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    AC Drives: Dr. Adel A. El-Samahy Department of Electrical Engineering University of Helwan

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    adelelsamahy5958
    This document discusses AC induction motor drives. It provides background on induction motors, including their widespread industrial use. It describes how induction motors work via electromagnetic induction between the stationary stator and rotating rotor magnetic fields. Key concepts covered include synchronous speed, slip, rotor frequency, torque-speed characteristics showing the motoring, regenerative, and plugging regions. An equivalent circuit model is presented and used to analyze motor performance including efficiency calculations. Maximum torque principles and equations are also summarized.

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    AC Drives: Dr. Adel A. El-Samahy Department of Electrical Engineering University of Helwan

    Uploaded by

    adelelsamahy5958
    55 views25 pages
    This document discusses AC induction motor drives. It provides background on induction motors, including their widespread industrial use. It describes how induction motors work via electromagnetic induction between the stationary stator and rotating rotor magnetic fields. Key concepts covered include synchronous speed, slip, rotor frequency, torque-speed characteristics showing the motoring, regenerative, and plugging regions. An equivalent circuit model is presented and used to analyze motor performance including efficiency calculations. Maximum torque principles and equations are also summarized.

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    AC drives

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    This document discusses AC induction motor drives. It provides background on induction motors, including their widespread industrial use. It describes how induction motors work via electromagnetic induction between the stationary stator and rotating rotor magnetic fields. Key concepts covered include synchronous speed, slip, rotor frequency, torque-speed characteristics showing the motoring, regenerative, and plugging regions. An equivalent circuit model is presented and used to analyze motor performance including efficiency calculations. Maximum torque principles and equations are also summarized.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    55 views25 pages

    AC Drives: Dr. Adel A. El-Samahy Department of Electrical Engineering University of Helwan

    Uploaded by

    adelelsamahy5958
    This document discusses AC induction motor drives. It provides background on induction motors, including their widespread industrial use. It describes how induction motors work via electromagnetic induction between the stationary stator and rotating rotor magnetic fields. Key concepts covered include synchronous speed, slip, rotor frequency, torque-speed characteristics showing the motoring, regenerative, and plugging regions. An equivalent circuit model is presented and used to analyze motor performance including efficiency calculations. Maximum torque principles and equations are also summarized.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 25

    AC Drives

    Dr. Adel A. El-Samahy


    Electrical Department of
    Engineering
    University of Helwan

    Facts in Electrical Machines


    If an e.m.f. source is applied to closed
    circuit, an electric current will pass through
    the circuit
    When electric current passes through a
    conductor or coil, a magnetic field is
    established (DC current produces DC
    magnetic field while AC current produces
    AC magnetic field). The direction of the
    magnetic field is determined by Right Hand
    Grip Rule .

    Facts in Electrical Machines


    When a magnetic field cuts a conductor/coil, an
    e.m.f. is induced in that conductor/coil. The
    magnitude of this e.m.f. proportional to the rate of
    cutting. The rate of cutting may be produced due
    to relative motion between conductors and
    magnetic field (DC or AC generators), or AC
    magnetic
    field
    and
    stationary
    winding
    (transformer)
    To produce electromagnetic torque, there must be
    two magnetic fields. These fields must have no
    relative speed and have an angle between them

    Induction Motor Drives

    Importance of Induction motors

    The induction machine is used in a wide variety of


    applications as a means of converting electric power
    to mechanical work. It is without doubt the
    workhorse of the electric power industry. Pump, steel
    mill, and hoist drives are but a few applications of
    large multiphase induction motors.
    On a smaller scale, the 2-phase servomotor is used
    extensively in position-follow-up control systems and
    single-phase induction motors are widely used in
    household appliances as well as in hand and bench
    tools

    Advantages of Induction motor


    Drives

    AC motor are less expensive


    Ac motors have low maintenance
    For the same rating, ac motors are higher in
    weight as compared to dc motors.
    AC motors can work in hazardous areas like
    chemical, petrochemical etc. whereas dc
    motors are unsuitable for such environments
    because of commutator sparking

    Disadvantages of Induction
    motor Drives
    Power converters for
    1. the control of ac motors are more complex.

    2. ac motors are more expensive


    3. ac motors generate harmonics in the supply
    system and load circuit. Hence AC motors gets
    derated.

    Induction Motor Drives?


    Why does the rotor rotates?
    When the stator winding is connected to 3 phase AC
    supply, a resultant rotating
    magnetic field with
    constant magnitude is established. This field rotates
    120
    with synchronous speed =

    Where: f is the supply frequency,


    P is the number of poles
    This field cuts the rotor winding which is short
    circuited inducing an e.m.f. that causes current in the
    rotor winding which in turns produces another rotating
    magnetic fields.
    The interaction between the two fields produces an
    electromagnetic torque that forces the rotor to rotate

    Induction Motor Drives?


    Definitions
    ns: Speed of rotating magnetic field (Synchronous speed) rpm

    ws : Speed of rotating magnetic field (Synchronous speed) rad/s


    n : motor speed rpm
    w : rotor speed rad/s
    f1: supply frequency
    f2: frequency of the induced e.m.f in the rotor = sf1
    s : slip
    ns- n : Slip speed
    s

    w s w ns n

    ws
    ns

    120 f1
    ns
    p

    2 ns
    ws
    60

    Induction Motor Drives?


