Mobile Communications 1. Introduction v7.

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Mobile Communications
1. Introduction
1 Introduction
Networks and Devices
Mobility Classification
System Overview
Mobile Communications
Claudia Linnhoff-Popien, Peter Ruppel
Mobile Communications 1. Introduction v7.0 2/21
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1.1 Networks and Devices
Overview of Mobile Computing
Application areas
Paradigms
Mechanisms
3/4G networks
Ad-Hoc
networks
WLAN, PAN,
Mobile phones
Smartphones
Badges
Sensors,
Networks and devices
Mobile Communications 1. Introduction v7.0 3/21
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1.1 Networks and Devices
Mobile Terminal Technologies
Mobile Communications 1. Introduction v7.0 4/21
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1.1 Networks and Devices
Terminal Classification based on Mobility and Connectivity
Terminal Classification
Fixed terminals (e.g., desktop computers)
Portable terminals (e.g., laptops)
Mobile terminals (e.g., cellulars, PDAs, smartphones)
Access Network Classification
Wired
Telecommunications access (e.g., ISDN, PSTN)
Internet access (e.g., DSL, Ethernet,)
Wireless
Infrastructure-based networks
Cellular (e.g., GSM, UMTS, LTE,)
Wireless Local Area Networks (e.g., IEEE 802.11 b/g/n)
Ad-hoc networks
WiMAX
Wireless Local Area Networks (e.g., IEEE 802.11 b/g/n)
Personal Area Networks (e.g., Bluetooth)
Mobile Communications 1. Introduction v7.0 5/21
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1.1 Mobility Classification
Terminal Mobility
Wireless connection between terminal/device and access point/base station (in
infrastructure-based networks) or between several terminals (in ad hoc networks)
Keeps registration/call/connection between terminal and network while in motion
Wireless connection, handover, paging
No Mobility
Fixed
assignment
Wired
connection
Fixed
Network
Mobile
Network
Terminal Mobility
Fixed
assignment Wireless
connection
Mobile Communications 1. Introduction v7.0 6/21
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1.1 Mobility Classification
Personal Mobility
Enables subscriber to be obtainable regardless of terminal, terminal type,
operator/provider domain, and type of network
User profiles are available across terminal/network/operator boundaries
Call forwarding, Roaming, Number portability
Mobile
Network
Fixed
Network
Personal Mobility
Temporary
assignment
Wired
connection
Wireless
connection
Mobile Communications 1. Introduction v7.0 7/21
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1.1 Mobility Classification
Mobile Network Topology
Access network
B
Access network
A
Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN)
of operator X
Access network
B
Access network
A
Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN)
of operator Y
Access network
B
Access network
A
Fixed Network
of operator Z
World wide telephone network
Radio cell
(Tens of thousands
per operator)
Base station
Access network with
supporting switching
equipment and
databases
Mobile Communications 1. Introduction v7.0 8/21
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1.1 Mobility Classification
Mobility and the Internet Reference Model (I)
Protocol stack: layered architecture of protocols for managing the data
exchange between peers (end systems and intermediate systems)
Protocol: set of rules prescribing the format and meaning of messages,
frames, and packets exchanged between the peer entities within a layer
Service: set of operations that a layer provides to the next higher layer
End-systems need a full protocol stack comprising all layers
Intermediate systems do not necessarily need all layers
Entities at the same level communicate with each other
Radio
Core
Physical
Data link
Network
Transport
Application
Physical
Data link
Network
Transport
Application
Physical
Data link
Network
Physical
Data link
Mobile Communications 1. Introduction v7.0 9/21
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1.1 Mobility Classification
Mobility and the Internet Reference Model (II)
Physical layer
Sender: transformation of a bit stream into signals for transmission
Receiver: transformation of signals into a bit stream
Tasks: frequency selection, generation of carrier frequency, signal detection,
modulation of data onto a carrier frequency, and encryption
Data link layer
Point-to-point or point-to-multipoint connection between sender and
receiver(s)
Medium access, multiplexing, detection and correction of transmission
errors, and detection of data frames (synchronization)
Network Layer
Connection between two entities over many intermediate systems
Routing of packets through a network
Addressing, routing, localization, handover between different networks
Example: Internet Protocol (IP)
Radio Core
Physical
Data link
Network
Transport
Application
Physical
Data link
Network
Transport
Application
Physical
Data link
Network
Physical
Data link
Mobile Communications 1. Introduction v7.0 10/21
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1.1 Mobility Classification
Mobility and the Internet Reference Model (III)
Transport layer
Establishment of an end-to-end connection
Quality-of-service (QoS), flow and congestion control
Example: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
Application layer
Protocols designed for fulfilling communication needs of an application
Example: Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
What is a gateway?
