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GATE CS Topic wise Questions

Compiler Design

YEAR 2001
Question. 1

Which of the following statements is false ?

(A) An unambiguous grammar has same left most and right most
derivation
(B) An LL (1) parser is a top-down parser
(C) LALR is more powerful than SLR
(D) An ambiguous grammar can never be LR (K) for any k
SOLUTION

Yes, the LL (1) parser is top down parser.

Order of strength LR < SLR < LALR .
So (A) & (C) are, true.
An ambiguous grammar cant be LR (K)
So option (A) is false since an unambiguous grammar has unique
right most derivation & left most derivations but both are not same.
Hence (A) is correct option
YEAR 2002
Question. 2

Dynamic linking can cause security concerns because

(A) Security is dynamic
(B) The path for searching dynamic libraries is not known till run

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time.
(C) Linking is insecure
(D) Cryptographic procedures are not available for dynamic linking
SOLUTION

Dynamic linking is type of linking in which libraries required by the

program are linked during run time. But at this time cryptographic
procedures are not available, so make this process insecure.
Hence (D) is correct option.
YEAR 2003

Question. 3

Which of the following suffices to convert an arbitrary CFG to an

LL(1) grammar?
(A) Removing left recursion alone
(B) Factoring the grammar alone
(C) Removing left recursion and factoring the grammar
(D) None of this
SOLUTION

If a grammar has left recursion & left factoring then it is ambiguous.

So to convert a CFG to LL (1) grammar both removal of left recursion
& left factoring need to be done.
Hence (C) is correct option.
Question. 4

Assume that the SLR parser for a grammar G has n1 states and the
LALR parser for G has n2 states. The relationship between n1 and n2
is
(A) n1 is necessarily less than n2
(B) n1 is necessarily equal to n2
(C) n1 is necessarily greater than n2
(D) None of the above
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Compiler Design

SOLUTION

SLR parsue is less range of context free languages than LALR but
still both n1 & n2 are same for SLR & LALR respectively.
Hence (B) is correct option.
Question. 5

In a bottom-up evaluation of a syntax directed definition, inherited

attributes can
(A) always be evaluated
(B) be evaluated if the definition is L-attributed
(C) be evaluated only if the definition has synthesized attributes
(D) never be evaluated
SOLUTION

Every S (synthesized) -attributed definitions is L- attributed. So in

a bottom-up evaluation of SDD inherited attributes can be evaluated
only if the definition has synthesized attributes.
Hence (C) is correct option.
Question. 6

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

(A) In statically typed language, each variable in a program has a
fixed type
(B) In up-typed languages, values do not have any types
(C) In dynamically typed languages, variables have no types
(D) In all statically typed languages, each variable in a program is
associated with values of only a single type during the execution
of the program
SOLUTION

(1) True for statically typed languages where each variable has fixed
type. Similarly (4) is also correct.
(2) True, in un-typed languages types of values are not defined.
But option (C) is false, since in dynamically typed language variables
have dynamically changing types but not that they have no type.
Hence (C) is correct option.
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Question. 7

Consider the grammar shown below

S " | EtSS' |
S' " eS | !
E "b
In the predictive parse table. M , of this grammar, the entries M [Sl, ]
and M [S',$] respectively are
(A) {s' " eS} and {S' " }
(B) {s' " eS}and{}
(D) {s' " eS, S' " }and{ S' " }

(C) {s' " } and {S' " }

SOLUTION

Given grammar
S " EtSSl
Sl " eS
E "b
Terminals

N.T
S

S " iEtSSl

S"

Sl

Sl " eS

Sl "

Sl "
E
E"b
Predictive Parsing table.
So this table presents predictive parsing for dangling if else & shows
ambiguity
M [Sl, e] = {Sl " eS, Sl " }
M [Sl, $] = {Sl " }
Hence (D) is correct option.
Question. 8

Consider the grammar shown below.

