EXPERIMENT -1

SOLUTION OF SIMULATENOUS ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS USING MATLAB

PROGRAM FOR GAUSS SEIDEL ELIMINATION METHOD IN MATLAB

clc;
clear all;
ip=fopen('mat.ip','r+');
op=fopen('mat.op','w+');
n=3;
a=fscanf(ip,'%g',[n,n]);
y=fscanf(ip,'%g',[n,1]);
g=transpose(y);
b=transpose(a);
fprintf(op,'Solution for Simultaneous Algebraic Equation\n');
fprintf(op,'\t\t\t AX=Y Using MATLAB\n\n');
fprintf(op,'Input 3-Varibale \n');
fprintf(op,'Matrix A :\n');
for i=1:n
for j=1:n
fprintf(op,'%g\t',a(i,j));
end
fprintf(op,'\n');
end
fprintf(op,'\nMatrix Y :\n');
fprintf(op,'%g\n',g);
fprintf(op,'\n\n');
for i=1:n
g(i)=g(i)/b(i,i);
for j=n:-1:i
b(i,j)=b(i,j)/b(i,i);
end
for k=n:-1:i+1
g(k)=g(k)-b(k,i)*g(i);
for jj=n:-1:1
b(k,jj)=b(k,jj)-b(k,i)*b(i,jj);
end
end
end
x=g;
for i=n:-1:1
for j=i+1:n
x(i)=x(i)-b(i,j)*x(j);
end
end
fprintf(op,'Output\n');
fprintf(op,'Matrix X :\n');
fprintf(op,'%g\n',x);
fclose all;

INPUT FOR GAUSS SEIDEL ELIMINATION METHOD

10
2
2

1
10
2

1
1
10

12
13
14

OUTPUT FOR GAUSS SEIDEL ELIMINATION METHOD

Solution for Simultaneous Algebraic Equation
AX=Y Using MATLAB
Inputs 3-Variable
Matrix A :
10 2
2
1
10 2
1
1
10
Matrix Y :
12
13
14

Output
Matrix X :
1
1
1

PROGRAM FOR GAUSS SEIDEL ELIMINATION METHOD IN MATLAB

clc;
clear all;
ip=fopen('mat.ip','r+');
op=fopen('mat.op','w+');
n=4;
a=fscanf(ip,'%g',[n,n]);
y=fscanf(ip,'%g',[n,1]);
g=transpose(y);
b=transpose(a);
fprintf(op,'Solution for Simultaneous Algebraic Equation\n');
fprintf(op,'\t\t\t AX=Y Using MATLAB\n\n');
fprintf(op,'Input 4-Varibale \n');
fprintf(op,'Matrix A :\n');
for i=1:n
for j=1:n
fprintf(op,'%g\t',a(i,j));
end
fprintf(op,'\n');
end
fprintf(op,'\nMatrix Y :\n');
fprintf(op,'%g\n',g);
fprintf(op,'\n\n');
for i=1:n
g(i)=g(i)/b(i,i);
for j=n:-1:i
b(i,j)=b(i,j)/b(i,i);
end
for k=n:-1:i+1
g(k)=g(k)-b(k,i)*g(i);
for jj=n:-1:1
b(k,jj)=b(k,jj)-b(k,i)*b(i,jj);
end
end
end
x=g;
for i=n:-1:1
for j=i+1:n
x(i)=x(i)-b(i,j)*x(j);
end
end
fprintf(op,'Output\n');
fprintf(op,'Matrix X :\n');
fprintf(op,'%g\n',x);
fclose all;

INPUT FOR GAUSS SEIDEL ELIMINATION METHOD

2.38
3.21
1.44
4.17

1.95
-0.86
2.95
3.60

-3.27
2.40
-2.14
-1.68

1.58
-3.20
1.86
-2.26

2.16
3.28
1.42
5.21

OUTPUT FOR GAUSS SEIDEL ELIMINATION METHOD

Solution for Simultaneous Algebraic Equation
AX=Y Using MATLAB
Inputs 4-Variable
Matrix A :
2.38
3.21
1.44
4.17
1.95
-0.86
2.95
3.6
-3.27
2.4 -2.14
-1.68
1.58
-3.2
1.86
-2.26
Matrix Y :
2.16
3.28
1.42
5.21

Output
Matrix X :
0.805827
0.238181
-0.106058
-0.360209

EXPERIMENT -2
SOLUTION OF SIMULATENOUS DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS USING RK METHOD IN MATLAB

PROGRAM FOR RANGE-KUTTA METHOD IN MATLAB

Program for RK Method 4th Order with 2 Variable
clc;
clear all;
op=fopen('mat.op','w+');
x0=0;
y0=1;
h=0.2;
fprintf(op,'Solution for Simultaneous Differential Equations \n');
fprintf(op,'\t\t\tUsing RK Method in MATLAB \n\n');
fprintf(op,'Program for RK Method 4th Order with 2 Variable \n\n');
fprintf(op,'When X0=0, Y0=1 and h=0.2\n\n');
x=x0;
y=y0;
f1=((y^2-x^2)/(y^2+x^2));
k1=h*f1;
fprintf(op,'F1=\t%g\n',f1);
fprintf(op,'K1=\t%g\n',k1);
fprintf(op,'Y=\t%g\n\n',y);
x1=x+(h/2);
y1=y+(k1/2);
f2=((y1^2-x1^2)/(y1^2+x1^2));
k2=h*f2;
fprintf(op,'F2=\t%g\n',f2);
fprintf(op,'K2=\t%g\n',k2);
fprintf(op,'Y1=\t%g\n\n',y1);
x2=x+(h/2);
y2=y+(k2/2);
f3=((y2^2-x2^2)/(y2^2+x2^2));
k3=h*f3;
fprintf(op,'F3=\t%g\n',f3);
fprintf(op,'K3=\t%g\n',k3);
fprintf(op,'Y2=\t%g\n\n',y2);
x3=x+h;
y3=y+k3;
f4=((y3^2-x3^2)/(y3^2+x3^2));
k4=h*f4;
Y=y+((k1+2*k2+2*k3+k4)/6);
fprintf(op,'F4=\t%g\n',f4);
fprintf(op,'K4=\t%g\n\n',k4);
fprintf(op,'Y=(Y+(K1+2*K2+2*K3=K4)/6)=\t%g',Y);
fclose all;

OUTPUT BY RANGE-KUTTA METHOD

Solution for Simultaneous Differential Equations
Using RK Method in MATLAB
Program for RK Method 4th Order with 2 Variable
When X0=0, Y0=1 and h=0.2
F1= 1
K1= 0.2
Y= 1
F2= 0.983607
K2= 0.196721
Y1= 1.1
F3= 0.983558
K3= 0.196712
Y2= 1.09836
F4= 0.945657
K4= 0.189131
Y=(Y+(K1+2*K2+2*K3=K4)/6)=

1.196

PROGRAM FOR RANGE-KUTTA METHOD IN MATLAB

Program for RK Method 4th Order with 3 Variable
clc;
op=fopen('out.op','w+')
x0=0;
y0=0;
z0=1;
h=0.1;
n=3;
fprintf(op,'Solution for Simultaneous Differential Equations \n');
fprintf(op,'\t\t\tUsing RK Method in MATLAB \n\n');
fprintf(op,'Program for RK Method 4th Order with 3 Variables \n\n');
fprintf(op,'When X0=0,Y0=0,Z0=1 and h=0.1\n\n');
fprintf(op,'The First Iteration at: \n');
for t=1:3;
fprintf(op,'t=%g\n',t)
x=x0;
y=y0;
z=z0;
f=x+z;
g=x-y;
k1=h*f;
l1=h*g;
fprintf(op,'K1=%f\nL1=%f\n',k1,l1);
x1=x0+(h/2);
y1=y0+(k1/2);
z1=z0+(l1/2);
f=x1+z1;
g=x1-y1;
k2=h*f;
l2=h*g;
fprintf(op,'K2=%f\nL2=%f\n',k2,l2);
x2=x0+(h/2);
y2=y0+(k2/2);
z2=z0+(l2/2);
f=x2+z2;
g=x2-y2;
k3=h*f;
l3=h*g;
fprintf(op,'K3=%f\nL3=%f\n',k3,l3);
x3=x0+h;
y3=y0+k3;
z3=z0+l3;
f=x3+z3;
g=x3-y3;
k4=h*f;
l4=h*g;
fprintf(op,'K4=%f\nL4=%f\n',k4,l4);
X=x0+h;
Y=y0+((k1+(2*k2)+(2*k3)+k4)/6);
Z=z0+((l1+(2*l2)+(2*l3)+l4)/6);
x0=X;
y0=Y;
z0=Z;
fprintf(op,'X=%f\nY=%f\nZ=%f\n',X,Y,Z);
t=t+1;
if t<=n
fprintf(op,'\nThe Next Iteration is :\n');

end
end
fclose all;

