Chapter 6: The Operational Amplifier

Exercises
Ex. 6.41

vs vs v0
+
+0 = 0
R1
R2
v0
R
= 1+ 2
vs
R1

Ex. 6.4-2
va =

va va v0
+
+0 = 0
R3
R4

a)

v0
va

b)

R2
vs
R1 + R 2

When R 2 >>R1 then

R2
R2

R1 + R 2
R2

= 1 and

= 1+

R4
R3

v0
vs

R2 R4
=

1+
R1 + R 2 R 3

v0
R
 1 + 4
vs
R3

Ex. 6.5-1
v0 v0 vs
+
+0 = 0
R2
R1
v0
R2
=
vs
R1 + R 2

Ex. 6.61
vin vout vin
+
+0 =0 v =
out
Rf
R1

R
1+ f vin
R1

when Rf = 100k and R1 = 25k then

Ex. 6.7-1

Analysis of the circuit in Section 6.7 showed that output offset voltage = 6 v os + (50.10 )i b1
For a A741 opamp, vos 1mV and ib1 80nA so
output offset voltage = 6 vos + (50.103 )i b1 6 (103 ) + (50.103 )(80.109 ) = 10mV

101

Ex. 6.7-2

v0 =

R
R2
v in + 1+ 2 v os + R 2 i b1
R1
R1

When R 2 = 10k, R1 = 2k, vos 5mV and

) (

output offset voltage 6 5.103 + 10.103

Ex. 6.7-3

i bl 500nA then

) (500.109 ) 35.103 = 35mV

Analysis of this circuit in Section 6.7 showed that output offset voltage = 6v os + 50 103 i b1
For a typical OPA1O1AM, vos = 0.1mV and i b = 0.012nA so

6 0.1103 + 50 103 0.012 109

output offset voltage

0.6 103 + 0.6 106  0.6 103

Ex. 6.7-4

V Vs

V Vo

Ra

Rb




V0 A

Ri
Ri + Rs

=0

Ri +Rs


 V V
+

R0

=0

Rb

After some algebra

V0
Vs

1 6
1R + R 61R + R 6 + R 1R + R

R 0 R i + R s + AR i R f

For the given values, A v = 2.00006

0 +Ri +Rs

6 AR R
i

102

Ex. 6.8-1
Spice deck
V1
1 0
V2
2 0
V3
3 0
R1
1 5
R2
2 5
R3
5 4
XOA1
5 0 4
R4
4 6
R5
3 6
R6
6 7
R7
7 0
XOA2
6 0 7

200mV
125mV
250mV
50k
25k
100k
IDEAL_OP_AMP
25k
10k
50k
100k
IDEAL_OP_AMP

.SUBCKT IDEAL_OP_AMP 1 2 3
E 3 0 1 2 -1G
.ENDS IDEAL_OP_AMP
.END
(
(
(

NODE
1)
4)
7)

Ex. 6.8-2
Spice
V1
V2
V3
R1
R2
R3
XOA1
R4
R5
R6
R7
XOA2

deck
1 0
2 0
3 0
1 5
2 5
5 4
5 0 4
4 6
3 6
6 7
7 0
6 0 7

VOLTAGE
.2000
-.9000
.5500

(
(

NODE
2)
5)

VOLTAGE
.1250
900.0E-12

NODE
3)
6)

VOLTAGE
.2500
-550.0E-12

NODE
(
3)
(
6)
(XOA1.4)

VOLTAGE
.2500
584.8E-06
-.9070

(
(

200mV
125mV
250mV
25k
50k
100k
TL501_OP_AMP
25k
10k
50k
100k
TL501_OP_AMP

.SUBCKT TL501_OP_AMP 1 2 5
IB1
1 0
.0175nA
IB2
2 0
.0425nA
VOS
3 2
.59mV
RI
1 3
1MEG
E
4 0 1 3 -105000
RO
4 5
250
.ENDS TL501_OP_AMP
.END
NODE
(
1)
(
4)
(
7)
(XOA2.3)

VOLTAGE
.2000
-.8958
.5463
590.0E-06

NODE
(
2)
(
5)
(XOA1.3)
(XOA2.4)

VOLTAGE
.1250
598.6E-06
590.0E-06
.5504

103

Ex. 6.8-3
Spice
V1
V2
V3
R1
R2
R3
XOA1
R4
R5
R6
R7
XOA2
SUBCKT
IB1
IB2
VOS
RI
E
RO
.ENDS
.END

deck
1 0
2 0
3 0
1 5
2 5
5 4
5 0 4
4 6
3 6
6 7
7 0
6 0 7

200mV
125mV
250mV
5k
2.5k
10k
UA741_OP_AMP
2.5k
1k
5k
10k
UA741_OP_AMP

UA741_OP_AMP 1 2 5
1 0
70nA
2 0
90nA
3 2
1mV
1 3
2MEG
4 0 1 3 -200000
4 5
75
UA741_OP_AMP

NODE
(
1)
(
4)
(
7)
(XOA2.3)

