Line

Line: An element of art that is used to define shape, contours, and outlines, also
to suggest mass and volume. It may be a continuous mark made on a surface
with a pointed tool or implied by the edges of shapes and forms.

Characteristic of Line are:

Width- thick, thin, tapering, uneven

Length - long, short, continuous, broken
Direction- horizontal, vertical, diagonal, curving, perpendicular, oblique,
parallel, radial, zigzag
Focus- sharp, blurry, fuzzy, choppy
Feeling- sharp, jagged, graceful, smooth

Types of Line:
1. Outlines- Lines made by the edge of an object or its silhouette.
2. Contour Lines- Lines that describe the shape of an object and the interior
detail.
3. Gesture Lines- Line that are energetic and catches the movement and
gestures of an active figure.
4. Sketch Lines- Lines that captures the appearance of an object or
impression of a place.
5. Calligraphic Lines- Greek word meaning beautiful writing. Precise,
elegant handwriting or lettering done by hand. Also artwork that has
flowing lines like an elegant handwriting.
6. Implied Line- Lines that are not actually drawn but created by a group of
objects seen from a distance. The direction an object is pointing to, or the
direction a person is looking at.

Name the Line:

1.

Below are five boxes. Create a different type of line for each box.

2.
it.

In the blank under the box come up with a name for that line that describes

_____________
_____________

____________

_____________

_____________

Color
Color comes form light; if it werent for light we would have no color. Light rays
move in a straight path from a light source. Within this light rays are all the rays
of colors in the spectrum or rainbow. Shining a light into a prism will create a
rainbow of colors because it separates the color of the spectrum. When the light
rays hits an object our eyes responds to the light that is bounced back and we
see that color. For example a red ball reflects all the red light rays. As artist we
use pigments in the form of powder or liquid paints to create color.

Categories of Color
Color Wheels a tool used to organize color. It is made up of:

Primary Colors-Red, Yellow, Blue these color cannot be mixed,

they must be bought in some form.

Secondary Color-Orange, Violet, Green, these colors are

created by mixing two primaries.
Intermediate Colors- Red Orange, Yellow Green, Blue Violet,
etc.; mixing a primary with a secondary creates these colors.
Complementary Colors-are colors that are opposite each
other on the color wheel. When placed next to each other
they look bright and when mixed together they neutralize
each other.

Color Harmonies
Color Harmonies is when an artist uses certain combinations of colors that create
different looks or feelings.

Analogous Colors are colors that are next to each other on the
color wheel for example red, red orange, and orange are
analogous colors.

Triadic Harmony is where three equally spaced colors on the

color wheel are used for example, yellow, Red, Blue is a triadic
harmony color scheme.
Monochromatic is where one color is used but in different
values and intensity.
Warm colors are on one side of the color wheel and they give
the felling of warmth for example red, orange and yellow are
the color of fire and feel warm.
Cool colors are on the other side of the color wheel and they give the
feeling of coolness for example blue, violet, are the color of water, and
green are the color of cool grass.

On the back of this sheet of paper create a color wheel. Be sure to include the
primary, secondary and intermediate colors. Use colored pencils to create your
colors.

Shape
Shape: When a line crosses itself or intersects with other lines to enclose a
space it creates a shape. Shape is two-dimensional it has heights and width but
no depth.

Categories of Shapes:

Geometric Shapes-Circles, Squares, rectangles and triangles. We

see them in architecture and manufactured items.
Organic Shapes-Leaf, seashells, flowers. We see them in nature
and with characteristics that are free flowing, informal and
irregular.
Positive Shapes-In a drawing or painting positive shapes are the
solid forms in a design such as a bowl of fruit. In a sculpture it is
the solid form of the sculpture.
Negative Shapes-In a drawing it is the space around the positive
shape or the shape around the bowl of fruit. In sculpture it is the
empty shape around and between the sculptures.
Static Shape-Shapes that appears stable and resting.
Dynamic Shape-Shapes that appears moving and active.

Create a Shape
In box 1 create a design with Geometrical Shapes
In box 2 create a design with Organic Shapes
1

In these two boxes below draw the same picture in each box. The first box
shade the positive space and the second box shade the negative space.