OUTPUT BY RANGE-KUTTA METHOD

Solution for Simultaneous Differential Equations
Using RK Method in MATLAB
Program for RK Method 4th Order With 3 Variables
When X0=0,Y0=0,Z0=1 and h=0.1
The First Iteration at:
t=1
K1=0.100000
L1=0.000000
K2=0.105000
L2=0.000000
K3=0.105000
L3=-0.000250
K4=0.109975
L4=-0.000500
X=0.100000
Y=0.104996
Z=0.999833

The Next Iteration is :

t=2
K1=0.109983
L1=-0.000500
K2=0.114958
L2=-0.000999
K3=0.114933
L3=-0.001248
K4=0.119859
L4=-0.001993
X=0.200000
Y=0.219933
Z=0.998669

The Next Iteration is :

t=3
K1=0.119867
L1=-0.001993
K2=0.124767
L2=-0.002987
K3=0.124718
L3=-0.003232
K4=0.129544
L4=-0.004465
X=0.300000
Y=0.344663
Z=0.995520

EXPERIMENT -3
FORMULATION OF Y BUS BY DIRECT INSPECTION METHOD IN MATLAB

PROGRAM FOR FORMATION OF Y-BUS (DIRECT INSPECTION METHOD)

%Formation of Bus Admittance Matrix
%
Direct Inspection Method
clc;
clear all;
nbus=4;
nline=4;
fprintf('The Inputs Buses:\n')
sbus=[1 2
1
3]
% Starting Bus
ebus=[2 3
3
4]
% Ending Bus
fprintf('The Impedances')
imp=[0+0.2i 0+0.1i 0+0.3i 0+0.4i]
% Line Impedances
fprintf('Line Capacitances')
lca=[0 0
0
0]
% Line Capacitances
y=zeros(nbus,nbus);
for i=1:nline
m=sbus(i);
n=ebus(i);
y(m,m)=y(m,m)+(1/(imp(i)))+lca(i);
y(n,n)=y(n,n)+(1/(imp(i)))+lca(i);
y(m,n)=-1/(imp(i));
y(n,m)=-1/(imp(i));
end
fprintf('The Obtained Bus Admittance Matrix is')
y

OUTPUT FOR FORMATION OF Y-BUS (DIRECT INSPECTION METHOD)

The Inputs Buses:
sbus =
1
ebus =

2
3
3
The Impedances
imp =
0+0.2000i
Line Capacitances
lca =
0
0

3
4

0+0.1000i

0+0.3000i

0+0.4000i

The Obtained Bus Admittance Matrix is

y =
0-8.3333i
0+5.0000i
0+3.3333i
0

0+5.0000i
0-15.0000i
0+10.0000i
0

0+ 3.3333i
0+10.0000i
0-15.8333i
0+2.5000i

0
0
0+2.5000i
0-2.5000i

PROGRAM FOR FORMATION OF Y-BUS (DIRECT INSPECTION METHOD)

%Formulation of Ybus by Direct Inspection Method(DIM) for an 6 bus system
clc;
ip=fopen('Ybus.ip','r+');
op=fopen('ybus.out','w+');
M=fscanf(ip,'%g',[8,7]);
b=transpose(M);
k=b(:,1);
lp=b(:,2);
lq=b(:,3);
r=b(:,4);
% Resistance, R...
x=b(:,5);
% Reactance, X...
ycp=1i*b(:,6);
ycq=1i*b(:,7);
% Ground Admittance, B/2...
tap=b(:,8);
% Tap setting value..
Z=r+1i*x;
% z matrix...
yline=1./Z;
ysh=1i*0.005;
n=max(max(lp),max(lq));
% No. of buses...
nline=length(lp);
% No. of elements...
ybus=zeros(n,n);
for k=1:nline
yline(k)=1/complex(r(k),x(k));
if tap(k)~=1;
t1=((1/(tap(k))^2)-(1/tap(k)));
t2=(1-(1/tap(k)));
ycp(k)=yline(k)*t1;
ycq(k)=yline(k)*t2;
yline(k)=yline(k)/tap(k);
end
end
for k=1:nline
p=lp(k);
q=lq(k);
ybus(p,p)=ybus(p,p)+yline(k)+ycp(k);
ybus(q,q)=ybus(q,q)+yline(k)+ycq(k);
ybus(p,q)=ybus(p,q)-yline(k);
ybus(q,p)=ybus(p,q);
end
for i=1:n
ybus(i,i)=ybus(i,i)+ysh;
end
fprintf(op,'Y Bus for 6 Bus System is Obtained by using Direct Inspection
Method\n\n\n');
for i=1:n
for j=1:n
fprintf(op,'(%0.4f)+j(%0.4f)\t',real(ybus(i,j)),imag(ybus(i,j)));
end
fprintf(op,'\n');
end
fclose all;

INPUT FOR FORMATION OF Y-BUS (DIRECT INSPECTION METHOD)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

1
1
2
2
4
4
6

4
6
3
5
3
6
5

0.08
0.123
0.723
0.282
0.000
0.097
0.000

0.37
0.518
1.05
0.64
0.133
0.407
0.300

0.007
0.010
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.0076
0.000

0.007
0.010
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.0076
0.000

1
1
1
1
0.909
1
0.976

OUT PUT FOR FORMATION OF Y-BUS (DIRECT INSPECTION METHOD)

Y Bus for 6 Bus System is Obtained by using Direct Inspection Method

(0.99)+j(-4.39)
(0.00)+j(0.00)
(0.00)+j(0.00)
(-0.56)+j(2.58)
(0.00)+j(0.00)
(-0.43)+j(1.83)

(0.00)+j(0.00)
(1.02)+j(-1.95)
(-0.44)+j(0.65)
(0.00)+j(0.00)
(-0.58)+j(1.31)
(0.00)+j(0.00)

(0.00)+j(0.00)
(-0.44)+j(0.65)
(0.44)+j(-8.16)
(0.00)+j(8.27)
(0.00)+j(0.00)
(0.00)+j(0.00)

(-0.56)+j(2.58) (0.00)+j(0.00) (-0.43)+j(1.83)

(0.00)+j(0.00) (-0.58)+j(1.31) (0.00)+j(0.00)
(0.00)+j(8.27) (0.00)+j(0.00) (0.00)+j(0.00)
(1.11)+j(-13.99)
(0.00)+j(0.00) (-0.55)+j(2.32)
(0.00)+j(0.00) (0.58)+j(-4.64) (0.00)+j(3.42)
(-0.55)+j(2.32) (0.00)+j(3.42) (0.99)+j(-7.63)

EXPERIMENT -4
FORMULATION OF Y BUS BY SINGULAT TRANSFORMATION METHOD IN MATLAB

PROGRAM FOR FORMATION OF Y-BUS (SINGULAR TRANSFORMATION METHOD)

% Formation of Bus Admittance Matrix
%By using Singular Transformation Method
clc
n=5;
% No.Of Buses
nline=7;
% No.of Lines
ip=fopen('ybus.in','r+');
% Initializing the Input File
op=fopen('ybus.out','w+');
% Initializing the Output File..
a=fscanf(ip,'%g',[5 7]);
% Calling the Input data
b=transpose(a);
k=b(:,1);
% Elements
lp=b(:,2);
% From Bus
lq=b(:,3);
% To Bus
r=b(:,4);
% Line Resisitance
x=b(:,5);
% Line Reactance
fprintf(op,'Input Data for Formation of Y-Bus\n');
fprintf(op,'\tk\tlp(k)\tlq(k)\tr(k)\tx(k)\n'); % Printing input Data
for k=1:nline
fprintf(op,'\t%d\t\t%d\t\t%d\t\t%0.3f\t\t%0.3f',k,lp(k),lq(k),r(k),x(k));
fprintf(op,'\n');
end
primz=zeros(n,n);
% Initializing the Primitive Z matrix
for i=1:nline
primz(i,i)=complex(r(i),x(i)); % Diagonal Elements
end
primy=inv(primz);
% Printing Primitive Y Matrix
fprintf(op,'Primitive Y Matrix :\n');
for i=1:nline
for j=1:nline
fprintf(op,'(%0.3f)+j\t',real(primy(i,j)));
end
fprintf(op,'\n');
for j=1:nline
fprintf(op,'(%0.3f)\t',imag(primy(i,j)));
end
fprintf(op,'\n\n');
end
k=b(:,1);
% Elements
lp=b(:,2);
% From Bus
lq=b(:,3);
% To Bus
c=zeros(7,5);
% Bus Incidence Matrix
for i=1:nline
c(i,lp(i))=1;
c(i,lq(i))=-1;
end
fprintf(op,'Matrix for the Bus Incidence Matrix:(A)\n');
for i=1:7
for j=1:5
fprintf(op,'%3d\t',c(i,j));
end
fprintf(op,'\n');
end
d=transpose(c)*primy*c;
% Bus Admittance Matrix

fprintf(op,'Y Bus By Using Singular Transformation is: \n');

for i=1:5
for j=1:5
fprintf(op,'(%0.3f)+j\t',real(d(i,j)));
end
fprintf(op,'\n');
for j=1:5
fprintf(op,'(%0.3f)\t',imag(d(i,j)));
end
fprintf(op,'\n\n');
end
fclose all;

