Chess

Ariel Fan
The History of Chess
The precursors of chess originated in India during
the Gupta.Iits early form in the 6th century was
known as chaturariga, which translates as "four
divisions (of the military)":infantry, cavalry ,
elephantry and These forms are represented by the
pieces that would evolve into the modern pawn,
knight, bishop, and rook, respectively. According to
chess historians Gerhard Josten and Isaak Linder, "the
early beginnings" of chess can be traced back to
the Kushan Empire in Ancient Afghanistan, circa 50
BCE200 CE.


Rule----Setup
Chess is played on a square board feight rows (called ranks and
denoted with numbers 1 to 8) and eight columns (called files and
denoted with letters a to h) of squares. The colors of the 64 squares
alternate and are referred to as "light" and "dark" squares. The
chessboard is placed with a light square at the right-hand end of
the rank nearest to each player, and the pieces are set out as shown
in the diagram and photo, with each queen on a square of its own
color.
The pieces are divided, by convention, into white and black sets.
The players are referred to as "White" and "Black", and each begins
the game with 16 pieces of the specified color. These consist of
one king, one queen, two rooks, two bishops, two knights, and
eight pawns.
The following picture shows the image of setup of chess.

Rule----Basic Moves
The king moves one square in any direction. The king
has also a special move which is called castling and
involves also moving a rook.






The rook can move any number of squares along any
rank or file, but may not leap over other pieces. Along
with the king, the rook is involved during the king's
castling move.The bishop can move any number of
squares diagonally, but may not leap over other pieces.

Rule----Basic Moves
The queen combines the power of the rook and bishop
and can move any number of squares along rank, file,
or diagonal, but it may not leap over other pieces.





The knight moves to any of the closest squares that are
not on the same rank, file, or diagonal, thus the move
forms an "L"-shape: two squares vertically and one
square horizontally, or two squares horizontally and
one square vertically. The knight is the only piece that
can leap over other pieces.

Rule----Basic Moves
The pawn may move forward to the unoccupied square
immediately in front of it on the same file, or on its first move it
may advance two squares along the same file provided both
squares are unoccupied (black ""s in the diagram); or the pawn
may capture an opponent's piece on a square diagonally in front
of it on an adjacent file, by moving to that square (black "x"s).
Pawns cannot capture when moving forward on the same file,
and can only move diagonally when capturing. The pawn has two
special moves: the en passant capture and pawnpromotion.

Castling
Once in every game, each king is allowed to make a special move, known
as castling. Castling consists of moving the king two squares along the first
rank toward a rook (which is on the player's first rank) and then placing
the rook on the last square the king has just crossed. Castling is
permissible only if all the following conditions hold:


Neither of the pieces involved in castling may have been previously moved
during the game.
There must be no pieces between the king and the rook.
The king may not be in check, nor may the king pass through squares that
are under attack by enemy pieces, nor move to a square where it is in
check.
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En Passant
When a pawn advances two squares from its starting
position and there is an opponent's pawn on an adjacent
file next to its destination square, then the opponent's
pawn can capture it en passant (in passing), and move to
the square the pawn passed over. However, this can only be
done on the very next move, otherwise the right to do so is
forfeit. For example, if the black pawn has just advanced
two squares from g7 (initial starting position) to g5, then
the white pawn on f5 may take it via en passant on g6 (but
only on white's next move).

The following picture shows the image of how to use "En
Passant".

Pawn Promotion
When a pawn advances to the eighth rank, as a part of
the move it id promoted and must be exchanged for
the player's choice of queen, rook, bishop, or knight of
the same color. Usually, the pawn is chosen to be
promoted to a queen, but in some cases another piece
is chosen; this is called underpromotion. In the
diagram on the right, the pawn on c7 can be advanced
to the eighth rank and be promoted to an allowed
piece. There is no restriction placed on the piece that is
chosen on promotion, so it is possible to have more
pieces of the same type than at the start of the game
(for example, two queens).

Check
When a king is under immediate attack by one or two of the
opponent's pieces, it is said to be in check. A response to a check is
a legal move if it results in a position where the king is no longer
under direct attack (that is, not in check). This can involve capturing
the checking piece; interposing a piece between the checking piece
and the king (which is possible only if the attacking piece is a queen,
rook, or bishop and there is a square between it and the king); or
moving the king to a square where it is not under attack. Castling is
not a permissible response to a check. The object of the game is to
checkmate the opponent; this occurs when the opponent's king is
in check, and there is no legal way to remove it from attack. It is
illegal for a player to make a move that would put or leave his own
king in check.

End of Game
Although the objective of the game is to checkmate the opponent, chess
games do not have to end in checkmate----either player mayesign which is
a win for the other player. It is consider bad etiquette to continue playing
when in a truly hopleless position. If it is a game with time control, a
player may run out of time and lose, even with a much superior position.
Games also may end in a draw (tie). A draw can occur in several situations,
includingdraw by agreement, stalemate, threefold repetition of a position,
the fifty-move rule, or a draw by impossibility of checkmate (usually
because of insufficient material to checkmate). As checkmate from some
positions cannot be forced in fewer than 50 moves (such as in
the pawnless chess endgame and two knights endgame), the fifty-move
rule is not applied everywhere, particularly in correspondence chess.
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Recording
Each square of the chessboard is identified with a
unique pair of a letter and a number. The
vertical files are labeled a through h, from
White's left (i.e. the queenside) to White's right.
Similarly, the horizontal ranks are numbered
from 1to 8, starting from the one nearest White's
side of the board. Each square of the board, then,
is uniquely identified by its file letter and rank
number. The white king, for example, starts the
game on square e1. The black knight on b8 can
move to a6 or c6.


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