VOLTAGE
.2000
-.8958
.5429
.0010

NODE
(
2)
(
5)
(XOA1.3)
(XOA2.4)

VOLTAGE
.1250
.0010
.0010
.5551

NODE
(
3)
(
6)
(XOA1.4)

VOLTAGE
.2500
997.2E-06
-.9258

104

Problems
Section 6-4: The Ideal Operational Amplifier
P6.4-1

P6.4-2

KVL a1:
12 + 3000i+0+2000i = 0
12
i =
= 2.4 mA
5000
i 0 = i = 2.4mA
i1 = i = 2.4mA

1 6

v a = i1 1000 + 0
= 2.4 V

91

v 0 = v a i 0 4000 = 2.4 2.4 10 3 4000 = 12 V

P6.4-3

v a = 2 V

1 6

1 6

v 0 2 12 2
+
=0
8000
4000
v 0 = 30 V
2 v 0
. mA
i0 =
= 35
8000

105

P6.4-4

v = 5V

 va 5  01. 10
 10000 

0 = 0

va = 4 V

i =

va
1
= mA
20000
5

P6.4-5

 v 0   12 0 2 10
 3000   4000 
0

=0

v 0 = 15 V
v
v
i 0 + 0 + 0 = 0 i 0 = 7.5mA
6000 3000

P6.4-6

106

P6.4-7

 v 0   v 0  + 0 = 0 v
R  R 
s




R2
vs
R1

0 v a 0 v a
R +R3
R +R3
+
= 2
vs
va = 2
R2
R3
R2R3
R1R 3

i0 =

 v 0   v 0  + 0 = 0 v
R  R 
0

R4
R2R4
va =
vs
R3
R 1R 3

P6.4-8

v 0 = 0 Ri s
v
0 = R
is

107

P6.4-9

P 6.4-10

va ( 18 )

va
+ 0 = 0 va = 12 V
4000
8000
The node voltages at the input nodes of ideal op amps are equal so vb = va .
8000
Voltage division: vo =
vb = 8 V
4000 + 8000
KCL at node a:

108

Section 6-5: Nodal Analysis of Circuits Containing Ideal Operational Amplifiers

= 0
20000
5000
v 0 = 2 V
va =




P6.5-2
KCL at node b:

 


vb 2
v
v +5
1
+ b + b
= 0 vb = V
20e3 40e3 40e3
4

1
V because the node voltages at the input nodes of an ideal op amp are equal
4
ve
v +v
10
+ d e = 0 vd = 10 ve =
KCL at node e:
V
1000 40e3
4
ve = vb =

P6.5-3
0=

va 12
v
v 0
+ a + a
6000 6000 6000

va = 4 V

v 0
0v0
a + 0 +
= 0 v 0 = va = 4V
6000
6000
v0
v
0v0
i0
= 0 i 0 = 0 = 1.33mA
+
3000
6000 6000

P6.5-4

 v 0   v 0 
R  R 
a

va =

va v0 va va 0
+
+
= 0 v0
R4
R3
R2

R2
vs
R1

1 1 1
R 2 R 3 + R 2 R 4 + R 3R 4
va
+ +
va =
R 2R 3
R
R
R
3
2
4

= R 4

Plug in values yields

= 0

R 2 R 3 + R 2 R 4 + R 3R 4
vs
R1R 3

v0
= 200
vs

109

P6.5-5

v1 v 2
R2

6
R +R +R
1v v 6
R

v 0 = R1 + R 2 + R 3 i
=

P6.5-6

v1 va v1 v2
+
+0 = 0
R1
R7
v2 vb
v v
1 2 +0 = 0
R2
R7

R
R
va = 1+ 1 v1 1 v 2
R
R
7
7

R
R
v b = 1+ 2 v 2 2 v1
R
7

R7

v v v 0
R6
vb
b c + c
+ 0 = 0 vc =
R
R
R
6
4 +R 6
4

v v v v
R
R
a c + c 0 + 0 = 0 v0 = 5 va + (1+ 5 )vc
R
R
R
R3
3
5
3

R R R (R +R )
R
R (R +R ) R
R
R
v 0 = 5 1 + 6 3 5 (1+ 2 ) v 2 5 (1+ 1 ) + 6 3 5 2 v1
R 7
R 7 R 3 ( R 4 + R 6 ) R 7
R 3
R 3R 7 R 3 ( R 4 + R 6 )
i0 =

vc v0
R5

= 

P6.5-7

va
v
5
+ c = 0 vc = va
20e3 25e3
4
5
va va
va ( 12 ) va
v +0
4 =0 v =3 V
+
+ a
+
KCL at node a:
a
40e3
10e3 20e3
10e3
4
5
15
.
so vc = va =
4
16
KCL at node b:

110

P6.5-8

 v 0  + 0  1v + 66 0 
 10000   30000 

= 0

. V
v a = 15

v a 0 v a + 6 0 v a v b v a + 6 0
+
+
+
=0
10000 30000 30000
10000

3v a + v a + 6 + v a v b + 3 v a + 6 v b

v b = 2v a + 6 = 3 V

= 0

1


6  =0

+ 1 v v 6 1 v v 6 3 1 v + 66 v



va +6 v b
vb
v v
v v
+ b 0 a b
10000 30000
30000
10000

3v b

=0

v 0 = 8v b 4v a 18 = 12 V
v0
v v
i0 +
+ 0 b = 0 i 0 = 0.7mA
30000 30000
P6.5-9
i 0 (10000) i 0 (20000) + 5 = 0
1
i 0 = mA
6
10
v a = 10000 i 0 =
V
6
va
v v
+ a 0 = 0
10000 20000
v 0 = 3v a = 5 V

P6.5-10

vb + 12
v
+ b = 0 vb = 4 V
40e3 20e3
vc = vb = 4 V because the node voltages at the input nodes of an ideal op amp are equal.