Space
Space is the three-dimensionality of a sculpture. With a sculpture or architecture
you can walk around them, look above them, and enter them, this refers to the
space of the sculpture or architecture. A three-dimensional object will have
height, width, and depth.
Space in a two-dimensional drawing or painting refers to the arrangement of
objects on the picture plane. The picture plane is the surface of your drawing
paper or canvas. You can have a picture plane that is a crowded space with lots
of objects or an empty space with very few objects in the picture plane. A twodimensional piece of art has heights and width but no depth. The illusion of
depth can be achieved by using perspective. This is the technique used to have
your picture look likes it is moving to the distance like a landscape or cityscape.

Categories of Space

Positive space-Like in positive shape it is the actual sculpture or

building.

Negative space-Also like negative shape it is the space around the

sculpture or building.

Picture Plane is the flat surface of your drawing paper or canvas.

Composition is the organization and placement of the elements on

your picture plane.

Focal Point is the object or area you want the viewer to look at
first.

Types of Perspective

Nonlinear Perspective is the method of showing depth that

incorporates the following techniques.
o Position-Placing an object higher on the page makes it
appear farther back then objects placed lower on the page.
o Overlapping-When an object overlaps another object it
appears closer to the viewer, and the object behind the object
appears farther away.
o Size Variation-Smaller objects look farther away in the
distance. Larger objects look closer.
o Color-Bright colors look like they are closer to you and neutral
colors look like they are farther away.
o Value-Lighter values look like they are farther back and
darker value look like they are closer. For example in a
landscape the mountains often look bluish and lighter then
the trees or houses that are closer to you.

Linear Perspective is the method of using lines to show the

illusion of depth in a picture. The following are types of linear
perspective.
o One-point perspective-When lines created by the sides of
tables or building look like that are pointing to the distance
and they all meet at one point on the horizon this is one-point
perspective. To see an example stand in the middle of the
hallway and look at the horizontal lines in the brick or the
corner where the ceiling meets the wall. See how they move
to one point on the horizon.
o Two-point perspective-Here the lines look like they are meeting
at two points on the horizon line.

Texture
Texture is the surface quality of an object. A rock may be rough and jagged. A
piece of silk may be soft and smooth and your desk may feel hard and smooth.
Texture also refers to the way a picture is made to look rough or smooth.

Categories of Texture

Real Texture is the actual texture of an object. Artist may create

real texture in art to give it visual interest or evoke a feeling. A
piece of pottery may have a rough texture so that it will look like it
came from nature or a smooth texture to make it look like it is
machine made.

Implied Texture is the where a two-dimensional piece of art is

made to look like a certain texture but in fact is just a smooth piece
of paper. Like a drawing of a tree trunk may look rough but in fact it
is just a smooth piece of paper
Using your pencil create different types of textures in the boxes below.
Explain what the texture is at the bottom of each box.

Value
Value is the range of lightness and darkness within a picture. Value is created by
a light source that shines on an object creating highlights and shadows. It also
illuminates the local or actual color of the subject. Value creates depth within a
picture making an object look three dimensional with highlights and cast
shadows, or in a landscape where it gets lighter in value as it recedes to the
background giving the illusion of depth.

Categories of Values

Tint is adding white to color paint to create lighter values such as light blue
or pink.

Shade is adding black to paint to create dark values such as dark

blue or dark red.

High-Key is where the picture is all light values.

Low-Key is where the picture is all dark values.

Value Contrast is where light values are placed next to dark values
to create contrast or strong differences.

Value Scale is a scale that shows the gradual change in value from its
lightest value, white to its darkest value black.

Create a 5 value, Value Scale.

Beginning with the box on the right leave it blank, it will be the lightest value of
the value scale. The box on the far left will be the darkest value, so shade it in
completely black. The three remaining shade in to show a gradual change form
the lightest to the darkest.

Form
Form is the three-dimensionality of an object. Shape is only two-dimensional;
form is three-dimensional. You can hold a form; walk around a form and in some
cases walk inside a form. In drawing or painting using value can imply form.
Shading a circle in a certain manner can turn it into a sphere.

Types of Form
Draw and correctly shade the four basic Forms.
Cube,

Cylinder

Cone

Sphere