INPUT FOR FORMATION OF Y-BUS (SINGULAR TRANSFORMATION METHOD)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

1
1
2
2
2
3
4

2
3
3
4
5
4
5

0.02
0.08
0.06
0.06
0.04
0.01
0.08

0.06
0.24
0.18
0.18
0.12
0.03
0.24

OUTPUT FOR FORMATION OF Y-BUS (SINGULAR TRANSFORMATION METHOD)

Input Data for Formation of Y-Bus
k
lp(k)
lq(k)
r(k)
x(k)
1
1
2
0.020
2
1
3
0.080
3
2
3
0.060
4
2
4
0.060
5
2
5
0.040
6
3
4
0.010
7
4
5
0.080

0.060
0.240
0.180
0.180
0.120
0.030
0.240

Primitive Y Matrix :
(5.000)+j
(-15.000)

(0.000)+j
(0.000)

(0.000)+j
(0.000)

(0.000)+j
(0.000)

(0.000)+j
(0.000)

(0.000)+j
(0.000)

(-0.000)+j
(0.000)

(0.000)+j
(0.000)

(1.250)+j
(-3.750)

(0.000)+j
(0.000)

(0.000)+j
(0.000)

(0.000)+j
(0.000)

(0.000)+j
(0.000)

(-0.000)+j
(0.000)

(0.000)+j
(0.000)

(0.000)+j
(0.000)

(1.667)+j
(-5.000)

(0.000)+j
(0.000)

(0.000)+j
(0.000)

(0.000)+j
(0.000)

(-0.000)+j
(0.000)

(0.000)+j
(0.000)

(0.000)+j
(0.000)

(0.000)+j
(0.000)

(1.667)+j
(-5.000)

(0.000)+j
(0.000)

(0.000)+j
(0.000)

(-0.000)+j
(0.000)

(0.000)+j
(0.000)

(0.000)+j
(0.000)

(0.000)+j
(0.000)

(0.000)+j
(0.000)

(2.500)+j
(-7.500)

(0.000)+j
(0.000)

(-0.000)+j
(0.000)

(0.000)+j
(0.000)

(0.000)+j
(0.000)

(0.000)+j
(0.000)

(0.000)+j
(0.000)

(0.000)+j
(0.000)

(10.000)+j
(-30.000)

(-0.000)+j
(0.000)

(0.000)+j
(0.000)

(0.000)+j
(0.000)

(0.000)+j
(0.000)

(0.000)+j
(0.000)

(0.000)+j
(0.000)

(0.000)+j
(0.000)

(1.250)+j
(-3.750)

Matrix for the Bus Incidence Matrix:(A)

1 -1
0
0
0
1
0 -1
0
0
0
1 -1
0
0
0
1
0 -1
0
0
1
0
0 -1
0
0
1 -1
0
0
0
0
1 -1
Y Bus By Using Singular Transformation is:
(6.250)+j
(-18.750)

(-5.000)+j
(15.000)

(-1.250)+j
(3.750)

(0.000)+j
(0.000)

(0.000)+j
(0.000)

(-5.000)+j
(15.000)

(10.833)+j
(-32.500)

(-1.667)+j
(5.000)

(-1.667)+j
(5.000)

(-2.500)+j
(7.500)

(-1.250)+j
(3.750)

(-1.667)+j
(5.000)

(12.917)+j
(-38.750)

(-10.000)+j
(30.000)

(0.000)+j
(0.000)

(0.000)+j
(0.000)

(-1.667)+j
(5.000)

(-10.000)+j
(30.000)

(12.917)+j
(-38.750)

(-1.250)+j
(3.750)

(0.000)+j
(0.000)

(-2.500)+j
(7.500)

(0.000)+j
(0.000)

(-1.250)+j
(3.750)

(3.750)+j
(-11.250)

EXPERIMENT -5
FORMULATION OF Z BUS BY STEP BY STEP ALGORITHM IN MATLAB
PROGRAM FOR STEP BY STEP ALGORITHM
% FORMATION OF Z BUS BY BUS BUILDING ALGORITHM
ip=fopen('linedata.m','r');
M=fscanf(ip,'%g',[5,7]);
linedata=transpose(M)
nl=linedata(:,1);
nr=linedata(:,2);
R=linedata(:,3);
X=linedata(:,4);
ll=linedata(:,5);
nbr=length(nl);
nbus=max(max(nl),max(nr));
ZB=R+1j*X;
Zbus=zeros(nbus,nbus)
%Rule - 1
for I=1:nbr
if nl(I)==0 || nr(I)==0
if nl(I)==0
K=nr(I);
elseif nr(I)==0
K=nl(I);
end
Zbus(K,K)=ZB(I);
end
end
% rule -2
for J=1:nbr
if nl(J)>0 && nr(J) >0
if ll(J) == 0
Zbus(:,nr(J))=Zbus(:,nl(J));
Zbus(nr(J),:)=Zbus(nl(J),:);
Zbus(nr(J),nr(J))=Zbus(nr(J),nr(J))+ZB(J);
end
end
end
%Rule - 3
for J=1:nbr
if nl(J)>0 && nr(J) >0
if ll(J) ==1
delta_Z=Zbus(:,nr(J))-Zbus(:,nl(J));
Zll=ZB(J)+Zbus(nr(J),nr(J))+Zbus(nl(J),nl(J))-2*Zbus(nr(J),nl(J));
P=(delta_Z*(-delta_Z)')./Zll
Zbus=Zbus-P;
end
end
end
clc;

OUTPUT FOR STEP BY STEP ALGORITHM

Zbus =
0 + 0.0705i
0 + 0.0295i
0 + 0.0420i
0 + 0.0483i

0 + 0.0295i
0 + 0.0705i
0 + 0.0580i
0 + 0.0517i

0 + 0.0420i
0 + 0.0580i
0 + 0.2041i
0 + 0.1271i

0 + 0.0483i
0 + 0.0517i
0 + 0.1271i
0 + 0.1648i

EXPERIMENT -6
POWER FLOW SOLUTION USING GAUSS SEIDEL METHOD IN MATLAB

PROGRAM FOR LOAD FLOW SOLUTION BY USING GAUSS_SEIDEL METHOD

%Power Flow Solution Using Gauss Seidel
clc;
ip=fopen('linedata.ip','r+');
op=fopen('Gauss.out','w+');
M=fscanf(ip,'%g',[8,7]);
b=transpose(M);
k=b(:,1);
lp=b(:,2);
lq=b(:,3);
r=b(:,4);
% Resistance, R...
x=b(:,5);
% Reactance, X...
ycp=1i*b(:,6);
ycq=1i*b(:,7);
% Ground Admittance, B/2...
tap=b(:,8);
% Tap setting value..
Z=r+1i*x;
% z matrix...
yline=1./Z;
ysh=[0 0
0
0
0];
n=max(max(lp),max(lq));
% No. of buses...
nline=length(lp);
% No. of elements...
alpha=1.4;
epsilon=0.0001;
fprintf(op,'Number of Lines: %d \n',nline);
fprintf(op,'Number of Buses: %d \n',n);
fprintf(op,'Tolerance Value: %0.04f \n',epsilon);
fprintf(op,'\nLine Data is taken as:\n');
fprintf(op,'k\t\tLp\t\tLq\t\tR\t\tX\t\tYcp\t\tYcq\t\tTap\n');
for k=1:nline
fprintf(op,'%d\t\t%d\t\t%d\t\t%0.2f\t%0.2f\t%0.3f\t%0.3f\t%d',k,lp(k),lq(k),
r(k),x(k),imag(ycp(k)),imag(ycq(k)),tap(k));
fprintf(op,'\n');
end
fprintf(op,'\nYshunt is assumed as :\t\t');
fprintf(op,'%g \t',ysh);
in=fopen('busdata.in','r+');
N=fscanf(in,'%g',[7,5]);
a=transpose(N);
busno=a(:,1);
itype=a(:,2);
pu=100;
pload=a(:,3)/pu;
qload=a(:,4)/pu;
pgen=a(:,5)/pu;
qgen=a(:,6)/pu;
vsp=a(:,7);
fprintf(op,'\n\nBus Data is taken as: \n');
fprintf(op,'Bus No\tBus Type\tPgen\tQgen\tPLoad\tQload\tVoltage Specified\n');
for k=1:n
fprintf(op,'%d\t\t%d\t\t\t%0.2f\t%0.2f\t%0.2f\t%0.3f\t%0.3f\t%d',busno(k),it
ype(k),pgen(k),qgen(k),pload(k),qload(k),vsp(k));
fprintf(op,'\n');
end
ybus=zeros(n,n);