KCL at node b:

vd = vc + 0 10e3 = 4 V because the currents into the inputs of an ideal op amp are zero.
v f vg vg
2
= 0 vg = v f
+
3
20e3 40e3
2
vd v f vd 3 v f
6
24
2
15
+
= 0 v f = vd =
KCL at node d:
V.
V so vg = v f =
20e3
20e3
5
5
3
5
16
vc = vg =
V because the node voltages at the input nodes of an ideal op amp are equal
5
KCL at node g:

111

P6.5-11
R0
vs
R1 + R 0

va =

va vs va v0
+
=0
R1
R 0 + R

R 0 + R
va vs + va = v0
R1

v0 =


!

=
=

"#
#$

R 0 + R
R0
R + R
+1
0
vs
R1
R1 + R 0
R1
R
vs
R1 + R 0

 v


R0
R
R1 + R 0 R 0

Section 6-6: Design Using Operational Amplifier

P6.6-2

112

P6.6-3

P6.6-4

P6.6-5

P6.6-6

113

P6.6-7

P6.6-8
(a)

va =

R4
v2
R3 +R4

v a v1 v a v 0
+
= 0
R1
R2

 R +1 v R v
R  R
 R +1 R v R
= 
 R  R +R R

v0 =

R2
R
R1
2
v 2 2 v1
v1 =
R
R1
1
1+ 3
R4
1+

R2
R2
R3
R1
12
=

= 2
11 =
and 4 =
R3
R3
R1
R4
1+
1+
R4
R4
For example:
1+

(b)

R 1 = 10k, R 2 = 110k, R 3 = 20k & R 4 = 10k

114

P6.6-9
We know this ckt yields v 0 =

R
v1
R1

so consider adding another input lead into the negative terminal

~ 0 , KCL at negative input yields

R
R
v1
v2
R1
R2

Since need to invert the answer, add an inverter to the output,

Let R 3 = 10k
Now

R
R
= 6 and
= 2 let R = 60 k
R1
R2

R1 = 10k and R 2 = 30k

115

P6.6-10

Using superposition, vo = v1 + v2 + v3 = 9 16 + 32 = 7 V

P6.6-11
R1

12

24

6||12

6||24

12||12

12||24

6||12||12

6||12||24

12||12||24

R2
-vo/vs

12||12||24
0.8

6||12||24
0.286

6||12||12
0.125

12||24
2

12||12
1.25

6||24
0.8

6||12
0.5

24
8

12
3.5

6
1.25

116

P6.6-12

v a ( 5v1 ) v a ( 10v 2 )
v
v v
+
+ a + a 0 = 0
20k
20k
20k 80k
4( v a + 5v1 ) +4 (v a +10v 2 )+4v a + v a v 0 = 0
v a = 0(10k) = 0
v 0 = 20v1 + 40v 2

P 6.6-13

vc = (3 va + 1)

vo = (3 vb + 2 vc + 2 ) = (3 vb 2 (3 va + 1) + 2 ) = 3 vb + 6 va

117

P6.6-14
(a)

2R||2R = R
R in series with R = 2R

R eq = R
I=

vR
,
R

I1 =
I2 =

 
 
v  2R 
v
=


2R 4R
2 R

v R 2R
v
= R
R 4R
2R
R

R
2


vR
2n R

In =

V0
= b1I1 +b 2 I 2 +.....+b n I n
Rf

(b)

V
V RV
V
V0 = R f b1 R +b 2 2R +.....+b n nR = f R b1 21 +b2 22 +...+bn 2 n

R
2R
2 R
2 R

(c)

VR
V
V
+ R +.....+ nR
2R 2 2 R
2 R
VR 1 2
=
2 + 2 +.....+2 n
R
V
= R 1 2 n
R

I+ + I =


!

(d)

-V0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

b1

b2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

b3
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1

"#
$

b4
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1

0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1

118

Section 6-7: Characteristics of the Practical Operational Amplifier

v out v os
v
= os + i b1
10k
100k

The node equation at node a is

1+ 100k  v +100k i

so

v out =

os

b1

= 11v os + 100k i b1

= 0.45mV

P6.7-2

The node equation at node a is

v0 =

1+ 90k  v
 10k 

os

+ 90k i b1 = 10v os + 90k i b1

= 10(5mV) + 90k(.05nA)
~ 50mV
= 50.0045mV

119