S "C C
C " eC | d
The grammar is
(A) LL (1)
(B) SLR (1) but not LL (1)
(C) LALR (1) but not SLR (1)
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(D) LR (1) but not LALR (1)

SOLUTION

Given grammar
S " CC
C " cC d
it cant be LL since C " cC is recursive. LR (1) also known as CLR
parser, and every CF grammar is CLR grammar.
So (A) is false but (C) & (D) can be correct.
This grammar is CLR and also reducible to LALR without any
conflicts. So (D) is false.
Only need to check for SLR (1) or LR (0)
This grammar is not SLR.
Hence (C) is correct option
Question. 9

Consider the translation scheme shown below

S " TR
R " + T {print (+);} R |
T " num {print (num.val);}
Here num is a token that represents an integer and num. val represents
the corresponding integer value. For an input string 9 + 5+ 2, this
translation scheme will print
(A) 9 + 5 + 2

(B) 9 5 + 2 +

(C) 9 5 2 ++

(D) ++ 9 5 2

SOLUTION

S " TR
R " + T {pr int (' + ');} R
T " num {print (num.val);}
Given string 9 + 5 + 2
S " TR
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T + TR
T+T+T
9+T+T
9+5+T
9+5+2

{print (+);}
{print (+);}
{print (9);}
{print (5);}
{print (2);}

So ++ 952 is printed
Hence (D) is correct option.
Question. 10

Consider the syntax directed definition shown below

S " id: = E
"

"

newtemp ();
gen(t
. place
. place;);
.place
t}
.place
.place;}

Here, gen is a function that generates the output code, and newtemp
is a function that returns the name of a new temporary variable on
every call. Assume that t1 s are the temporary variable names
generated by newtemp.
For the statement X: = Y + Z , the 3-address code sequence generated
by this definition is
(A) X = Y + Z
(B) t1 = Y + Z; X t1
(C) t1 = Y; t2 = t1 + Z; X = t2
(D) t1 = Y; t2 = Z; t3 + t2; X = t3
SOLUTION

In 3-address code we use temporary variables to reduce complex

instructions so here
t1 = Y
t2 = Z
t 3 = t1 + t 2
x = t3
Hence (D) is correct option.
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Compiler Design

Data for Q. 11 & 12 are given below.

Solve the problems and choose the correct answers.
The following program fragment is written in a programming
language that allows variables and does not allow nested declarations
of functions.
global inti
void
int i
print
i
print
}
main () { (i

) }

Question. 11

If the programming language uses static scoping and call by need

parameter passing mechanism, the values printed by the above
program are
(A) 115, 220
(B) 25, 220
(C) 25, 15

(D) 115, 105

SOLUTION

In static scoping the variables are initialized at compile time only

So i = 100 & j = 5
P (i + j) = P (100 + 5) = P (105)
So
x = 105
x + 10 = 105 + 10 = 115
So 115 & 105 will be printed.
Hence (D) is correct option.
Question. 12

If the programming language uses dynamic scoping and call by

name parameter passing mechanism, the values printed by the above
program are
(A) 115, 220
(B) 25, 220
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(C) 25, 15

(D) 115, 105

SOLUTION

In dynamic scoping, the local values are considered & variables are
initialized at run time.
Since
x = i + j & in P (x)
i = 200 & j = 20
x = 200 + 20 = 220
& printing
(x + 10 )
x = i + j + 10
= 10 + 5 + 10 = 25
Hence (B) is correct option
Question. 13

Consider the following class definitions in a hypothetical object

oriented language that supports inheritance and uses dynamic
binding. The language should not be assumed to be either Java or
C++, thought the syntax is similar
Class
P {
Class Q subclass of P {
void f(int i) {
void f (int i) {
print (i);
print (
i);
}
}
}
}
Now consider the following program fragment:
P x =new Q ();
Q y =new Q ();
P z =new Q ();
x.f (1);(( P) y). f (1); z.f (1);
Here ((P) y) denotes a typecast of y to P . The output produced by
executing the above program fragment will be
(A) 1 2 1
(B) 2 1 1
(C) 2 1 2

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Compiler Design

SOLUTION

1.