for i=1:nline
yline(i)=1/complex(r(i),x(i));
if tap(i)~=1;
t1=((1/(tap(i))^2)-(1/tap(i)));
t2=(1-(1/tap(i)));
ycp(i)=yline(i)*t1;
ycq(i)=yline(i)*t2;
yline(i)=yline(i)/tap(i);
end
end
for i=1:nline
p=lp(i);
q=lq(i);
ybus(p,p)=ybus(p,p)+yline(i)+ycp(i);
ybus(q,q)=ybus(q,q)+yline(i)+ycq(i);
ybus(p,q)=ybus(p,q)-yline(i);
ybus(q,p)=ybus(p,q);
end
for i=1:n
ybus(i,i)=ybus(i,i)+ysh(i);
end
fprintf(op,'\nY Bus is obtained by using Direct Inspection as : \n\n');
for i=1:n
for j=1:n
fprintf(op,'(%0.4f)+j\t',real(ybus(i,j)));
end
fprintf(op,'\n');
for j=1:n
fprintf(op,'(%0.4f)\t',imag(ybus(i,j)));
end
fprintf(op,'\n');
end
for i=1:n;
pinj(i)=pgen(i)-pload(i);
qinj(i)=qgen(i)-qload(i);
end
for i=1:n
Eold(i)=complex(vsp(i),0);
end
iter=0;
itermax=20;
delEmax=0;
nslack=1;
E=Eold;
foriter=1:itermax
for i=1:n
if i~=nslack
csum = complex(0,0);
for j=1:n
if j~=i
csum=csum+ybus(i,j)*E(j);
end
end
E(i)=(((complex(pinj(i),-qinj(i)))/(conj(E(i))))-csum)*(1/ybus(i,i));
deltaE(i)=E(i)-Eold(i);
E(i)=Eold(i)+alpha*deltaE(i);
Eold(i)=E(i);
if abs(deltaE(i))>delEmax
delEmax=abs(deltaE(i));

end
end
end
ifdelEmax<=epsilon
break
else
iter=iter+1;
delEmax=0;
end
end
for i=1:nline
P=lp(i);
Q=lq(i);
I1(i)=((E(P)-E(Q))*yline(i))+(ycp(i)*E(P));
S1(i)=E(P)*conj(I1(i));
P1(i)=real(S1(i));
Q1(i)=imag(S1(i));
end
for i=1:nline
P=lp(i);
Q=lq(i);
I2(i)=((E(Q)-E(P))*yline(i))+(ycq(i)*E(Q));
S2(i)=E(Q)*conj(I2(i));
P2(i)=real(S2(i));
Q2(i)=imag(S2(i));
end
for i=1:nline
Ploss(i)=P1(i)+P2(i);
Qloss(i)=Q1(i)+Q2(i);
end
pgen(nslack)=P1(1)+P1(2);
qgen(nslack)=Q1(1)+Q1(2);
for i=1
Pgen(i)=pgen(nslack)+Ploss(i);
Qgen(i)=qgen(nslack)+Qloss(i);
end
tploss=sum(Ploss);
tqloss=sum(Qloss);
bvs=abs(E);
degE=angle(E)/pi*180;
ps=pgen(nslack);
qs=qgen(nslack);
pl=sum(pload);
ql=sum(qload);
tpg=pl+tploss;
tqg=ql+tqloss;
fprintf(op,'\nThePowerflow is Converged at Iteration : %d',iter);
fprintf(op,'\n\nPower Flow Solution is Obtained as:\n');
fprintf(op,'Bus No\tBus Type\t Generation\tLoad Demand\t\tBus Voltages
Solved\n');
fprintf(op,'\t\t\t\t\tReal\tReac\tReal\tReac\t Mag\tAngle(Deg)');
fprintf(op,'\n');
for i=1:n
fprintf(op,'%d\t\t\t%d\t\t%0.4f\t%0.4f\t%0.2f\t%0.2f\t%0.4f\t%0.4f',busno(i)
,itype(i),pgen(i),qgen(i),pload(i),qload(i),bvs(i),degE(i));
fprintf(op,'\n');
end
fprintf(op,'\nLine Flow Solution is Obtained as: \n');
fprintf(op,'From Bus\tTo Bus\tPLoss\t\tQLoss\t\tTotalPLoss\t\tTotalQLoss');

fprintf(op,'\n');
for i=1:nline
fprintf(op,'%d\t\t\t%d\t\t%0.4f\t\t%0.4f',lp(i),lq(i),P1(i),Q1(i));
fprintf(op,'\n');
ploss(i)=P1(i)+P2(i);
qloss(i)=Q1(i)+Q2(i);
fprintf(op,'%d\t\t\t%d\t\t%0.4f\t\t%0.4f\t\t%0.4f\t\t\t%0.4f',lp(i),lq(i),P2
(i),Q2(i),ploss(i),qloss(i));
fprintf(op,'\n');
end
fprintf(op,'\nTotal Line Loss is calculated as : (%f)+j(%f)',tploss,tqloss);
fprintf(op,'\nTotal Load is calculated as : (%f)+j(%f)',pl,ql);
fprintf(op,'\nSlack Bus Generation is calculated as : (%f)+j(%f)',ps,qs);
fprintf(op,'\nTotal Generation Required is : (%f)+j(%f)',tpg,tqg);
fclose all;

INPUT FOR LINE DATA

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

1
1
2
2
2
3
4

2
3
3
4
5
4
5

0.02
0.08
0.06
0.06
0.04
0.01
0.08

0.06
0.24
0.18
0.18
0.12
0.03
0.24

0.030
0.025
0.020
0.020
0.015
0.010
0.025

0.030
0.025
0.020
0.020
0.015
0.010
0.025

1
1
1
1
1
1
1

INPUT FOR BUS DATA

1
2
3
4
5

1
1
2
2
2

0
20
45
40
60

0
10
15
5
10

0
40
0
0
0

0
30
0
0
0

1.06
1
1
1
1

OUTPUT IS OBTAINED AS
Number of Lines: 7
Number of Buses: 5
Tolerance Value: 0.0001
Line Data is taken as:
kLpLq
R
X
1
1
2
2
1
3
3
2
3
4
2
4
5
2
5
6
3
4
7
4
5
Yshunt is assumed as :

YcpYcq
0.02
0.06
0.08
0.24
0.06
0.18
0.06
0.18
0.04
0.12
0.01
0.03
0.08
0.24
0

Tap
0.030
0.025
0.020
0.020
0.015
0.010
0.025
0

0.030
0.025
0.020
0.020
0.015
0.010
0.025

1
1
1
1
1
1
1

Bus Data is taken as:

Bus No Bus Type
PgenQgenPLoadQload
Voltage Specified
1
1
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.000
1.060
2
1
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.100
1.000
3
2
0.00
0.00
0.45
0.150
1.000

4
5

2
2

0.00
0.00

0.00
0.00

0.40
0.60

0.050
0.100

1.000
1.000

Y Bus is obtained by using Direct Inspection as :

(6.2500)+j
(-18.6950)
(-5.0000)+j
(15.0000)
(-1.2500)+j
(3.7500)
(0.0000)+j
(0.0000)
(0.0000)+j
(0.0000)

(-5.0000)+j
(15.0000)
(10.8333)+j
(-32.4150)
(-1.6667)+j
(5.0000)
(-1.6667)+j
(5.0000)
(-2.5000)+j
(7.5000)

(-1.2500)+j
(3.7500)
(-1.6667)+j
(5.0000)
(12.9167)+j
(-38.6950)
(-10.0000)+j
(30.0000)
(0.0000)+j
(0.0000)

(0.0000)+j
(0.0000)
(-1.6667)+j
(5.0000)
(-10.0000)+j
(30.0000)
(12.9167)+j
(-38.6950)
(-1.2500)+j
(3.7500)

(0.0000)+j
(0.0000)
(-2.5000)+j
(7.5000)
(0.0000)+j
(0.0000)
(-1.2500)+j
(3.7500)
(3.7500)+j
(-11.2100)

The Powerflow is Converged at Iteration : 10

Power Flow Solution is Obtained as:
Bus No Bus Type
Generation
Real
Reac
1
1
1.2952 -0.0756
2
1
0.4000 0.3000
3
2
0.0000 0.0000
4
2
0.0000 0.0000
5
2
0.0000 0.0000

