Magic graphs with pendant edges

A.A.G. Ngurah
1
, E.T. Baskoro
1,3
, I. Tomescu
2,3
1
Combinatorial Mathematics Research Group
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Institut Teknologi Bandung
Jalan Ganesa 10 Bandung, Indonesia.
Email: {s304agung, ebaskoro}@dns.math.itb.ac.id
2
Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bucharest
Str. Academia, 14, 010014 Bucharest, Romania.
Email: [email protected]
3
School of Mathematical Sciences, GC University
68-B, New Muslim Town, Lahore, Pakistan.
Abstract
A graph G is edge-magic if there exists a bijection f from V (G)
E(G) to {1, 2, 3, , |V (G)| + |E(G)|} such that for any edge uv of
G, f(u) +f(uv) +f(v) is constant. Moreover, G is super edge-magic
if V (G) receives |V (G)| smallest labels. In this paper, we propose
methods for constructing new (super) edge-magic graphs from some
old ones by adding some new pendant edges.
1 Introduction
We consider nite and simple graphs. The vertex and edge sets of graph
G are denoted by V (G) and E(G), respectively.
Let G be a graph with p vertices and q edges. A bijective function f :
V (G)E(G) {1, 2, 3, , p+q} is called an edge-magic total labeling of G
if there exists an integer k such that f(x) +f(xy) +f(y) = k independent
of the choice of any edge xy of G. If such a labeling exists, then the
constant k is called the magic constant of f, and G is said to be edge-
magic graph. An edge-magic total labeling f is called super edge-magic if
1
Permanent address: Department of Civil Engineering, Universitas Merdeka
Malang, Jalan Taman Agung 1 Malang, Indonesia
1
f(V (G)) = {1, 2, 3, , p}. Thus, a super edge-magic graph is a graph that
admit a super edge-magic total labeling.
The edge-magic concept was rst introduced and studied by Kotzig
and Rosa [12, 13], although under a dierent name, i.e., the magic val-
uation. The super edge-magic notion was rst introduced by Enomoto,
Llad o, Nakamigawa and Ringel [3]. The (super) edge-magic graphs have
been studied in several papers, see for instance [?, 4, ?, 5, 9, 11, ?], and
more complete results on (super) edge-magic graphs can be seen in the
survey paper by Gallian [10]. However, the long-standing conjectures that
every tree is edge-magic and every tree is super edge-magic, proposed
in [12] and [3], respectively, still remain open.
The following lemma presented in [4] gives a necessary and sucient
condition for a graph to be super edge-magic.
Lemma 1 A graph G with p vertices and q edges is super edge-magic if and
only if there exists a bijective function f : V (G) {1, 2, , p} such that
the set S = {f(x) +f(y)|xy E(G)} consists of q consecutive integers. In
such a case, f extends to a super edge-magic total labeling of G with magic
constant k = p +q +s, where s = min(S) and
S = {f(x) +f(y)|xy E(G)}
= {k (p + 1), k (p + 2), , k (p +q)}.
In [12], Kotzig and Rosa introduced the concept of edge-magic deciency
of a graph. They dened the edge-magic deciency, (G), of a graph G as a
minimum nonnegative integer n such that GnK
1
is an edge-magic graph.
Kotzig and Rosa [12] gave an upper bound of the edge-magic deciency of
a graph G with p vertices, that is (G) F
p+2
2 p
1
2
p(p 1), where
F
p
is the p-th Fibonacci number.
Furthermore, Figueroa-Centeno et al.[7] dened the concept of the super
edge-magic deciency of a graph similarly. The super edge-magic deciency,

s
(G), of a graph G is a minimum nonnegative integer n such that GnK
1
has a super edge-magic total labeling or + if there exists no such n.
Clearly, for every graph G, (G)
s
(G).
Figueroa-Centeno et al. in two separate papers [7, 8] provided the exact
values of (super) edge-magic deciency of several classes of graphs, such
as cycles, complete graphs, some classes of forests, 2-regular graphs, and
complete bipartite graphs K
2,m
. They [8] also proposed the conjecture if
F is a forest with two components, then
s
(F) 1.
In this paper, we propose some methods for constructing new (super)
2
edge-magic graphs from the old ones. From this construction we can obtain
new classes of (super) edge-magic graphs. Some of the resulting graphs give
support to the correctness of the conjectures every tree is (super) edge-
magic, and if F is a forest with two components, then
s
(F) 1 .
2 The Results
Throughout this section, we will present a construction of new (super) edge-
magic graphs by adding pendant edges to some (not all) vertices of a (super)
edge-magic graph G which having a specic property. This construction
can be viewed as a weaker version of a corona product of a graph G and
nK
1
.
The corona product G H of two given graphs G and H is dened as
a graph obtained by taking one copy of a p-vertex graph G and p copies
H
1
, H
2
, . . . , H
p
of H, and then joining the i-th vertex of G to every vertex
in H
i
. If H

