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Euler-Bernoulli Beam Finite Element

The document describes the Euler-Bernoulli beam finite element method. It defines: - The beam geometry, forces, and constitutive relationships. - The governing equilibrium equation and weak form. - The finite element approximation of the beam deflection using Hermite cubic shape functions. - Assembly of the global finite element equations and post-processing of stresses and forces. - An example problem of a simply supported beam with a uniform load.

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Kadir Alf Günaydın
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89 views11 pages

Euler-Bernoulli Beam Finite Element

The document describes the Euler-Bernoulli beam finite element method. It defines: - The beam geometry, forces, and constitutive relationships. - The governing equilibrium equation and weak form. - The finite element approximation of the beam deflection using Hermite cubic shape functions. - Assembly of the global finite element equations and post-processing of stresses and forces. - An example problem of a simply supported beam with a uniform load.

Uploaded by

Kadir Alf Günaydın
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Euler-Bernoulli Beam Finite Element

F0

q(x)

q(x)

Beam
crosssection
M0
x

cf

z, w

M
Vc
f

Forces and their


interrelationships
at a point in the beam

Definitions of Stress Resultants


Z
Z
M=
z xx dA, V =
xz dA
A

Equilibrium Equations
dV
+cf w = q,

dx

d2 M
dM
V = 0 2 +cf w = q
dx
dx

Kinematic Relations
u(x, z) = z

dw
,
dx

v = 0,

d2 w
xx = z 2 ,
dx
Constitutive Relations
xx = Exx

d2 w
= Ez 2 ,
dx

w(x, z) = w(x)
xz = 0

xz = Gxz = 0

Moment-Deflection and Shear Force-Deflection


Relations

Z
2
2
d
d w
dM
d w
=
zxx dA = EI 2 , V =
M=
EI 2
dx
dx
dx
dx
A
Governing Equilibrium Equation in terms of w

d2 w
d2
EI 2 + cf w = q(x) for 0 < x < L
dx2
dx
Weak Form

Z xb
2
2
d vd w
EI 2 2 + cf vw vq dx v(xa )Qe1
0=
dx dx
xa

dv
dv
e
e
e

Q

v(x
)Q

Q
b
3
dx xa 2
dx xb 4


2

d
d w
e
= V (xa )
Q1
EI 2

dx
dx
xa

d2 w
e
Q2 EI 2 = M (xa )
dx
xe


2

d w
d
e
= V (xb )
Q3
EI 2

dx
dx
xb

d2 w
e
Q4 EI 2 = M (xb )
dx
xb

Weak Form (In terms of the bilinear and linear form)


0 = B(v, w) l(v)

Z xb
2
2
d vd w
EI 2 2 + cf vw dx
B(v, w) =
dx dx
xa

Z xb
dv
e
e
vq dx + v(xa )Q1 +
Q
l(v) =
2

dx
xa
xa

dv
e
e
+ v(xb )Q3 +
Q
dx xb 4
2e e4

1e e2
1

e
1

e
1

he

Q4e , q4e

Q2e , q2e

1
e
2

e
3

Primary variables
(generalized displacements)

he

Q1e , q1e

Q3e , q3e

Secondary variables
(generalized forces)

Finite Element Approximation of w


w(x) whe (x) = ce1 + ce2 x + ce3 x2 + ce4 x3
e1 whe (xa ),
e3 whe (xb ),

e2

dwhe

dx x=xa

e
dw
e4 h
dx x=xb

e1 = whe (xa )

e
dw
e2 = h
dx

= ce1 + ce2 xa + ce3 x2a + ce4 x3a

x=xe

e3 = whe (xb )

e
dwh
e
4 =
dx

= ce1 + ce2 xb + ce3 x2b + ce4 x3b

x=xb

or

= ce2 2ce3 xa 3ce4 xa

= ce2 2ce3 xb 3ce4 xb

e
2
1
x

x
e
e
1

e
2
0 1 2xe
=

e
2

1
x
x

b
3
b
e
4
0 1 2xb

e
c1
x3e

3x2e ce2

e
x3b
c

2
e
3xb
c4

whe (x) = e1 e1 +e2 e2 +e3 e3 +e4 e4 =

4
X

ej ej

j=1

e1
e2
e3
e4

2
3
x xa
x xa
=13
+2
he
he
2

x xa
= (x xa ) 1
he
2
3

x xa
x xa
=3
2
he
he
#
"
2
x xa
x xa
= (x xa )

he
he

Note that the cubic interpolation functions are


derived by interpolating w as well as its derivative
dw/dx at the nodes. Such polynomials are known
as the Hermite family of interpolation functions,
and ei are called the Hermite cubic interpolation
(or cubic spline) functions.

