #_OK~ ~AQ~. P`~` P zO`K@# P"
`OQ ^`` K~. P ~*=~ H~ <g~ =^==~.

:
1. ~~ `ye#_ ~AQ~ UOK~?
2. =ek ~AQiH K# =^#"q?
3. ~AQiH *#^HQ< UOK~?

151

11. p= ^$+ ~= ^$+


Q=O`xK` =~ Ok `= rq`x Y=OQ,
Ou=OQ fik^H "x ZO^iH P LO@Ok. J~`
XHiH K_ K_xH =~ O^"~, Jk _H\ `=H
=^O `z@O\~<k QiOKe. ~HO^~ =~
OkOk XHiH K_ K_xH.
OH~_ =~e_. ~H q[$Oa~. "ix
KO_xH =q+= J=`~"`= =Ok. J~` F z#
p= DHOgk = r=H\g^ ZO^HQx PQO Hey,
=~ O Ok Z^ ~ ^ | u#_ O , ` y # [~ Q _ O qO> ,
KH#" KH#O` =^" JxOk.
XH p= PK # =zOk. ` # < O ^ ~ ` `
"_`<~. "iH `y# Ke. ''t=x P[xk p=~<
H^^x ^xH `. JO^Hx Jk t=} QiOz |O_"#
` KOk.
z# p= ZO` x+`
, ZO` UHQ``
, ZO` ^`
J<
K# ` ~=t=_ =Q__, #__,
`H=_.
''F z# p=! h ` "K#. hHOH" H~H
J<_.
152

p= =#O^O` ''<# \# "O@< K"e Jx


H~#k.
''`^ J<_ ~=t=_.
J\#O_ p= Z=i< _`Ok. U^ \O^x =x+
JH_ K~ \ #e_. JO` P p= KOk.
P p= Uq H~H#k. `# \# "O@< J=`e"~
K"x! ZO` K_|k! \# "O@< J^ KOk. =i p=^$+
p=k. ~=x^$+ ~=xk.
hu : W`~ H_ `>"~ `" K_`~. JO^H
JO^~ QO_x H~H"e.

:
1. p= HOg^ ZO^ HO HeyOk? `# H
f~H_xH p= Uq KO k?
2. p= `O Z _H\Ok?
3. 'W`~ H_ HeyOK"~ `" _`~ Jx
K H^# h O`=@ "=.

V
153

You might also like