Intermediate system containing peers up to the transport or application layer
Used in mobile networks
for converting between different application layer protocols
for converting between different transport layer protocols
for improving performance of transport/application layer protocols
for supporting mobility
Radio Core
Physical
Data link
Network
Transport
Application
Physical
Data link
Network
Transport
Application
Physical
Data link
Network
Physical
Data link
Mobile Communications 1. Introduction v7.0 11/21
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1.1 Mobility Classification
Micro, Macro, and Global Mobility
Micro Mobility
Mobility support within a radio cell or between different cells, but
within a single access network
Mobility management at layer 2
Macro Mobility (Intra-domain Mobility)
Mobility support between the different access networks of a
PLMN or within a certain geographic region
Mobility management at layer 3
Global Mobility (Inter-domain Mobility)
Mobility support between different PLMNs
Mobility management at layer 3 and/or above
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Mobile Communications 1. Introduction v7.0 12/21
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1.2 System Overview
Migration towards 3rd/4th Generation
1991:
DECT
1980:
CT0
1984:
CT1
1987:
CT1+
1989:
CT2
Cordless
1992:
Inmarsat-B
Inmarsat-M
1998:
Iridium
1982:
Inmarsat-A
Satellite
1991:
CDMA
1991:
D-AMPS
1992:
GSM
1993:
PDC
1981:
NMT 450
1986:
NMT 900
1983:
AMPS
Cellular
2002:
UMTS/HSDPA/HSUPA
2005:
HIPERLAN
199x:
proprietary
1995/96/97:
IEEE 802.11
WLAN
digital
analog
1994:
DCS 1800
1988:
Inmarsat-C
2002:
Bluetooth
2010: 4th Generation (LTE, Long Term Evolution)
1979:
proprietary
1994:
IrDA
WPAN
Mobile Communications 1. Introduction v7.0 13/21
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1.2 System Overview
Cellular Systems
NMT 450 (Nordic Mobile Telephone at 450 MHz)
Analog system introduced by Denmark, Finland,
Norway, and Sweden, followed later by NMT at
900 MHz
GSM (Global System for Mobile
Communications)
Operation at 900 MHz, full international roaming,
automatic location services, authentication,
encryption on the wireless link, interoperation
with ISDN systems, and high audio quality
Introduction of further versions operating at other
carrier frequencies: Digital Cellular System at
1800 MHz (DCS 1800) and Personal
Communication System at 1900 MHz (PCS
1900) for North America
HSCSD: bundling of up to 8 time slots for
improved data transmission capabilities
GPRS: packet-switched mode
EDGE: increased data rates for existing GSM
systems by using a new modulation scheme
1991:
CDMA
1991:
D-AMPS
1992:
GSM
1993:
PDC
2002:
UMTS/HSDPA/HSUPA
1981:
NMT 450
1986:
NMT 900
Cellular
1983:
AMPS
1994:
DCS 1800
Mobile Communications 1. Introduction v7.0 14/21
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1.2 System Overview
Download Times in Different Cellular Networks*
* Durlacher: UMTS Report, 2001, http://www.durlacher.com
Mobile Communications 1. Introduction v7.0 15/21
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1.2 System Overview
Cellular Systems
AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System)
Analog mobile phone system at 850 MHz in North
America, also known as IS-88
Replaced by a digital version (D-AMPS), also known
as time division multiple access (TDMA) or IS-136
CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)
Developed by Qualcomand deployed in North
America, South Korea, and Hong Kong
Carrier frequency bands: 800 and 900 MHz
PDC (Personal Digital Cellular)
J apanese system at 800 and 1500 MHz
UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications
System)
Includes a service framework, network architecture,
satellite component, different transmission
technologies, security and management frameworks
HSDPA/HSUPA (High-Speed Downlink/Uplink
Packet Access): increased data rates for UMTS