Px = newQ ();

2.

Qy = newQ ();

3.

Pz = newQ ();

4.

x : f (1); print 2 # i = 2

5.

((P) y) : f (1);

6.

z : f (1) print 2 # i = 2

but line 5. will print 2 because typecast to parent class cant prevent
over ridding. So function f (1) of class Q will be called not f (1) of
class P .
Hence (D) is correct option.
Question. 14

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using shared,

dynamically linked libraries as opposed to using statically linked
libraries?
(A) Smaller sizes of executable
(B) Lesser overall page fault rate in the system
(C) Faster program startup
(D) Existing programs need not be re-linked to take advantage of
newer versions of libraries
SOLUTION

The advantages of shared dynamically linked libraries include.

(A) smaller size of executable since less data
(B) lesser overall page fault rate.
(C) No need for re-linking if newer versions of libraries are there.
But since compilation time doesnt include linking so a long linking
time required during runtime in DLL's so slow startup.
Hence (C) is correct option.
YEAR 2004
Question. 15

Which of the following grammar rules violate the requirements of an

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operator grammar? P, Q, R are non-terminals, and r, s, t are terminals
.
(i) P " QR

(ii) P " Q s R

(iii) P "

(iv) P " Q t R r

(A) (i) only

(B) (i) and (iii) only

(C) (ii) and (iii) only

(D) (iii) and (iv) only

SOLUTION

(I)

P " QR is not possible since two NT should include one

operator as Terminal.
(II) Correct
(III) Again incorrect.
(IV) Correct.
Hence (B) is correct option.

Question. 16

Consider a program P that consists of two source modules M1 and M2

contained in two different files. If M1 contains a reference to a function
defined in M2 , the reference will be resolved at
(A) Edit-time

(B) Compile-time

(C) Link-time

(D) Load-time

SOLUTION

The two modules needed to be linked since definition exist & M2 &
M1 refers it. So during linking phase M1 links to M2.
Hence (C) is correct option.
Question. 17

Consider the grammar rule E " E1 E2 for arithmetic expressions.

The code generated is targeted to a CPU having a single user register.
The subtraction operation requires the first operand to be in the
register. If E1 and E2 do not have any common sub expression, in
order to get the shortest possible code
(A) E1 should be evaluated first
(B) E2 should be evaluated first
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Compiler Design

(C) Evaluation of E1 and E2 should necessarily be interleaved

(D) Order of evaluation of E1 and E2 is of no consequence
SOLUTION

E1 is to be kept in accumulator & accumulator is required for

operations to evaluate E2 also. So E2 should be evaluated first &
then E1, so finally E1 will be in accumulator, otherwise need to use
move & load instructions.
Hence (B) is correct option.
Question. 18

Consider the grammar with the following translation rules and E as

the start symbol.
value = .value * .value}
E " E 1 #T
.value = .value}
.value = .value + .value}
"
.value = .value}
.value =num.value}
"num
Compute E . value for the root of the parse tree for the expression: 2
# 3 # & 5 # 6 & 4.
(A) 200
(B) 180
(C) 160

(D) 40

SOLUTION

The parse tree would be.

Now we evaluate bottom up.

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LL " left to right left most derivation no ambignity should be there

SLR or LR (0) L to R reverse right sentential form create LR (0)
items.
CLR or LR (1) create LR (1) items no bound
LALR reduced CLR if while reducing any conflict found then not
LALR

Hence (C) is correct option.