Load Demand
Real
Reac
0.00
0.00
0.20
0.10
0.45
0.15
0.40
0.05
0.60
0.10

Line Flow Solution is Obtained as:

From Bus
To Bus PLossQLoss
Total PLoss
1
2
0.8882
-0.0868
1
2
-0.8741
0.0625
0.0141
1
3
0.4070
0.0113
1
3
-0.3951
-0.0299
0.0119
2
3
0.2467
0.0354
2
3
-0.2432
-0.0678
0.0035
2
4
0.2793
0.0296
2
4
-0.2748
-0.0593
0.0044
2
5
0.5482
0.0736
2
5
-0.5370
-0.0719
0.0113
3
4
0.1893
-0.0516
3
4
-0.1889
0.0317
0.0004
4
5
0.0634
-0.0228
4
5
-0.0631
-0.0284
0.0003

Total
Total
Slack
Total

Line Loss is calculated as :

Load is calculated as :
Bus Generation is calculated as :
Generation Required is :

Bus Voltages Solved

Mag
Angle(Deg)
1.0600 0.0000
1.0475 -2.8060
1.0243 -4.9946
1.0236 -5.3274
1.0180 -6.1491

Total QLoss
-0.0243
-0.0186
-0.0324
-0.0297
0.0018
-0.0199
-0.0512

(0.045832)+j(-0.174353)
(1.650000)+j(0.400000)
(1.295189)+j(-0.075588)
(1.695832)+j(0.225647)

EXPERIMENT -7
SIMULATION OF TRANSMISSION LINE PERFORMANCE USING MATLAB

PROBLEM -1
A 500KV VOLTAGE A 3- Tr.Line is 250KM. The series impedance is
Z=(0.045+j0.4)/Ph/KM. The Shunt admittance is Y=j4*10 -6 .Evaluate Equivalent model &
trans mission network.
Program for Problem-1
clc
z=0.045+1i*0.4;
y=1i*4/1000000;
l=250;
op=fopen('trans.out','w+');
gamma=sqrt(z*y);
zc=sqrt(z/y);
a=cosh(gamma*l);
b=zc*sinh(gamma*l);
c=(1/zc)*sinh(gamma*l);
d=a;
abcd=[a b;c d];
Z=b;
Y=(2/zc)*tanh(gamma*(l/2));
fprintf(op,'SeriesImpedence z=(%f)+j(%f)\nShunt Admittance
y=(%f)+j(%f)\nGamma=(%f)+j(%f)\nCharacteristicImpedence
Zc=(%f)+j(%f)\nA=(%f)+j(%f)\nB=(%f)+j(%f)\nC=(%f)+j(%f)\nD=(%f)+j(%f)\nPI
Parameter Z=(%f)+j(%f)\nPI Parameter
Y=(%f)+j(%f)\n',real(z),imag(z),real(y),imag(y),real(gamma),imag(gamma),real(zc),i
mag(zc),real(a),imag(a),real(b),imag(b),real(c),imag(c),real(d),imag(d),real(Z),im
ag(Z),real(Y),imag(Y));
fclose all;

Output for problem -1

Series Impedence z=(0.045000)+j(0.400000)
Shunt Admittance y=(0.000000)+j(0.000004)
Gamma=(0.000071)+j(0.001267)
Characteristic ImpedenceZc=(316.726083)+j(-17.759826)
A=(0.950410)+j(0.005532)
B=(10.877792)+j(98.362426)
C=(-0.000002)+j(0.000983)
D=(0.950410)+j(0.005532)
PI Parameter Z=(10.877792)+j(98.362426)
PI Parameter Y=(0.000001)+j(0.001008)

PROBLEM -2
A 3-, 60 Hz 500 KV Tr.Line is 300KM. The parameters per phase/unit are found to be
R=(0.016)/KM, L=(0.97)mH/KM, C=(0.05)F/KM..Determine the ohase constants . Surge
Impedance (Zc), Velocity of propagation () and line wave length().
Program for Problem-2
clc
l=input('\n Enter the Length of Transmission Line in KM:');
r=input('\n Enter the Resistance in Ohm/KM:');
L=input('\n Enter the Inductance value in H/KM:');
C=input('\n Enter the Capacitance value in F/KM:');
f=60;
w=2*pi*f;
beta=w*sqrt(L*C);
zc=sqrt(L/C);
velocity=1/sqrt(L*C);
lamda=velocity/f;
fprintf('\n Velocity of Propogation in KM/s:(%f)\n',velocity);
fprintf('\n Line Wavelength in KM is:(%f)\n',lamda);
fprintf('\n Phase Constant Beta is:(%f)\n',beta);
fprintf('\n Surge Impedance Zc is:(%f)\n',zc);
fclose all;

Output for problem -2

Enter the Length of Transmission Line in KM:300
Enter the Resistance in Ohm/KM:0.016
Enter the Inductance value in H/KM:0.97e-3
Enter the Capacitance value in F/KM:0.0115e-6
Velocity of Propogation in KM/s:(299409.249523)
Line Wavelength in KM is:(4990.154159)
Phase Constant Beta is:(0.001259)
Surge Impedance Zc is:(290.426972)

PROBLEM -3
Determine the pe rformance of 500KV transmission line, when the load at receiving end is
800MW @ 0.8 p.f lagging. Remaining all other parameters are same as problem -2
Program for Problem-3
clc
vr=input('\n Enter the Receiving End Line Voltage in KV:');
vrph=vr/sqrt(3);
load=input('\n Enter Load in MW:');
pf=input('\n Enter Power Factor:');
theta=acos(pf);
loadinmva=load/pf;
sr=load+(1i*loadinmva *sin(theta));
l=input('\n Enter the Length of Transmission Line:');
r=input('\n Enter the Resistance in Ohm/KM:');
L=input('\n Enter the Inductance Value in H/KM:');
C=input('\n Enter the Capacitance in F/KM:');
G=input('\n Enter the Conductance in Mho/KM:');
f=60;
w=2*pi*f;
beta=w*sqrt(L*C);
z=(r+1i*w*L);
y=(G+1i*w*C);
g=sqrt(z*y);
zc=sqrt(z/y);
a=cosh(g*l);
b=zc*sinh(g*l);
c=sinh(g*l)/zc;
d=cosh(g*l);
format long;
abcd=[a b;c d];
ir=(conj(sr)*(1000)/(3*vrph));
abs(ir);
angle((ir)*(180/pi));
vsis=abcd*[vrph*1000;ir];
vs=abs(vsis(1)*sqrt(3));
is=abs(vsis(2)*sqrt(3));
thetav =angle(vsis(1));
thetai=angle(vsis(2));
ps=vs*is*cos(thetav-thetai)/1000000;
qs=vs*is*sin(thetav-thetai)/1000000;
reg=(((vs/(cos(beta*l)*sqrt(3)))-(vrph*1000))/(vrph*1000))*100;
abs(reg);
efficency=(load/ps)*100;
fprintf('\n Voltage Regulation is:(%f)\n',abs(reg));
fprintf('\n Efficency is:(%f)\n',efficency);
fprintf('\n Sending End Voltage is:(%f)\n',vs);
fprintf('\n Sending End Current is:(%f)\n',is);
fprintf('\n Sending End Active Power is:(%f)\n',ps);
fprintf('\n sending End Reactive Power is:(%f)\n',qs);
fclose all;

Output for problem -3

Enter the Receiving End Line Voltage in KV:500
Enter Load in MW:800
Enter Power Factor:0.8
Enter the Length of Transmission Line:300
Enter the Resistance in Ohm/KM:0.016
Enter the Inductance Value in H/KM:0.97e-3
Enter the Capacitance in F/KM:0.0115e-6
Enter the Conductance in Mho/KM:0
Voltage Regulation is:(34.160145)
Efficency is:(98.110843)
Sending End Voltage is:(623510.889701)
Sending End Current is:(1564.237090)
Sending End Active Power is:(815.404265)
sending End Reactive Power is:(535.128735)

