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(Massachusetts Institute of Technology: Mit Opencourseware)

This document summarizes key concepts about dipole arrays from a lecture on electromagnetics and applications by Professor Markus Zahn. It first examines a two-element array and derives an expression for the far-field radiation pattern as a function of the array factor and element factor. It then generalizes to an N-element array and derives an expression for the array factor as a sum involving the element excitations. The array factor is shown to produce maxima when the argument of its sine or cosine is a multiple of 2π, allowing the determination of maximum radiation angles based on the element spacing and excitation phase differences. Several examples are analyzed to demonstrate the directional properties of dipole arrays.

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65 views8 pages

(Massachusetts Institute of Technology: Mit Opencourseware)

This document summarizes key concepts about dipole arrays from a lecture on electromagnetics and applications by Professor Markus Zahn. It first examines a two-element array and derives an expression for the far-field radiation pattern as a function of the array factor and element factor. It then generalizes to an N-element array and derives an expression for the array factor as a sum involving the element excitations. The array factor is shown to produce maxima when the argument of its sine or cosine is a multiple of 2π, allowing the determination of maximum radiation angles based on the element spacing and excitation phase differences. Several examples are analyzed to demonstrate the directional properties of dipole arrays.

Uploaded by

asitiaf
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MIT OpenCourseWare

http://ocw.mit.edu
6.013/ESD.013J Electromagnetics and Applications, Fall 2005

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6.013 - Electromagnetics and Applications

Fall 2005

Lecture 20 - Dipole Arrays


Prof. Markus Zahn

December 1, 2005

I. Two Element Array in =

plane (x-y plane)

r2

s
aco

I2

r1

r
a

x
I1
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

Far eld (kr 1, r a)

(r, = , ) = E1 ejkr1 + E2 ejkr2 = H


(r, = , )
E
2
jkr1
jkr2
2
2

1 = I1 dlk

E
4

2 = I2 dlk

E
4
r2 r + a cos(), r1 r a cos()

2
(r, = , ) = H
(r, = , ) k dl ejkr I1 e+jka cos() + I2 ejka cos()
E

2
2
kr
4j

array factor
element factor

I2 = Ie
j E
1 = E
0 , E
2 = E
0 ej
Assume: I1 = I,

(r, = , ) = E0 ejkr e+jka cos() + ej ejka cos()


E (r, = , ) = H
2
2
jkr

E
=
ejkr ej/2 ej( 2 ka cos())
+ ej( 2 ka cos())
jkr
2 cos(
+ka cos())
2

0
2E

=
ejkr ej/2 cos + ka cos()
jkr
2

2
2
|
0 |

1 |E
2|E

2
Sr (t, = , ) =
cos
ka
cos()
=

2
2
(kr)2
2
1

Broadside:

, = 0, ka =
2
2

2|E0 |
2
Sr =
cos
cos()
(kr)2
2
2a =

Endre:

, = , ka =
2
2

2|E0 |
2
Sr =
cos
(cos()

1)
(kr)2
2
2a =

From Electromagnetic Field Theory: A Problem Solving Approach, by Markus Zahn, 1987. Used with permission.

Maxima: ka cos()
Minima: ka cos()

2 = m, m = 0, 1, 2, . . .

2 = (2m + 1) 2 , m = 0, 1, 2, . . .

Case Studies:

2a
2a

ka =
=
=
2
4a
2

2a = ka =

2a =

2a =

cos() = m (maxima) cos() = 2m


2
2

cos() = (2m + 1) (minima) cos() = (2m + 1)


2
2
2

= 4a

cos(max ) cos(min )

2
3
4

1
4
1
2
3
4

34

= 2a
cos(max ) =

0, 1

2
3
4

1
7
8, 8
1
3
4, 4
3
5
8, 8
1
1
2, 2

0,

60

Broadside

120

41.4 104.5

14

0,

cos(max ) cos(min )

min

75.5 138.6

12

m, cos(min ) =

max

90.

Endre

12 (2m + 1)

max

min

1
1
2 ,
2

38 ,
58

14 ,
34

18 ,
78

0, 90 , 180

60

82.8 , 151

51 , 112

75.5 , 138.6

41.4 , 104.5

68.0 , 128.7

29.0 , 97.2

0, 1

60 , 120

90 , 0

From Electromagnetic Field Theory: A Problem Solving Approach, by Markus Zahn, 1987. Used with permission.

II. An N Dipole Array ( = 2 )

lim rn r na cos()

rna

N n N

From Electromagnetic Field Theory: A Problem Solving Approach, by Markus Zahn, 1987. Used with permission.

r, = , = H
r, = ,
E
2
2
+N

kdl
=
In ejkna cos() ejkr
4jr
N

Array factor = AF

Example:
In = I0 ejn0
AF = I0

+N

N nN

ejn(ka cos()0 )

j(ka cos()0 )

Let e

+N

AF n
S=
=
= N + N +1 + . . . + 2 + 1 + 1 + + 2 + . . . + N 1 + N
I0
N

S(1 ) =

N +1

N N +1
N 2 N + 2
S=
=
1
1/2 1/2

multiply by
1/2
1/2

sin (N + 21 )(ka cos() 0 )

S=
sin 12 (ka cos() 0 )
Maxima: ka cos() 0 = 2n, n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
Principal maximum at n = 0 cos() =

0
ka

Minima: (N + 21 )(ka cos() 0 ) = n, n = 1, 2, 3, . . .


5

Demonstration, N = 2 (2 dipole array)


3
2a = , 0 = 0
2

3
2
2 2
2 3
I cos (ka cos()) = cos
cos() = cos
cos()

2
42

Minima:
cos() = cos() = = 70.5
2
2
3
3

cos() =
cos() = 1 = 0
2
2
3
Maxima:
cos() = 0 = 90
2

2
3
cos() =
cos() = = 48.2
2
3

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

Intensity pattern

From Electromagnetic Field Theory: A Problem Solving Approach, by Markus Zahn, 1987. Used with permission.

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