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11 Maths Notes 08 Binomial Theorem

This document discusses the binomial theorem for expanding (a+b)n where n is a positive integer. Some key points: 1) The coefficients in the expansion are known as binomial coefficients which can be calculated using factorials. 2) There are n+1 terms in the expansion of (a+b)n. 3) The coefficients of terms equidistant from the beginning and end are equal. 4) Specific expansions of (1+x)n and (1-x)n are given by replacing a and b. 5) Several formulas and properties of the binomial coefficients and expansions are listed. Problems involving finding specific terms, proving divisibility, and other

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323 views4 pages

11 Maths Notes 08 Binomial Theorem

This document discusses the binomial theorem for expanding (a+b)n where n is a positive integer. Some key points: 1) The coefficients in the expansion are known as binomial coefficients which can be calculated using factorials. 2) There are n+1 terms in the expansion of (a+b)n. 3) The coefficients of terms equidistant from the beginning and end are equal. 4) Specific expansions of (1+x)n and (1-x)n are given by replacing a and b. 5) Several formulas and properties of the binomial coefficients and expansions are listed. Problems involving finding specific terms, proving divisibility, and other

Uploaded by

hardeep112
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHAPTER 8

BINOMIAL THEOREM
Binomial theorem for any positive integer n
(a+b)n = nC0an + nC1an-1b + nC2an-2b2 + nC3an-3b3 + ..+

bn

Recall

1) nCr = __n!__
(n-r)! r!
n
2) Cr = nCn-r
7
C4 = 7C3 = 7 x 6 x 5 = 35
1x2x3
8
8
C6 = C2 = 8 x 7 = 28
1x2
n
n
3) Cn = C0 = 1
4) nC1 = n
OBSERVATIONS/ FORMULAS

1) The coefficients nCr occurring in the binomial theorem are known as


binomial coefficients.
2) There are (n+1) terms in the expansion of (a+b)n , ie one more than the
index.
3) The coefficient of the terms equidistant from the beginning and end are
equal.
4) (1+x)n = nC0 + nC1x + nC2x2 + nC3x3 + + nCnxn. (By putting a = 1 and
b = x in the expansion of (a + b)n).
5) (1-x)n = nC0 - nC1x + nC2x2 - nC3x3 + + (-1)n nCnxn (By putting a = 1
and b = -x in the expansion of (a + b)n).
6) 2n = nC0 + nC1 + nC2 + nC3 + + nCn
(By putting x = 1 in
(4))
7) 0 = nC0 - nC1 + nC2 - nC3 + +(-1)n nCn. (By putting x = 1 in (5))
8**) (r + 1)th term in the binomial expansion for (a+b)n is called the general
term which is given by
Tr+1 = nCr an-r br.
th

i.e to find 4 term = T4, substitute r = 3.

9*) Middle term in the expansion of (a+b)n


If n is even, middle term =

If n is odd, then 2 middle terms are 0

i)

ii)

term.

term and 0

1 term.

10*) To find the term independent of x or the constant term, find the
coefficient of x0.(ie put power of x = 0 and find r)
Problems
eg 4**

(4 marks)

Ex 8.1
Q 2,4,7,9

(1 mark)

10*, 11*,12*

(4 marks)

13**,14** (4 marks)
13**) Show that 9n+1 8n 9 is divisible by 64, whenever n is a positive integer
Or
32n +2 - 8n - 9 is divisible by 64
Solution: 9n+1 8n 9 = (1+8)n+1 8n 9
= n+1C0 + n+1C18 + n+1C282 + n+1C383 + .+ n+1Cn+18n+1 8n 9
= 1 + 8n + 8 + 82 [ n+1C2 + n+1C3.8 + + 8n-1] 8n 9
(since n+1C0 = n+1Cn+1 = 1, n+1C1 = n+1,
8n+1/82 = 8n+1-2 = 8n-1)
= 82 [ n+1C2 + n+1C3.8 + + 8n-1] which is divisible by 64

Problems
eg 5*,6**,7*

(4 marks)

eg 8**,9** (6 marks)

Ex 8.2
Q 2,3*

(1 mark)

Q 7**,8**,9**,11**,12** (4 marks), 10** (6 marks)


eg 10**,11 (HOT),12 (HOT), 13(HOT), eg 15*,17**

(4 marks)

Misc ex
Q 1** (6 mark),2,3(HOT), 8*

(4 marks)

Ex 8.2
Q 10**(6 marks)

The coefficients of the (r-1)th , rth and (r+1)th terms in the expansion of (x+1)n
are in the ratio 1: 3 : 5. Find n and r.
Solution
Tr+1 = nCrxn-r
Tr = T(r-1)+1 = nCr-1xn-r+1
Tr-1 = T(r-2)+1 = nCr-2 xn-r+2
Given nCr-2 : nCr-1 : nCr :: 1 : 3 : 5
n

Cr-2 = 1
Cr-1 3
_____n!___
(n r+2)! (r-2)!
n

____n!_____ =
(n- r+1)! (r-1)!

(n- r+1)! x (r-1)! =


(n- r+2)! (r-2)!

1
3

(n- r+1)!______ x (r- 2)!(r-1) =


(n- r+1)!(n- r+2) (r- 2)!
3
_r-1_ = 1
n-r+2 3
3r-3 = n-r+2
n-4r = -5 _________(1)
n
n

Cr-1 = 3
Cr
5

1
3

simplify as above and get the equation 3n 8r = -3 ________(2)


solving (1) and (2) we get
n = 7 and r = 3.
EXTRA/HOT QUESTIONS
1) Using Binomial theorem show that 23n 7n 1 or 8n 7n 1 is divisible
by 49 where n is a natural number. (4 marks**)
2) Find the coefficient of x3 in the equation of (1+2x)6 (1-x)7 (HOT)
3) Find n if the coefficient of 5th , 6th & 7th terms in the expansion of (1+x)n
are in A.P.
4) If the coefficient of xr-1, xr, xr+1 in the expansion of (1+x)n are in A.P.
prove that n2 (4r+1)n + 4r2 2 = 0. (HOT)
5) If 6th,7th,8th & 9th terms in the expansion of (x+y)n are respectively a,b,c
&d then show that b2 ac = 4a (HOT)
c2 bd 3c
6) Find the term independent of x in the expansion of 0

(4 marks*)
7) Using Binomial theorem show that 33n 26n 1 is divisible by 676. (4
marks**)
8) The 3rd,4th & 5th terms in the expansion of (x+a)n are 84, 280 & 560
respectively. Find the values of x, a and n. (6 marks**)
9) The coefficient of 3 consecutive terms in the expansion of (1+x)n are in
the ratio 3 : 8 :14. Find n. (6 mark**)
10)
Find the constant term in the expansion of (x-1/x)14
11)
Find the middle term(s) in the expansion of
i)

1 ii) 0

12)
If (1+x)n = C0 + C1x + C2x2 + ..+Cnxn
Prove that C1 + 2C2 + 3C3 + + nCn = n.2n-1
Answers
2) -43
3) n = 7 or 14
6) 76545/8
8) x =1, a=2, n = 7
9) 10
10) -3432
11) i) -252
ii) -63 x14
32

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