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05 Constants and Variables

The document discusses different types of constants in C++ like character, numeric, hexadecimal, and octal constants. It also discusses string constants and backslash constants. It then talks about different scopes of variables like local, global, block, function, and file scope. It provides examples of local and global variables and how they work.

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Muhammad Rana Farhan
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
18 views

05 Constants and Variables

The document discusses different types of constants in C++ like character, numeric, hexadecimal, and octal constants. It also discusses string constants and backslash constants. It then talks about different scopes of variables like local, global, block, function, and file scope. It provides examples of local and global variables and how they work.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Rana Farhan
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 4

1
Constants
• Constants are specific values of any data type,
such as
2 3.145 -2.3 ‘f’ “hello”
• Character constants are enclosed in single quotes
char ch = ‘z’;

• String constants are enclosed in double quotes


string message = “Hello”;
2
Types of Constants
Character constants char c = ‘z’
Numeric constants int a = 10;
Hexadecimal constants int hex = 0xFF;
Octal constants int oct = 011;
String constants char greetings = “Hello”;
Backslash constants \b, \f, \n, \r, \t, \”, \’, \0, \\,
\v, \a, \?, \OCTAL, \xHEX

3
#include <iostream.h>

int main()
{
char ch = ‘M’; //assign ASCII code for M to c
int number = ch; //store same code in an int

cout << “The ASCII code for “ << ch << “ is ”


<< in << ‘\n’;

cout << “Add one to the character code\n”;


ch = ch + 1;
in = ch;
cout << “The ASCII code for “ << ch << “ is “
<< in << endl;

return 0;
}
4
Variables
• Needed to store information
• Program must remember three properties: where,
what value, what kind
int age;
age = 40;
double radius = 0.0;
• Have to be declared first; why?
• Uninitialized variables have garbage values
• C++ is case-sensitive

5
Scope of Variables
• Local
• Global

• Block
• Function
• File
• Program

• Class ?
6
Local Variables
• Declared inside a function
• Die when function finishes; unknown outside
their function
• Initialized each time the function containing
them is entered; uninitialized have garbage
values

7
#include <iostream.h>

void func()
{
int x; // local to func()

x = -199;
cout << x; // displays ?
}

int main()
{
int x; // local to main()
x = 10;

func();

cout << "\n";


cout << x; // displays ?

return 0;
8
}
Global Variables
• Declared outside any function; have life as long as the
program runs
• Can be used by all following functions
• Usually placed at the beginning of program
• Initialized only at the start of the program;
uninitialized default to zero
• An identically named local variable masks global one
• Should be avoided if possible
9
#include <iostream.h>

int i = 2; //global

void func()
{
cout << i << endl;
int i = 3; //local
cout << i << endl;
}

int main()
{
cout << i << endl;

func();

cout << i << endl;

int i = 5;
cout << i << endl;

return 0; 10
}

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