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Compiler Design

YEAR 2005
Question. 19

The grammar A " AA |( A)| is not suitable for predictive-parsing

because the grammar is
(A) ambiguous

(B) Left-recursive

(C) right-recurisve

(D) an operator-grammar

SOLUTION

The grammar is definitely left & right recursive but it is not suitable
for predictive parsing because it is ambiguous.
Hence (A) is correct option.
Question. 20

Consider the grammar E " E + n | E # n | n

For a sentence n + n , the handles in the right-sentential form of the
reduction are
(A) n, E + n and E + n # n

(B) n, E + n and E + E # n

(C) n, n + n and n + n # n

(D) n, E + n and E # n

SOLUTION

Given grammar
E " E+n
E " E#n
E "n
String = n + n # n
Right sentential so right most non terminal will be used.
E " E#n
{E " E # n}
E+n#n
{E " E + n}
n+n#n
{E " n}
So during reduction the order is reverse.
So
{E " n, E " E + n, E " E # n}
Hence (D) is correct option.
Question. 21

Consider the grammar

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S " (S)| a
Let the number of states in SLR(1), LR(1) and LALR(1) parsers for
the grammar n1 n2 and n3 respectively. The following relationship
holds good
(B) n1 = n3 < n2
(A) n1 < n2 < n3
(C) n1 = n2 = n3

(D) n1 $ n3 $ n2

SOLUTION

The no. of states for SLR (1) & LALR (1) are equal so n1 = n 3 , but
CLR (1) or LR (1) will have no. of states greater than LALR & LR (0)
both.
Hence (B) is correct option.
Question. 22

Consider line number 3 of the following C-program.

int main (){
| * Line 1 * |
int 1, N;
| * line 2 * |
fro (i
| * Line 3 * |
, 1 N, 1 );
}
Identify the compilers response about this line while creating the
object-module
(A) No compilation error
(B) Only a lexical error
(C) Only syntactic errors
(D) Both lexical and syntactic errors
SOLUTION

There are no lexical errors for C because all the wrong spelled keywords
would be considered as identifiers until the syntax is checked.
So the compiler would give syntax errors.
Hence (C) is correct option.

Data for Q. 23 & 24 are given below.

Solve the problems and choose the correct answers.
Consider the following expression grammar. The semantic rules for
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expression calculation are stared next to each grammar production.

E"

number
E
E # E
;

Eval
E .val
E .val

number val
E .VAL E .val
E .VAL E .val

Question. 23

The above grammar and the semantic rules are fed to a yacc tool
(which is an LALR(1) parser generator) for parsing and evaluating
arithmetic expressions. Which one of the following is true about the
action of yacc for the given grammar?
(A) It detects recursion and eliminates recursion
(B) It detects reduce-reduce conflict, and resolves
(C) It detects shift-reduce conflict, and resolves the conflict in favor
of a shift over a reduce action
(D) It detects shift-reduce conflict, and resolves the conflict in favor
of a reduce over a shift action
SOLUTION

Yace tool is used to create a LALR (1) parser. This parser can detect
the conflicts but to resolve the conflicts it actually prefers shift over
reduce action.
Hence (C) is correct option.
Question. 24

Assume the conflicts part (a) of this question are resolved and an
LALR(1) parser is generated for parsing arithmetic expressions as
per the given grammar. Consider an expression 3 # 2 + 1. What
precedence and associativity properties does the generated parser
realize?
(A) Equal precedence and left associativity; expression is evaluated
to 7
(B) Equal precedence and right associativity, expression is evaluated
to 9
(C) Precedence of 'x' is higher than that of +, and both operators
are left associative; expression is evaluated to 7
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(D) Precedence of ' # ' is higher than that of # , and both operators
are left associative; expression is evaluated to 9
SOLUTION

The grammar has equal precedence and it is also ambiguous. Since

LALR (1) parser prefer shift over reduce so + operation will be
executed here before ). 2 + 1 = 3 & 3 # 3 = 9 also the operators are
right associative.
Hence (B) is correct option.
YEAR 2006
Question. 25

Consider the following grammar.

