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Data Communications: Management Information Systems 8/E Raymond Mcleod, Jr. and George Schell

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26 views34 pages

Data Communications: Management Information Systems 8/E Raymond Mcleod, Jr. and George Schell

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HadiBies
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 8/E

Raymond McLeod, Jr. and George Schell

Chapter 10
Data Communications

10-1
Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Communication Basics

Computer communications is at
three levels
Application level
Computer level
Communication channel

Protocol
Set of rules for communications
OSI Standard
10-2

OSI Reference Model


Layer
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

Name
Application Layer
Presentation Layer
Session Layer
Transport Layer
Network Layer
Data Link Layer
Physical Layer

Purpose
Application-to-application communication
Manage data representation conversions
Establish and maintain communication channel
Guarantee end-to-end integrity of transmission
Route data between network addresses
Move data from one network address to another
Put data onto and off of the network media

10-3

ISO Website

10-4

Protocols for Computer


Communication

Early computers
Terminals
Sneaker net

System Network Architecture (SNA)


Established by IBM in 1974
Proprietary

Token-Ring
Host computer controlled
peer-to-peer

10-5

Protocols for Computer


Communication

Ethernet
Xerox working with Intel and Digital
Equipment Corporation developed this protocol
Non-proprietary
Defined by IEEE
Works on a single transmission line
No token is passed

10-6

Packets

Piece of the total data to be communicated,


combined with the address of the destination
computer for the data and other control
information.

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet


Protocol (TCP/IP) is one of the more
important packet switching protocols
10-7

Network Addresses

Address
Four-part set of numbers
Each from 0 to 255

Internet Service Providers (ISPs)


User connects through common carrier

Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) and


Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)
Protocols for users at home
10-8

Protocols for Public Phone


Systems

X.25
analog
older protocol

Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)


Digital
Can carry voice, data, and video

10-9

Protocols for Public Phone


Systems (cont.)

Frame Relays
Move to fiber optics

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)


Smaller packet size
Faster transmission speeds

10-10

Data Communications Links the


General Systems Model Elements
Standards

Management

Input

Information
processor

Transformation

Environment

Output
10-11

Networks

Each device must be connected to the


communications medium via a network
interface card (NIC)

10-12

Types of Networks

LAN (local area network)

MAN (metropolitan area networks)

Limited area but could include 100 or so micros


Facilitates office automation
spans one city/metropolitan area

WAN (wide area network)

Covers a large geographic area


Includes a wide variety of circuits
Usually includes host computers
10-13

Workstation
1

Manager 1
Letter Quality
Printer

Workstation
2

Users

Network
Server

Secretary 1
Workstation
3

Plotter
Secretary 2

Hard
Disk

Workstation
4

Manager 2

A Local Area Network

10-14

Common LAN Topologies


Star

10-15

Common LAN Topologies


Ring

10-16

Common LAN Topologies


Bus

10-17

Wide Area
Network

Satellite

Users
modem
IXC circuit

Local
loop

Earth
station

(interexchange
channel)

Earth
station
Telephone
company
central office

Microwave
tower IXC circuit

(interexchange
channel)

Telephone
company
central office
Telephone
company
central office

Microwave
tower

Local
loop

Telephone
company
central office

Users
modem

10-18

Types of Networks (cont.)

Internet
Collection of networks
Public

Intranet
Uses Internet network protocols
Limits accessibility
Firewall

Extranet
For trusted business partners and customers
10-19

Control of Data Communications


Networks

Centralized
Point-of-sale terminals
Data collection terminals

Distributed processing
Receiving computer runs programs that use
data

Client/server processing
Mixes centralized and decentralized processing
strategies
10-20

A Network of Terminals

Legend:

Computer

Terminal

10-21

A Distributed Processing Network

Legend:

Central
Computer

Distributed
Computer

10-22

Communications Hardware

Modem
Converts digital to analog and vice versa
Bits per second determines transmission speed
Local loop

Hub
Receives a data packet from a computer at one
end of one spoke of the star topography and
copies its contents to all other computers
Manageable hubs
10-23

Data Communications with a Modem

Computer

Modem

Channel

Modem

Computer

A modem is always required between a


telephone and a digital computer
10-24

Communications Hardware (cont.)

Router
Device that connects many LANs
More sophisticated than a bridge
Process header information of a packet

Switch
Filters data not intended for a computer on a
particular network

10-25

Communications Connections

Private Lines
Circuit that is always open to communications
traffic
Also called leased line or dedicated line
Two types
T-1 - Maximum speed just over 1.5 Mbps
T-3 - Maximum speed 43 Mbps
Collections of 64 Kbps connections
10-26

Communications Connections
(cont.)

Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)


Tunneling software makes Internet connections
more secure
Privacy through authentication
More cost effective than private lines

10-27

Network Management
Digital nervous systems of an organization
Network planning

Anticipates firms network needs


Monitors performance

Network Control
Determines faults
Errors in data communication
Alerts to potential faults
10-28

Network Management (cont.)

Network manager
Planning, implementing, operating, and
controlling a firms data communications
network(s)

Staff

Network analysts (a type of systems analyst)


Software analysts
Data Communication Technicians (specialize in
hardware)
LAN managers
10-29

Wireless Networks

Cellular networks
Hand held telephones
Primarily for voice

Wireless LANs
Extensions of regular LANs

Wide-area wireless networks


Nationwide

Highlights in MIS

10-30

Wireless Networks (cont.)

Paging networks
Receive only capability

Personal Communications Network (PCN)


is the networking infrastructure for wireless.
It is not yet in place!

Highlights in MIS

10-31

A Network with Mobility Capability


MU MU MU

MU MU MU

Fixed host
MSS
Fixed host

MSS

Fixed
network

Fixed host
MSS

MSS
Fixed host

MU MU

Highlights in MIS

MSS = mobile support station


MU = mobile units

MU MU MU MU

10-32

Summary
Data communications enable computers to
share information and applications
Networks

LANs
MANs
WANs

Communication standards
10-33

Summary [cont.]

Basic Hardware

Hubs
Routers
Bridges
Switches

Planned growth

10-34

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