1(x)
phi_2
(x)

he

he

phi_3
2(x)

4(x)

he

x
he

Finite Element Equations


0=

4
X
j=1

"Z

xa

4
X
j=1

e
K11
e
K21
e
K31
e
K41

xb

d2 ei d2 ej
EI 2
dx dx2

xb

xa

+ cf ei ej dx uej

ei q dx Qei

e
Kij
ej Fie = 0 or [K e ]{e } = {F e }
e
K12
e
K22
e
K32
e
K42

e
=
Kij

Fie =

e
K13
e
K23
e
K33
e
K43

xb

xa
Z xb

e e
e e
q1 Q1

K14
1

e
e
K24
q2e
Q2
e2
=
+
e
e
e
e
K34

q
Q

3
3
3

e
e
e
e
K44
4
q4
Q4

d2 ei
EI 2
dx

d2 ej
dx2

+ cf ei ej dx

ei q dx + Qei

xa

2e e4

1e e2
1
e
1

e
1

he

Q4e , q4e

Q2e , q2e

1
e
2

e
3

Q1e , q1e

he

Q3e , q3e

For element-wise constant values of Ee Ie and

6
3he 6 3he
2Ee Ie 3he 2h2e 3he
h2e
e
[K ] =

6
3he
6
3he
h3e
3he
h2e
3he 2h2e

156
22he
54
cef he 22he
4h2e
13he
+

54
13he
156
420
13h
3h2e
22he

6
Q
1

qe he he
Q2
e
{F } =
+
6

12


Q3

he
Q4

qe :

13he
3h2e

22he
4h2e

Postprocessing

4
X
d2 ej
d2 w
e
j
M (x) = EI 2 = EI
2
dx
dx
j=1

4
2
X
d3 ej
d
d w
dM
e
=
EI 2 = EI
V (x) =
j
3
dx
dx
dx
dx
j=1

4
X
d2 ej (x)
d2 w
M(x)z
e
= Ez 2 = Ez
x (x, z) =
j
I
dx
dx2
j=1

Example 1
F0

q(x)
q0

x
M0

L
z, w

w=0
=0

V = F0
= M0

x
ei (x) dx
q0 1
qie =
L
xa

Z he
x
+ xa
ei (
q0 1
x) d
x
=
L
0

6
(9h
+
30x
)
e
a

q
h
h
q
h
(2h
+
5x
)
h
0
e
0
e
e
e
e
a
+
{q e } =
12
6
(21he + 30xa )

60L
he
he (3he + 5xa )

12
18

2
q
L
L
q
L
2L
0
0
{q 1 } =
+
12

48
480

42

L
3L

12
78

2
q
L
L
q
L
7L
0
0
+
{q2 } =
48
480
12

102

L
8L
xb


6
3h
6
3h
0
0
U1

3h
h2
0
0
U
3h 2h2

2EI 6
3h
6+6
3h 3h 6 3h U3

2
2
2
2
3
3h

3h
2h
+
2h
3h
h
U4
3h
h

0
0
6
3h
6
3h
U
5

2
2
3h 2h
U6
0
0
3h
h


1
12
18
Q
1

Q
L
2L

1
2
q0 L
q0 L 120
Q3 + Q1
24
=
+
+
1
2
Q
+
Q
0
4L

48
480
4
2

Q
12
102


2
Q4
L
8L

Q11, q11
Q21, q12

1 1

Q31, q13
Q41, q14

Q12, q12

Q32, q32

Q22, q22
22

Q13 + Q21 = 0,
U1 = U2 = 0;

2 1

Q42, q42
2 3

Q14 + Q22 = 0

Q23 = F0 ,

Q24 = M0

Assembled Equations with


Boundary Conditions Imposed

24 6L 24 6L
0
0
0

6L
L2
0
0
0
6L 2L2

4EI 24 6L
48
0
24 6L U3

2
2
2
3
0
4L
6L
L
U4
6L
L

0
0
24 6L
24
6L
U
5

2
2
6L 2L
U6
0
0
6L L

1
12
18
Q1

Q
L
2L

q0 L
q0 L 120
0
24
=
+
+
0
0
4L

48
480

F
12
102

0
M0
L
8L

Condensed Equations for the Displacements


48
0
24 6L U3

4EI 0
4L2 6L
L2 U4

24 6L
24
6L
U5
L3

2
2
6L L
6L 2L
U6

0
24
120

q0 L
q0 L
0
0
4L
+
+
=
12
102

48 480
F0

L
8L
M0

Condensed Equations for Generalized Forces



U3

1
4EI 24 6L 0 0 U4
Q1
= 3
Q12
6L
L2 0 0
L

U5
U6

q0 L 18
q0 L 12

2L
48 L
480
Check Equilibrium of Forces
1
1
Q11 +F0 + q0 L = 0, Q12 (F0 L+ q0 L2 +M0 ) = 0
2
6
Generalized Forces using Definitions

2
d w
d
1
(Q1 )def
EI 2
dx
dx
x=0

3 1
3 1
d 3
d 4
= EI U3 3 + U4 3
dx
dx

x=0

96
24
= EI U3 3 + U4 2
L
L
23
= (F0 + q0 L)
80

2
d w
1
(Q2 )def EI 2
dx
x=0

24
4
3
= (M0 + F0 L + q0 L2 )
= EI U3 2 + U4
L
L
20

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