S
S
E
E
F

" S*E
"E
" F+E
"F
" id

Consider the following LR (0) items corresponding to the grammar

above.
(i)

S " S * .E

(ii)

E " F. + E

(iii)

E " F + .E

Given the items above, which two of them will appear in the same set
in the canonical sets-of-items for the grammar?
(A) (i) and (ii)

(B) (ii) and (iii)

(C) (i) and (iii)

(D) None of these

SOLUTION

If S " S ): E is in LR (0) then E " F + : E will also be there

because both of them has ' : ' before E .
Hence (C) is correct option.

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Question. 26

Consider the following grammar

S " FR
R "*S|
F " id
In the predictive parser table, M , of the grammar the entries M [S, id]
and M [R,$] respectively
(A) {S " FR} and {R " }

(B) {S " FR} and {}

(C) {S " FR} and {R " * S}

(D) {F " id} and {R " }

SOLUTION

The predictive parser table is given as.

)

Non Terminal

id

S " FR

F " id

R ") S R "!

R "!

M [S, id] = {S " FR}

M [R, $] = {R "!}
Hence (A) is correct option.
So at

Question. 27

Consider the following translation scheme.

S " ER
R " * E {print { * ); R | f
E " F + E {print ( + ); | F
F " (S) | id {print (id.value);}
Here id is a taken that represents an integer and id . value represents
the corresponding integer value. For an input 2 * 3 + 4, this
translation scheme prints
(A) 2 * 3 + 4
(B) 2 * + 3 4
(C) 2 3 * 4 +

(D) 2 3 4 + *

SOLUTION

Input string 2 ) 3 + 4
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S " ER
FR
idR
{print (2)}
id ) ER
{print ())}
id ) F + ER {print (+)}
id ) id + ER {print (3)}
id ) id + FR
id ) id + idR {print (4)}
id ) id + id
So 2 )+ 3 4 are printed
Hence (B) is correct option.
Question. 28

Consider the following C code segment.

for
for
if i
#i
}
}
}
Which one to the following false?
(A) The code contains loop-in variant computation
(B) There is scope of common sub-expression elimination in this code
(C) There is scope strength reduction in this code
(D) There is scope of dead code elimination in this code
SOLUTION

All the statements are true except option (D) since there is no dead
code to get eliminated.
Hence (D) is correct option.
Question. 29

Which one of the following grammars generates the language

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Compiler Design

L = (ai bi | i ! j}?
(A) S " AC | CB
C " aCb | a | b
A " aA |
B " Bb |

(B) S " aS | Sb | a | b

(C) S " ACCB

C " aCb | !
A " aA | !
B " Bb | !

(D) S " AC | CB
C " aCb | !
A " aA | a
B " bB | b

SOLUTION

The grammar
S " AC CB
C " aCb !
A " aA a
B " bB b
Consider string aaabb
S " AC
AaCb
AaaCbb
Aaabb
aaabb
But string aabb
S " AC
And this string is not derivable.
Hence (D) is correct option.
Question. 30

In the correct grammar above, what is the length of the derivation

(number of steps starting from S to generate the string al bm with
l ! m?
(A) max (l, m) + 2
(B) l+m+2
(C) l + m + 3

(D) max (l, m) + 3

SOLUTION

It is very clear from the previous solution that the no. of steps required
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depend upon the no. of a's & b's which ever is higher & exceeds by 2
due to S " AC CB & C "!
So max (l, m) + 2
Hence (A) is correct option.
YEAR 2007
Question. 31

Which one of the following is a top-down parser?