EXPERIMENT -8
SHORT CIRCUIT STUDIES USING MATLAB

PROGRAM FOR SHORT CIRCUIT STUDIES USING MATLAB

% Fault analysis for LG, LL and LLG faults
clc;
bmva=input('Enter Base MVA:');
bv=input('Enter Base Voltage in KV:');
bc=(bmva*1000)/(1.732*bv);
fprintf(' The Base current: %d Amps', bc);
E=1.0;
z1=input('\n Enter Positive Sequence Impedance Z1:');
z2=input('Enter Negative Sequence Impedance Z2:');
z0=input('Enter Zero Sequence Impedance Z0:');
zf=0;
Ia1= E / (z1+z2+z0+(3*zf));
Ia2=Ia1;
Ia0=Ia1;
If_pu= 3*Ia1;
Fault_curent_for_LG_Fault=If_pu*bc
% calcuation of sequence voltages
va1=E-(Ia1*z1);
va2=-(Ia2*z2);
va0=-(Ia0*z0);
%calculation of line to neutral voltages
a=-0.5+0.866i;
va=va0+va1+va2;
vb=va0+(a*a*va1)+(a*va2);
vc=va0+(a*va1)+(a*a*va2);
Line_to_Line_Voltages_in_kV_for_LG_Fault=[((va-vb)*(bv/1.732))
vc)*(bv/1.732))
((vc-va)*(bv/1.732))]
% L-L fault calculations
Ia1_LL= E/(z1+z2+zf);
Ia2_LL=-Ia1_LL;
% line currents for LL fault
Ia_LL=0;
Ib_LL=(-1.732)*j*Ia1_LL;
Ic_LL=-Ib_LL;
Fault_curent_in_Amps_for_LL_Fault=[Ia_LL*bcIb_LL*bcIc_LL*bc]
% calcution of sequence voltages
va1_LL=E-(Ia1_LL*z1);
va2_LL=va1_LL;
va0_LL=0;
%calculation of line to neutral voltages
va_LL=va0_LL+va1_LL+va2_LL;
vb_LL=va0_LL+(a*a*va1_LL)+(a*va2_LL);
vc_LL=va0_LL+(a*va1_LL)+(a*a*va2_LL);
Line_to_neutral_Voltages_in_kV_for_LL_Fault=[(va_LL*bv)/1.732
(vc_LL*bv)/1.732]
% LLG fault calcutions
x1=(z0+(3*zf))/(z2+z0+(3*zf));
Ia1_LLG=E/(z1+(z2*x1));
Ia2_LLG=(-Ia1_LLG)* (z0/(z0+z2));
Ia0_LLG=(-Ia1_LLG)* (z2/(z0+z2));
%line currents in pu
Ia_LLG=Ia0_LLG+Ia1_LLG+Ia2_LLG;

((vb-

(vb_LL*bv)/1.732

Ib_LLG=Ia0_LLG+(a*a*Ia1_LLG)+(a*Ia2_LLG);
Ic_LLG=Ia0_LLG+(a*Ia1_LLG)+(a*a*Ia2_LLG);
% actual line currents
Fault_curent_in_Amps_for_LLG_Fault=[Ia_LLG*bcIb_LLG*bcIc_LLG*bc]
%sequence voltages
va1_LLG=(E-(Ia1_LLG*z1));
va2_LLG=va1_LLG;
va0_LLG=va1_LLG;
%calculation of line to neutral voltages in pu.
va_LLG=va0_LLG+va1_LLG+va2_LLG;
vb_LLG=va0_LLG+(a*a*va1_LLG)+(a*va2_LLG);
vc_LLG=va0_LLG+(a*va1_LLG)+(a*a*va2_LLG);
Line_to_neutral_Voltages_in_kV_for_LLG_Fault=[(va_LLG*bv)/1.732
(vb_LLG*bv)/1.732
(vc_LLG*bv)/1.732]

OUTPUT FOR SHORT CIRCUIT STUDIES

Enter Base MVA:30
Enter Base Voltage in KV:13.8
The Base current: 1.255146e+003 Amps
Enter Positive Sequence Impedance Z1:0+0.25i
Enter Negative Sequence Impedance Z2:0+0.35i
Enter Zero Sequence Impedance Z0:0+0.10i
Fault_curent_for_LG_Fault =
0 -5.3792e+003i
Line_to_Line_Voltages_in_kV_for_LG_Fault =
1.7071 + 7.8857i

0.0004 -15.7714i

-1.7075 + 7.8857i

Fault_curent_in_Amps_for_LL_Fault =
1.0e+003 *
0

-3.6232

3.6232

Line_to_neutral_Voltages_in_kV_for_LL_Fault =
9.2956

-4.6476

-4.6476

Fault_curent_in_Amps_for_LLG_Fault =
1.0e+003 *
0 + 0.0000i

-4.0531 + 4.4673i

4.0531 + 4.4675i

Line_to_neutral_Voltages_in_kV_for_LLG_Fault =
5.6719

0.0001

0.0001

EXPERIMENT -8
DETERMINATION OF CRITICAL CLEARING TIME AND SWING CURVE USING MATLAB
PROGRAM FOR DETERMINATION OF CRITICAL CLEARING TIME AND SWING CURVE USING MATLAB
clc;
clear all;
pm=1;
H=5;
f=60;
x1=input('\n Enter the value of Generator Reactance:');
x2=input('\n Enter the value of Tr.Line-1 Reactance:');
x3=input('\n Enter the value of Tr.Line-2 Reactance:');
x4=input('\n Enter the value of Load Reactance:');
E=input('\n Enter the value of Generator Voltage in (P.U):');
V=1;
fprintf('\n During the Pre-Fault Condition:');
x5=(x2*x3)/(x2+x3);
X=x1+x5+x4
pmax1=(E*V)/X
pe1=pm
delta=asin(pe1/pmax1)
fprintf('\n During Fault Condition:');
pe2=0
pmax2=0
fprintf('\n Post Fault Condition');
x23=x1+x2+x4
pmax3=(E*V)/x23
deltamax=pi-asin(pm/pmax3)
pe3=pmax3*sin(deltamax)
fprintf('\n Critical Clearing angle:');
deltacr=acos(((pm*(deltamax-delta))(pmax2*cos(delta))+(pmax3*cos(deltamax)))/(pmax3-pmax2))
fprintf('\n Clearing Time:');
tcr=sqrt((2*H*(deltacr-delta))/(pi*f*pm))
fclose all;

OUTPUT FOR CRITICAL CLEARING TIME AND SWINF CURVE

Enter the value of Generator Reactance:

0.25

Enter the value of Tr.Line-1 Reactance:

0.5

Enter the value of Tr.Line-2 Reactance:

0.4

Enter the value of Load Reactance:

0.05

Enter the value of Generator Voltage in (P.U): 1.2

During the Pre-Fault Condition:
X=

0.5222

pmax1 =

2.2979

pe1 =

delta =

0.4502

During Fault Condition:

pe2 =

pmax2 =

Post Fault Condition

x23 =

0.8000

pmax3 =

1.5000

deltamax =

2.4119

pe3 =

1.0000

Critical Clearing angle:

deltacr =

0.9735

Clearing Time:
tcr =

0.1666

EXPERIMENT -10
SIMULATION OF ROTOR ANGLE STABILITY USING MATLAB

INPUT FOR ROTOR ANGLE STABILITY IN SIMULINK

K1=1.4479;
K2=1.3174;
K3=0.3072;
K4=1.8052;
K5=0.0294;
K6=0.52557;
td=5.9;
Ke=-0.17;
te=0.95;
Ka=400;
Kr=1;
tr=0.1;
Kf=0.04;
tf=1;
ta=0.05;
Wr=1;
hs=2.37;
D=2;
t0=10;
t1=0.5;
t2=0.05;

SIMULINK DIAGRAM FOR ROTOR ANGLE STABILITY

OUT PUT FOR ROTOR ANGLE STABILITY

SUBSYSTEM 1

SUB SYSTEM -2

EXPERIMENT -11
LOAD FLOW BY NR METHOD USING MATLAB

PROGRAM FOR BUS DATA

% Returns Initial Bus datas of the system...
function busdt = busdatas(num)
%
%
%
%

Type....
1 - Slack Bus..
2 - PV Bus..
3 - PQ Bus..