    Example 1: . Calculate the frequency of the rotor current to
    produce an average torque at a speed of
    (p=2 and f1 =50 Hz)
    Solution

    120 f1
    ns
    3000rpm
    p
    ns n 3000 (200)
    s

    1.0667
    ns
    3000
    f2 = sf1 = 53.33 Hz

    - 200 rpm.

    Induction Motor Equivalent Circuit

    Induction Motor Equivalent Circuit

    Induction Motor Equivalent Circuit


    I
    `
    2

    V ph
    2

    tan-1 ((X1+X2)/R1+R2/s))

    R
    R1
    X 1 X 2`
    s

    `
    2

    I1 =Io+ I2 Im + I2
    Where: Io is no load current

    Power Flow Graph


    Input Power = Pin = 3VphIph cos f =3Vl Il cos f
    Stator copper losses = Pst = 3Iph2 R1
    Core losses = Pc = 3Vm2 /Rm
    Air gap power = Pg = 3I22 R2/s
    Mechanical Power (developed power) = Pm =Pg(1-s) = 3I22 R2/s(1-s)
    Pf =friction losses
    Output Power = P0 = Pm Pf
    = Po/Pin

    Power Flow Graph


    Example 2: . Find the efficiency of 3-phase, 50 Hp, 60 Hz,
    four-pole induction motor. The motor is star connected.
    nf.l=1755 rpm, VL = 440 V, Io = 18 A. at 0.085 Power factor lag.
    Also available from the manufacturers data sheet are the
    following design data: R1=0.1,
    R2' =0.12 , X1=0.35 , X2' = 0.4 , Pcore=1200 W, Prot=950 W.
    Solution
    120 f1 =1800 rpm
    ns
    p

    ns n 1800 (1755)
    s

    0.025
    ns
    1800

    Example 2:

    Power Flow Graph

    Io= Im+ Irot =18

    -850

    I2' = Vph/Z2

    Im = 0.35 +j 17.95
    I1= Im+ I2' = 57.35

    Irot =950/(3 440)

    -26.70

    Pin = 3 440 57.35 cos (26.7) = 39046 W


    Pg= 3 I2' 2 r2' /s =37896 W
    Pout = Pm - Prot = Pg (1-s)-950 =36000 W

    = Pout/ Pin = 92.2 %

    Torque Speed Characteristics


    T
    T

    `
    g

    ws

    3I

    ` 2
    2

    ws s

    `
    2

    3V ph2 R2`
    ` 2

    R2
    w s R1 X 1 X 2`
    s

    Torque Speed Characteristics


    Regenerative
    braking

    Pluging

    Torque Speed Characteristics


    There are three region of operation:

    1. Motoring (0s1)
    The motor rotates in the same direction as
    the field; as the slip increases, the torque
    increases, while air gap flux remains constant.
    Once the torque reaches its maximum value
    (s = scr), the torque decreases with the increase in
    the slip due to reduction in the air gap flux

    Torque Speed Characteristics


    There are three region of operation:
    2. Regeneration (s0)
    The speed is greater than the synchronous
    speed, w and ws being in the same direction and
    the slip is negative. Therefore R2/s is negative
    which means the power is fed back from the shaft
    to the supply. The torque speed characteristics is
    similar to that of motoring, but having negative
    value

    Torque Speed Characteristics


    There are three region of operation:
    3. Plugging (1 s)
    The speed is opposite to the direction of the
    field, this may happen if the sequence of the
    supply source is reversed, while motoring,
    therefore the direction of the field and the
    developed torque also reversed. The energy due to
    plugging must be dissipated within the motor and
    may cause excessive heating.

    Torque Speed Characteristics


    Condition for Maximum Torque

    dT/ds = 0
    scr
    Tmm

    R2`

    R X1 X
    2
    1

    3V

    ` 2
    2

    2
    ph

    2
    ` 2
    2 w s R1 R1 X 1 X 2

    Torque Speed Characteristics


    The maximum regenerative torque
    The maximum regenerative torque may be obtained from the
    general torque equation by letting s= -scr

    Tmr

    3V

    2
    ph

    2
    ` 2
    2 w s R1 R1 X 1 X 2

    Torque Speed Characteristics


    2 Tmm 1 ascr
    T
    scr
    s

    2 a scr
    scr
    s
    R1
    a `
    R2

    2 Tmm 1 a scr scr


    Tst
    1 scr2 1 2a
    Tmr Tmm

    R1 R12 X cr2
    R1 R12 X cr2

    X cr X 1 X

    2 Tmax
    T
    s scr

    scr
    s

    `
    2

    Torque Speed Characteristics


    R1 is small compared to the other circuit impedances for
    motor with rating greater than 1 kW and my be
    neglected.

    In this case
    `
    2

    R
    scr
    `
    X1 X 2

    Tmm Tmr

    3V ph2

    2 w s X 1 X 2`

    2 Tmm
    T
    s scr

    scr
    s

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