(A) Recursive descent parser
(B) Operator precedence parser
(C) An LR(k) parser

(D) An LALR(k) parser

SOLUTION

Clearly LR & LALR are not top down they are bottom up passers.
Also not operator precedence parser.
But yes recursive descent parser is top down parser. Starts from start
symbol & derives the terminal string.
Hence (A) is correct option.
Question. 32

Consider the grammar with non-terminals N = {S, C, S}, terminals

T = {a, b, i, t, e}, with S as the start symbol, and the following of rules
S " iCtSS1 | a
S1 " eS |
C"b
The grammar is NOTLL(1) because:
(A) It is left recursive
(B) It is right recursive
(C) It is ambiguous

(D) It is not context-free

SOLUTION

The grammar has production

S " iCtSS1 here the right hand side of grammar has the same symbol
as left side. So the grammar is left recursive.
The grammar is not ambiguous.
Hence (A) is correct option.
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Question. 33

Consider the following two statements:

P: Every regular grammar is LL(1)
Q: Every regular set has LR(1) grammar
Which of the following is TRUE?
(A) Both P and Q are true

(B) P is true and Q is false

(C) P is false and Q is true

(D) Both P and Q are false

SOLUTION

LL (1) parsers can recognize the regular grammars also LL (1) is

subset of LR (1) or CLR grammar so it also recognizes regular sets.
So both accept regular grammar.
Question. 34

In a simplified computer the instructions are:

OP Rj , Ri Performs R j OP Ri and stores the result in register Ri
OP m, Ri Performs val OP Ri abd stores the result in Ri. value
denotes the content of memory location m .
MCVm, Ri Moves the content off memory loction m to register Ri .
MCVm, Ri, m Moves the content of register Ri to memory location
m.
The computer has only two registers, and OP is either ADD or SUB.
Consider the following basic block:
t1
t2
t3
t4

= a+b
= c+d
= e t2
= t1 t 2

Assume that all operands are initially in memory. The final value of
the computation should be in memory. What is the minimum number
of MOV instructions in the code generated for this basic block?
(A) 2

(B) 3

(C) 5

(D) 6

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SOLUTION

The operation sequence would be

MOV a, R1
ADD b, R1 {R1 = t1
MOV c, R2
ADD d, R2 {R2 = t2
SUB e, R2 {t 3 = e R2 = R2
SUB R1, R2 {R2 = t 4
MOV R2, t 4 {finally in memory
Totally no. of move operation are 3
Hence (B) is correct option

Data for Q. 35 & 36 are given below.

Solve the problems and choose the correct answers.
Consider the CFG with {S, A, B} as the non-terminal alphabet, {a, b}
as the terminal alphabet, S as the start symbol and the following set
of production rules
s " bA
S " aB
A"a
B"b
A " aS
B " bS
A " bAA
B " aBB

Question. 35

Which of the following strings is generated by the grammar?

(A) aaaabb

(B) aabbbb

(C) aabbab

(D) abbbba

SOLUTION

aabbab
S " aB
" aaBB
" aabSB
" aabbAB
" aabbab
Hence (C) is correct option.
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Question. 36

For the correct answer string to Q. 9 how many derivation trees are
there?
(A) 1

(B) 2

(C) 3

(D) 4

SOLUTION

For the derivation two trees are possible

So due to ambiguity 2 trees are possible

Hence (B) is correct option.
YEAR 2008

Question. 37

Which of the following describes a handle (as applicable to LRparsing) appropriately?

(A) It is the position in a sentential form where the next shift or
reduce operation will occur
(B) It is a non-terminal whose production will be used for reduction
in the next step
(C) It is a production that may be used for reduction in a future step
along with a position in the sentential form where the next shift
or reduce operation will occur.
(D) It is the production p that will be used for reduction in the next
step along with a position in the sentential form where the right
hand side of the production may be found
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SOLUTION

Handles are the part of sentential form, & they are identified as the
right side of any given production which will be used for reduction in
the net step.
Hence (D) is correct option.
Question. 38

Some code optimizations are carried out on the intermediate code

because
(A) They enhance the portability of the complier to other target
processors
(B) Program analysis is name accurate on intermediate code than on
machine code
(C) The information from data flow analysis cannot otherwise be
used for optimization
(D) The information from the front end cannot otherwise be used for
optimization
SOLUTION

Code optimizations are carried out on the intermediate code because

program analysis is more accurate on intermediate code than on
machine code.
Hence (B) is correct option.
Question. 39

Which of the following are true?