%
|Bus | Type | Vsp | theta | PGi | QGi | PLi | QLi |
busdat14 = [1
1
1.060
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
1.045
0
40
42.4 21.7
12.7
3
2
1.010
0
0
23.4 94.2
19.0
4
3
1.0
0
0
0
47.8
-3.9
5
3
1.0
0
0
0
7.6
1.6
6
2
1.070
0
0
12.2 11.2
7.5
7
3
1.0
0
0
0
0.0
0.0
8
2
1.090
0
0
17.4
0.0
0.0
9
3
1.0
0
0
0
29.5
16.6
10
3
1.0
0
0
0
9.0
5.8
11
3
1.0
0
0
0
3.5
1.8
12
3
1.0
0
0
0
6.1
1.6
13
3
1.0
0
0
0
13.5
5.8
14
3
1.0
0
0
0
14.9
5.0

Qmin | Qmax |
0
0;
-40
50;
0
40;
0
0;
0
0;
-6
24;
0
0;
-6
24;
0
0;
0
0;
0
0;
0
0;
0
0;
0
0;];

switch num
case 14
busdt = busdat14;
end

PROGRAM FOR LINE DATA

% Returns Line datas of the system...
function linedt = linedatas(num)
%
| From | To
%
| Bus | Bus
linedat14 = [1
2
1
5
2
3
2
4
2
5
3
4
4
5
4
7
4
9
5
6
6
11
6
12
6
13

|
|

R
|
X
|
pu
| pu
|
0.01938
0.05917
0.05403
0.22304
0.04699
0.19797
0.05811
0.17632
0.05695
0.17388
0.06701
0.17103
0.01335
0.04211
0.0
0.20912
0.0
0.55618
0.0
0.25202
0.09498
0.19890
0.12291
0.25581
0.06615
0.13027

B/2
pu
0.0264
0.0246
0.0219
0.0170
0.0173
0.0064
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

| X'mer |
| TAP (a) |
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.978
0.969
0.932
1
1
1

7
7
9
9
10
12
13

8
9
10
14
11
13
14

0.0
0.0
0.03181
0.12711
0.08205
0.22092
0.17093

0.17615
0.11001
0.08450
0.27038
0.19207
0.19988
0.34802

0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

1
1
1
1
1
1
1 ];

switch num
case 14
linedt = linedat14;
end

PROGRAM FOR FORMATION OF YBUS

% Program to for Admittance And Impedance Bus Formation....
function Y = ybusppg(num)

% Returns Y

linedata = linedatas(num);
fb = linedata(:,1);
tb = linedata(:,2);
r = linedata(:,3);
x = linedata(:,4);
b = linedata(:,5);
a = linedata(:,6);
z = r + i*x;
y = 1./z;
b = i*b;

%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%

Calling Linedatas...
From bus number...
To bus number...
Resistance, R...
Reactance, X...
Ground Admittance, B/2...
Tap setting value..
z matrix...
To get inverse of each element...
Make B imaginary...

nb = max(max(fb),max(tb));
nl = length(fb);
Y = zeros(nb,nb);

% No. of buses...
% No. of branches...
% InitialiseYBus...

% Formation of the Off Diagonal Elements...

for k = 1:nl
Y(fb(k),tb(k)) = Y(fb(k),tb(k)) - y(k)/a(k);
Y(tb(k),fb(k)) = Y(fb(k),tb(k));
end
% Formation of Diagonal Elements....
for m = 1:nb
for n = 1:nl
if fb(n) == m
Y(m,m) = Y(m,m) + y(n)/(a(n)^2) + b(n);
elseiftb(n) == m
Y(m,m) = Y(m,m) + y(n) + b(n);
end
end
end
%Y;
% Bus Admittance Matrix
%Z = inv(Y);
% Bus Impedance Matrix

PROGRAM FOR CONVERSION OF POLAR TO RECTANGLE

%
%
%
%
%

Polar to Rectangular Conversion

[RECT] = RECT2POL(RHO, THETA)
RECT - Complex matrix or number, RECT = A + jB, A = Real, B = Imaginary
RHO - Magnitude
THETA - Angle in radians

function rect = pol2rect(rho,theta)

rect = rho.*cos(theta) + j*rho.*sin(theta);

PROGRAM FOR BUS POWER INJECTION AND LINE AND POWER FLOWS
% Program for Bus Power Injections, Line & Power flows (p.u)...
function [Pi Qi PgQg Pl Ql] = loadflow(nb,V,del,BMva)
Y = ybusppg(nb);
lined = linedatas(nb);
busd = busdatas(nb);
Vm = pol2rect(V,del);
Del = 180/pi*del;
fb = lined(:,1);
tb = lined(:,2);
nl = length(fb);
Pl = busd(:,7);
Ql = busd(:,8);

%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%

Calling Ybus program..

Get linedats..
Get busdatas..
Converting polar to rectangular..
Bus Voltage Angles in Degree...
From bus number...
To bus number...
No. of Branches..
PLi..
QLi..

Iij = zeros(nb,nb);
Sij = zeros(nb,nb);
Si = zeros(nb,1);
% Bus Current Injections..
I = Y*Vm;
Im = abs(I);
Ia = angle(I);
%Line Current Flows..
for m = 1:nl
p = fb(m); q = tb(m);
Iij(p,q) = -(Vm(p) - Vm(q))*Y(p,q); % Y(m,n) = -y(m,n)..
Iij(q,p) = -Iij(p,q);
end
Iij = sparse(Iij);
Iijm = abs(Iij);
Iija = angle(Iij);
% Line Power Flows..
for m = 1:nb
for n = 1:nb
if m ~= n
Sij(m,n) = Vm(m)*conj(Iij(m,n))*BMva;
end
end
end
Sij = sparse(Sij);
Pij = real(Sij);
Qij = imag(Sij);
% Line Losses..
Lij = zeros(nl,1);
for m = 1:nl
p = fb(m); q = tb(m);
Lij(m) = Sij(p,q) + Sij(q,p);

end
Lpij = real(Lij);
Lqij = imag(Lij);
% Bus Power Injections..
for i = 1:nb
for k = 1:nb
Si(i) = Si(i) + conj(Vm(i))* Vm(k)*Y(i,k)*BMva;
end
end
Pi = real(Si);
Qi = -imag(Si);
Pg = Pi+Pl;
Qg = Qi+Ql;
disp('############################################################################
#############');
disp('----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------');
disp('
Newton RaphsonLoadflow Analysis ');
disp('----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------');
disp('| Bus |
V
| Angle |
Injection
|
Generation
|
Load
|');
disp('| No |
pu
| Degree |
MW
|
MVar
|
MW
| Mvar
|
MW
| MVar | ');
for m = 1:nb
disp('----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------');
fprintf('%3g', m); fprintf(' %8.4f', V(m)); fprintf('
%8.4f', Del(m));
fprintf(' %8.3f', Pi(m)); fprintf('
%8.3f', Qi(m));
fprintf(' %8.3f', Pg(m)); fprintf('
%8.3f', Qg(m));
fprintf(' %8.3f', Pl(m)); fprintf('
%8.3f', Ql(m)); fprintf('\n');
end
disp('----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------');
fprintf(' Total
');fprintf(' %8.3f', sum(Pi)); fprintf('
%8.3f', sum(Qi));
fprintf(' %8.3f', sum(Pi+Pl)); fprintf('
%8.3f', sum(Qi+Ql));
fprintf(' %8.3f', sum(Pl)); fprintf('
%8.3f', sum(Ql)); fprintf('\n');
disp('----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------');
disp('############################################################################
#############');
disp('------------------------------------------------------------------------------------');
disp('
Line FLow and Losses ');
disp('------------------------------------------------------------------------------------');
disp('|From|To |
P
|
Q
| From| To |
P
|
Q
|
Line
Loss
|');
disp('|Bus |Bus|
MW
|
MVar
| Bus | Bus|
MW
| MVar
|
MW
|
MVar |');
for m = 1:nl
p = fb(m); q = tb(m);
disp('------------------------------------------------------------------------------------');

fprintf('%4g', p); fprintf('%4g', q); fprintf(' %8.3f', Pij(p,q)); fprintf('

%8.3f', Qij(p,q));
fprintf('
%4g', q); fprintf('%4g', p); fprintf('
%8.3f', Pij(q,p)); fprintf('
%8.3f', Qij(q,p));
fprintf(' %8.3f', Lpij(m)); fprintf('
%8.3f', Lqij(m));
fprintf('\n');
end
disp('------------------------------------------------------------------------------------');
fprintf('
Total Loss
');
fprintf(' %8.3f', sum(Lpij)); fprintf('
%8.3f', sum(Lqij)); fprintf('\n');
disp('------------------------------------------------------------------------------------');
disp('############################################################################
#########');

PROGRAM FOR NEWTON RAPHSON LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS

% Program for Newton-Raphson Load Flow Analysis..
nbus = 14;
Y = ybusppg(nbus);
busd = busdatas(nbus);
BMva = 100;
bus = busd(:,1);
type = busd(:,2);
V = busd(:,3);
del = busd(:,4);
Pg = busd(:,5)/BMva;
Qg = busd(:,6)/BMva;
Pl = busd(:,7)/BMva;
Ql = busd(:,8)/BMva;
Qmin = busd(:,9)/BMva;
Qmax = busd(:,10)/BMva;
P = Pg - Pl;
Q = Qg - Ql;
Psp = P;
Qsp = Q;
G = real(Y);
B = imag(Y);

%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%

IEEE-14, IEEE-30, IEEE-57..

