This document discusses exponential and logarithmic functions including:
- The derivatives of exponential functions of the form a^x where a is a constant.
- Logarithmic differentiation for functions with variables in exponents.
- Integrals of functions of the form a^x.
- Properties and rules for logarithms with any base a.
- Derivatives involving logarithmic functions.
It provides examples of calculating derivatives and integrals of various exponential and logarithmic functions using properties like the chain rule, logarithmic differentiation, and u-substitution.
This document discusses exponential and logarithmic functions including:
- The derivatives of exponential functions of the form a^x where a is a constant.
- Logarithmic differentiation for functions with variables in exponents.
- Integrals of functions of the form a^x.
- Properties and rules for logarithms with any base a.
- Derivatives involving logarithmic functions.
It provides examples of calculating derivatives and integrals of various exponential and logarithmic functions using properties like the chain rule, logarithmic differentiation, and u-substitution.
This document discusses exponential and logarithmic functions including:
- The derivatives of exponential functions of the form a^x where a is a constant.
- Logarithmic differentiation for functions with variables in exponents.
- Integrals of functions of the form a^x.
- Properties and rules for logarithms with any base a.
- Derivatives involving logarithmic functions.
It provides examples of calculating derivatives and integrals of various exponential and logarithmic functions using properties like the chain rule, logarithmic differentiation, and u-substitution.
This document discusses exponential and logarithmic functions including:
- The derivatives of exponential functions of the form a^x where a is a constant.
- Logarithmic differentiation for functions with variables in exponents.
- Integrals of functions of the form a^x.
- Properties and rules for logarithms with any base a.
- Derivatives involving logarithmic functions.
It provides examples of calculating derivatives and integrals of various exponential and logarithmic functions using properties like the chain rule, logarithmic differentiation, and u-substitution.
Exponential Functions Exponential functions decrease if 0 < a < 1 and increase if a > 1.
As x , we have ax 0 if 0 < a < 1 and ax if a > 1. As x , we have ax if
0 < a < 1 and ax 0 if a > 1.
M.Hamouri, Y.Shehadeh Calculus II 7.4 PPU
The Derivative of au If a > 0
a e e x ln a d x d ln a x d x ln a a e
e dx dx dx ln a e x ln a a x ln a x
ln a x
General formula (using the chain rule):
d u d ln au d u ln a a e
e dx dx dx du u ln a du u ln a e a ln a dx dx M.Hamouri, Y.Shehadeh Calculus II 7.4 PPU
Example 1 2 3 sin x find dy If y 3 dx
Solution:
2 3 dy sin x .ln 3.2sin x 3 .cos x 3 . 3x 2 3 dx 2 3 2 sin x sin x 3 cos x 3 6x ln 3 3
M.Hamouri, Y.Shehadeh Calculus II 7.4 PPU
Example 2 2 dy ln x If y 2 find dx
Solution: 2 dy 1 2ln 2 ln x 2 ln x 2 ln 2. 2 .2x 2 dx x x
M.Hamouri, Y.Shehadeh Calculus II 7.4 PPU
Indeterminate Powers Limits that leads to the indeterminate forms 1 ,00 , and 0 can sometimes be handled by taking the logarithm of the function. We use lHopitals Rule to find the limit of the logarithm expression and then exponentiate the result to find the original
limit If lim ln f ( x) L, then lim f ( x) lim e ln f ( x ) e L . x a
x a
x a
Here a may be either finite or infinite.
M.Hamouri, Y.Shehadeh Calculus II 7.4 PPU
Example 3 If y x
dy find dx
Solution:
y xx
(When variable is in the exponent,
use logarithmic differentiation) ln y x ln x y 1 x ln x 1 ln x y x y (1 ln x ) y (1 ln x )x x M.Hamouri, Y.Shehadeh Calculus II 7.4 PPU
Example 4 If y ln x tan x
find
dy dx
Solution: ln y ln ln x tan x tan x ln ln x 1 1 1 y ' sec2 x ln ln x tan x . y ln x x tan x 2 sec x ln ln x x ln x dy tan x
ln x tan x sec2 x ln ln x dx x ln x
dy y dx
M.Hamouri, Y.Shehadeh Calculus II 7.4 PPU
The Integral of au
a e x
ln a x
dx e
x ln a
1 x ln a 1 x dx e
a C ln a ln a
x ln a
General formula where u f x
a du a u
u ln a
M.Hamouri, Y.Shehadeh Calculus II 7.4 PPU
1 u du a C ln a
Example 5 2 1 ln x Evaluate 2 dx x
Solution: 1 x let u ln x du 2 .2x dx dx du x 2 2 1 1 x 1 u ln x u 2 x dx 2 . x . 2 du 2 2 du 2 u ln x 1 2 2 . c c 2 ln 2 ln 4 2
M.Hamouri, Y.Shehadeh Calculus II 7.4 PPU
10
Logarithms with base a
For any positive number , a 1
log a x is the inverse function of a x
log x y a a
Inverse Equations for ax and loga x
a loga x x loga (a x ) x
(all x 0) (all x )
ln x log x a ln a
M.Hamouri, Y.Shehadeh Calculus II 7.4 PPU
11
Rules for loga x
For x 0 and y 0 1. log x . y log x log y a a a x 2. log log x log y ay a a
3. log x a
y log x a
4. log 1 0 a M.Hamouri, Y.Shehadeh Calculus II 7.4 PPU
12
Derivatives Involving loga x
d 1 1 du log a u dx ln a u dx
M.Hamouri, Y.Shehadeh Calculus II 7.4 PPU
13
Example 6 x If y log 3
2 x
find dy dx
Solution:
y x 2 2x dy 2x 2 dx
M.Hamouri, Y.Shehadeh Calculus II 7.4 PPU
14
Example 7 If y log 1 sin 2 x find 2
dy dx
Solution: dy 1 1 1 2cos x
. .2sin x cos x . dx ln 1 sin 2 x ln 2 sin x 2 dy 2
cot x dx ln 2
M.Hamouri, Y.Shehadeh Calculus II 7.4 PPU
15
Example 8 3
Evaluate
x 1 2 dx x 1
2log
Solution: let u log 2 x 1 du
1 1 . dx dx x 1 ln 2 du ln 2 x 1
2log 2 x 1 2u dx x 1 ln 2du x 1 x 1
2 3 u2 2ln 2 udu 2ln 2 c ln 2 log 2 x 1 c 2 2
ln 2 log 2 x 1 ln 2 1 0 ln 2
M.Hamouri, Y.Shehadeh Calculus II 7.4 PPU
2 3 2
2 2 ln 2 log 2 2 log 2 1
16
Example 9 Evaluate
log
sin x cot x dx
Solution: 1 1 let u log sin x du . cos x dx 3 ln 3 sin x 1 ln 3 du cot x dx dx du ln 3 cot x ln 3 u .cot x . du ln 3 u du cot x 2 ln 3