(i) A programming language option does not permit global variables of
any king and has no nesting of procedures/functions, but permits
recursion can be implemented with static storage allocation
(ii) Multi-level access link (or display) arrangement is needed to
arrange activation records-only if the programming language
being implemented has nesting of procedures/function
(iii) Recursion in programming languages cannot be implemented
with dynamic storage allocation
(iv) Nesting of procedures/functions and recursion require a dynamic
heap allocation scheme and cannot be implemented with a stackbased allocation scheme for activation records
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CS Topicwise 2001-2010
Compiler Design

(v) Programming languages which permit a function to return a

function as its result cannot be implemented with a stack-based
storage allocation scheme for activation records
(A) (ii) and (v) only

(B) (i), (iii) and (iv) only

(C) (i), (ii) and (v)

(D) (ii), (iii) and (v) only

SOLUTION

I.

Statement is false since global variables are required for

recursions with static storage. This is due to unavailability of
stack in static storage.
II. This is true
III. In dynamic allocation heap structure is used, so it is false.
IV. False since recursion can be implemented.
V. Statement is completely true.
So only II & V are true.
Hence (A) is correct option.
Question. 40

An LALR(1) parser for a grammar G can have shift-reduce (S-R)

conflicts if and only if
(A) The SLR(1) parser for G has S-R conflicts
(B) The LR(1) parser for G has S-R conflicts
(C) The LR(0) parser for G has S-R conflicts
(D) The LALR(1) parser for G has reduce-reduce conflicts
SOLUTION

LALR parser is reduced form of CLR or LR (1) parser, LALR parser

uses the LR (1) items of CLR parser & of any shift reduce conflicts
are there then it is due to LR (1) parser.
Hence (B) is correct option.
YEAR 2009
Question. 41

Which of the following statements are TRUE ?

I.

There exist parsing algorithms for some programming languages

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Compiler Design

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whose complex are less than (n3)
II

A programming language which allows recursion can be

implemented with static storage allocation

III No L-attributed definition can be evaluated in the framework of

bottom-up parsing
IV Code improving transformations can be performed at both source
language and intermediate code level
(A) I and II

(B) I and IV

(C) III and IV

(D) I, III and IV

SOLUTION

I.

Statement is true since there are some parsers which take

0 (n log 2 n) time for parsing.
II. Completely false, since there is no use of stack which is required
for recursion.
III. False
IV. True since both types of optimizations are applied
Hence (B) is correct option.
YEAR 2010
Question. 42

What data structure in a complier is used for managing information

about variables and their attributes?
(A) Abstract syntax tree
(B) Symbol table
(C) Semantic stack

(D) Parse table

SOLUTION

Symbol table is used for storing the information about variables and
their attributes by compiler.
Hence (B) is correct option.
Question. 43

Which languages necessarily need heap allocation in the runtime

environment ?
(A) Those that support recursion
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CS Topicwise 2001-2010
Compiler Design

(B) Those that use dynamic scoping

(C) Those that allow dynamic data structure
(D) Those that use global variables
SOLUTION

Dynamic memory allocation is maintained by heap data structure. So

to allow dynamic data structure heap is required.
Hence (C) is correct option.
Question. 44

The grammar S "aSA|bS|c is

(A) LL (1) but not LR (1)

(B) LR (1) but not LL(1)

(C) Both LL (1) and LR (1)

(D) Neither LL (1) nor LR (1)

SOLUTION

Given grammar
S " aSA
S " bS
S "c
This grammar is not ambiguous so it is LL (1) also LR (1) grammar
since all grammars are LR (1).
Hence (C) is correct option.

**********

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