Calling ybusppg.m to get Y-Bus Matrix..
Calling busdatas..
Base MVA..
Bus Number..
Type of Bus 1-Slack, 2-PV, 3-PQ..
Specified Voltage..
Voltage Angle..
PGi..
QGi..
PLi..
QLi..
Minimum Reactive Power Limit..
Maximum Reactive Power Limit..
Pi = PGi - PLi..
Qi = QGi - QLi..
P Specified..
Q Specified..
Conductance matrix..
Susceptance matrix..

pv = find(type == 2 | type == 1);

pq = find(type == 3);
npv = length(pv);
npq = length(pq);
Tol = 1;
Iter = 1;
while (Tol> 1e-5)

%
%
%
%

PV Buses..
PQ Buses..
No. of PV buses..
No. of PQ buses..

% Iteration starting..

P = zeros(nbus,1);
Q = zeros(nbus,1);
% Calculate P and Q
for i = 1:nbus
for k = 1:nbus
P(i) = P(i) + V(i)* V(k)*(G(i,k)*cos(del(i)-del(k)) +
B(i,k)*sin(del(i)-del(k)));
Q(i) = Q(i) + V(i)* V(k)*(G(i,k)*sin(del(i)-del(k)) B(i,k)*cos(del(i)-del(k)));

end
end
% Checking Q-limit violations..
if Iter<= 7 &&Iter> 2
% Only checked up to 7th iterations..
for n = 2:nbus
if type(n) == 2
QG = Q(n)+Ql(n);
if QG <Qmin(n)
V(n) = V(n) + 0.01;
elseif QG >Qmax(n)
V(n) = V(n) - 0.01;
end
end
end
end
% Calculate change from specified value
dPa = Psp-P;
dQa = Qsp-Q;
k = 1;
dQ = zeros(npq,1);
for i = 1:nbus
if type(i) == 3
dQ(k,1) = dQa(i);
k = k+1;
end
end
dP = dPa(2:nbus);
M = [dP; dQ];
% Mismatch Vector
% Jacobian
% J1 - Derivative of Real Power Injections with Angles..
J1 = zeros(nbus-1,nbus-1);
for i = 1:(nbus-1)
m = i+1;
for k = 1:(nbus-1)
n = k+1;
if n == m
for n = 1:nbus
J1(i,k) = J1(i,k) + V(m)* V(n)*(-G(m,n)*sin(del(m)-del(n)) +
B(m,n)*cos(del(m)-del(n)));
end
J1(i,k) = J1(i,k) - V(m)^2*B(m,m);
else
J1(i,k) = V(m)* V(n)*(G(m,n)*sin(del(m)-del(n)) B(m,n)*cos(del(m)-del(n)));
end
end
end
% J2 - Derivative of Real Power Injections with V..
J2 = zeros(nbus-1,npq);
for i = 1:(nbus-1)
m = i+1;
for k = 1:npq
n = pq(k);
if n == m

for n = 1:nbus
J2(i,k) = J2(i,k) + V(n)*(G(m,n)*cos(del(m)-del(n)) +
B(m,n)*sin(del(m)-del(n)));
end
J2(i,k) = J2(i,k) + V(m)*G(m,m);
else
J2(i,k) = V(m)*(G(m,n)*cos(del(m)-del(n)) + B(m,n)*sin(del(m)del(n)));
end
end
end
% J3 - Derivative of Reactive Power Injections with Angles..
J3 = zeros(npq,nbus-1);
for i = 1:npq
m = pq(i);
for k = 1:(nbus-1)
n = k+1;
if n == m
for n = 1:nbus
J3(i,k) = J3(i,k) + V(m)* V(n)*(G(m,n)*cos(del(m)-del(n)) +
B(m,n)*sin(del(m)-del(n)));
end
J3(i,k) = J3(i,k) - V(m)^2*G(m,m);
else
J3(i,k) = V(m)* V(n)*(-G(m,n)*cos(del(m)-del(n)) B(m,n)*sin(del(m)-del(n)));
end
end
end
% J4 - Derivative of Reactive Power Injections with V..
J4 = zeros(npq,npq);
for i = 1:npq
m = pq(i);
for k = 1:npq
n = pq(k);
if n == m
for n = 1:nbus
J4(i,k) = J4(i,k) + V(n)*(G(m,n)*sin(del(m)-del(n)) B(m,n)*cos(del(m)-del(n)));
end
J4(i,k) = J4(i,k) - V(m)*B(m,m);
else
J4(i,k) = V(m)*(G(m,n)*sin(del(m)-del(n)) - B(m,n)*cos(del(m)del(n)));
end
end
end
J = [J1 J2; J3 J4];
X = inv(J)*M;
dTh = X(1:nbus-1);
dV = X(nbus:end);

% Jacobian Matrix..
% Correction Vector
% Change in Voltage Angle..
% Change in Voltage Magnitude..

% Updating State Vectors..

del(2:nbus) = dTh + del(2:nbus);

% Voltage Angle..

k = 1;
for i = 2:nbus
if type(i) == 3
V(i) = dV(k) + V(i);
k = k+1;
end
end
Iter = Iter + 1;
Tol = max(abs(M));
end
loadflow(nbus,V,del,BMva);

% Voltage Magnitude..

% Tolerance..

% Calling Loadflow.m..

OUTPUT FOR NEWTON RAPHSON LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS

#############################################################################################
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Newton RaphsonLoadflow Analysis
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| Bus
| V
| Angle
|
Injection
|
Generation
|
Load |
| No
| pu
| Degr ee | MW
| MVar
| MW
| Mvar
| MW
| MVar|
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
1.0600 0.0000
232.593 -15.233
232.593
-15.233
0.000
0.000
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2
1.0450 -4.9891
18.300
35.228
40.000
47.928
21.700
12.700
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3
1.0100 -12.7492
-94.200 8.758
0.000
27.758
94.200
19.000
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4
1.0132 -10.2420
-47.800 3.900
0.000
-0.000
47.800
-3.900
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5
1.0166 -8.7601
-7.600
-1.600
-0.000
-0.000
7.600
1.600
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6
1.0700 -14.4469
-11.200 15.526
-0.000
23.026
11.200
7.500
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7
1.0457 -13.2368
-0.000
0.000
-0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8
1.0800 -13.2368
0.000
21.030
0.000
21.030
0.000
0.000
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9
1.0305 -14.8201
-29.500 -16.600
0.000
-0.000
29.500
16.600
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10
1.0299 -15.0360
-9.000
-5.800
-0.000
0.000
9.000
5.800
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11
1.0461 -14.8581
-3.500
-1.800
0.000
0.000
3.500
1.800
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12
1.0533 -15.2973
-6.100
-1.600
0.000
0.000
6.100
1.600
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13
1.0466 -15.3313
-13.500 -5.800
0.000
0.000
13.500
5.800
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------14
1.0193 -16.0717
-14.900 -5.000
-0.000
0.000
14.900
5.000
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total
13.593
31.009
272.593
104.509
259.000
73.500
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------#############################################################################################
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Line FLow and Losses

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| From | To |
P
| Q
| From | To
| P
| Q
| Line Loss
|
|Bus
|Bus
| MW
| MVar | Bus
| Bus
| MW
| MVar
| MW
| MVar
|
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
2
157.080 -17.484
2
1
-152.772
30.639
4.309
13.155
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
5
75.513
7.981
5
1
-72.740
3.464
2.773
11.445
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2
3
73.396
5.936
3
2
-71.063
3.894
2.333
9.830
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2
4
55.943
2.935
4
2
-54.273
2.132
1.670
5.067
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2
5
41.733
4.738
5
2
-40.813
-1.929
0.920
2.809
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3
4
-23.137 7.752
4
3
23.528
-6.753
0.391
0.998
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4
5
-59.585 11.574
5
4
60.064
-10.063
0.479
1.511
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4
7
27.066
-15.396
7
4
-27.066
17.327
0.000
1.932
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------4
9
15.464
-2.640
9
4
-15.464
3.932
-0.000
1.292
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --5
6
45.889
-20.843
6
5
-45.889
26.617
0.000
5.774
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6
11
8.287
8.898
11
6
-8.165
-8.641
0.123
0.257
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6
12
8.064
3.176
12
6
-7.984
-3.008
0.081
0.168
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6
13
18.337
9.981
13
6
-18.085
-9.485
0.252
0.496
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7
8
-0.000
-20.362
8
7
0.000
21.030
0.000
0.668
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7
9
27.066
14.798
9
7
-27.066
-13.840
-0.000
0.957
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9
10
4.393
-0.904
10
9
-4.387
0.920
0.006
0.016
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9
14
8.637
0.321
14
9
-8.547
-0.131
0.089
0.190
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10
11
-4.613
-6.720
11
10
4.665
6.841
0.051
0.120
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12
13
1.884
1.408
13
12
-1.873
-1.398
0.011
0.010
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13
14
6.458
5.083
14
13
-6.353
-4.869
0.105
0.215
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total Loss
13.593
56.910
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------#############################################################################################