networks
1991:
CDMA
1991:
D-AMPS
1992:
GSM
1993:
PDC
2002:
UMTS/HSDPA/HSUPA
1981:
NMT 450
1986:
NMT 900
Cellular
1983:
AMPS
1994:
DCS 1800
Mobile Communications 1. Introduction v7.0 16/21
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1.2 System Overview
Satellite Systems
INMARSAT-satellites
Predominantly deployed as a broadcast medium, but also
point-to-point assuming heavy and big equipment
INMARSAT A: analog system introduced in 1979 for
telephone and telex connections as well as for the
transmission of audio and fixed images
INMARSAT-B: further development of INMARSAT-A with
improved speech quality
INMARSAT-M: digital version of INMARSAT A/B enabling
smaller antennas but with lower data rates (4,8 kbps)
INMARSAT-C transmission of data (X.25) and telex
messages, up to 600 bps, small devices with small omni-
directional antennas weighing 3-4 kg
IRIDIUM
System of 66 satellites in low earth orbit using the 1,6 GHz
band
Enabling small and portable satellite telephones including
data services
1988:
Inmarsat-C
1992:
Inmarsat-B
Inmarsat-M
1998:
Iridium
1979:
Inmarsat-A
Satellite
2002:
UMTS/IMT-2000
Mobile Communications 1. Introduction v7.0 17/21
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1.2 System Overview
Cordless Systems
CT0 (Cordless Telephone)
Analog system introduced only in North America and the Pacific
region (permitted in Europe)
Easy to eavesdrop and access to foreign base stations possible
Eight channels at 1,6 and 4,7 MHz respectively
CT1
Improvement of CT0 with regard to foreign base station access, but
eavesdropping still possible
Carrier frequencies: 914-915 MHz (uplink) and 959-961 MHz
(downlink) with 40 channels with 25 kHz each
CT1+
Extended version of CT1 with additional channels (but partially
conflicting with GSM-bands)
CT2
Digital version of CT1(+) developed by British Telecom for the UK
DECT (Digital European Cordless Telephone)
Digital system at 1880-1900 MHz with voice encryption, handover,
and authentication
1991:
DECT
1980:
CT0
1984:
CT1
1987:
CT1+
1989:
CT2
Cordless
Mobile Communications 1. Introduction v7.0 18/21
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1.2 System Overview
WLAN and WPAN
IEEE 802.11
Operating in a license-free band at 2.4 GHz: Industrial,
Science, Medical (ISM)
Data rates: up to 11 Mbps
Infrastructure-based (with access points) or ad hoc
HIPERLAN (High Performance Radio Local Area
Network)
Different versions: from type 1 with 23.5 Mbps at 5.2 GHz
up to type 4 with 155 Mbps at 17 GHz
no products yet
IrDA (Infrared Data Association)
Infrared communication for connecting peripheral devices
Range up to 2m with data rates of 115 Kbps
Requires line-of-sight, only point-to-point
No bridging of other networks (IEEE 802.x)
Bluetooth
Connection of peripheral devices at 2,4 MHz
Range up to 10m with data rate of up to 723 Kbps
Support of ad hoc networking
Bridging of networks
2005:
HIPERLAN
199x:
proprietary
1995/96/97:
IEEE 802.11
WLAN
2002:
Bluetooth
1979:
proprietary
1994:
IrDA
WPAN
Mobile Communications 1. Introduction v7.0 19/21
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1.2 System Overview
Data Rates versus Mobility
Long Term Evolution (LTE)
UMTS & HSDPA/HSUPA
GSM
Data rate [MBit/s]
Mobility
1.0
100.0
10.0
0.1
0.01
GSM & EDGE
Blue-
tooth
Wireless
LAN 802.11
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Indoor Outdoor
Room Building
Local National Global
Mobile Communications 1. Introduction v7.0 20/21
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1.2 System Overview
Future Trend: Convergence of Different Networks
Mobile Communications 1. Introduction v7.0 21/21
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1.2 System Overview
Overlay Networks
In-building
(pico cell)
Urban
(micro cell)
Suburban
(macro cell)
Regional
(satellite cell)
4
Horizontal handover
Vertical
handover
Example: WLAN
Example:
UMTS
Example:
GSM
Example:
S-UMTS