= nK
1
, G H is equal with adding n pendant edges to every
vertex of G. The corona product of graphs has been studied in several
papers, see for instance [2], [6] and [14].
In the next two theorems, we construct (super) edge-magic graphs by
adding n pendant edges to every vertex of particular type of edge-magic
graph except some vertices with the largest labels.
Theorem 1 Let G be a graph of even order p 2 and size of either q =
p or p 1 for which there exists an edge-magic total labeling f with the
property that all vertices of G receive odd labels such that
{f(x) +f(y)|xy E(G)} = {3p 2q, 3p 2q + 2, , 3p 4, 3p 2}. (1)
Then, the graph H formed by adding n pendant edges to each vertex of
G except the vertex with the largest label is edge-magic for every positive
integer n.
Proof Suppose V (G) = {x
i
|1 i p}. Let f be an edge-magic total
labeling of G satisfying the conditions of Theorem 1. Then, the magic
constant of f is 3p. Since all vertices receive odd labels, we may assume
that f(x
i
) = 2i 1 for every integer 1 i p. Next, let H be a graph
dened as follows.
V (H) = V (G) {y
j
i
|1 i p 1 and 1 j n},
3
and
E(H) = E(G) {x
i
y
j
i
|1 i p 1 and 1 j n}.
Now, dene a total labeling
g : V (H) E(H) {1, 2, 3, , 2n(p 1) +p +q}
such that g(x) = f(x) for every x V (G) and
g(y
j
i
) =

(2j + 1) + 2(i j) 1, for 1 i

p
2
and 1 j n,
(2j + 1) + 2(i j) + 1, for
p+2
2
i p 1 and 1 j n.
It can be veried that all odd labels go to the vertices of H.
Let S
j
i
= {g(x
i
)+g(y
j
i
) : 1 i p1, 1 j n}. It can be veried that
m
j
= min{S
j
i
: 1 j n} = (2j+1)(p1)+3 and M
j
= max{S
j
i
: 1 j
n} = (2j +2)(p 1) +p. Observe that, m
1
= 3p, M
n
= (2n+2)(p 1) +p
and m
j+1
= M
j
+ 2 for 1 i n 1. Also, S
j
i
= {3p, 3p + 2, ,
(2n+2)(p1) +p2, (2n+2)(p1) +p}. Thus, the set {g(x) +g(y)|xy
E(H)} form an arithmetic sequence starting from 3p 2q with common
dierence 2. If we take
g(xy) = (2n + 3)p 2n g(x) g(y), for every xy E(H)
then, g is an edge-magic total labeling of H with the magic constant
(2n + 2p)(p 1) +p + 2 = 2n(p 1) +k.
It can be shown that each of the following classes of graphs has an
edge-magic total labeling f satisfying the condition of Theorem 1.
Path of even length P
2k
for k 1,
Caterpillars formed by adding m 1 pendant edges to every vertex
of P
2k
, k 1 (We denote such caterpillars by P
1
2k,m
).
Caterpillars formed by adding one pendant edges to every vertex of
P
2k+1
, k 1 (denoted by P
2
2k+1,1
).
Caterpillars formed by adding one pendant edges to the vertex of
degree one and m 1 pendants to other vertices of P
2k+1
, k 1
(denoted by P
3
2k+1,m
).
Path-like-tree P
T
with even vertices (we follows terminology intro-
duced in [1]).
4
Additionally, cycle of odd length with one pendant attached at a vertex
also admit labeling satisfying the conditions of Theorem 1.
For simplify, we denote by P

T
a tree formed by applying the algorithm
in the proof of Theorem 1 to P
T
. Similarly, we denote lobsters formed
by applying the same algorithm to P
1
2k,m
, P
2
2k+1,1
and P
3
2k+1,m
by L
1
2k,m
,
L
2
2k+1,1
and L
3
2k+1,m
, respectively.
Therefore, by Theorem 1 we have the following corollary.
Corollary 1 The tree P

T
and the lobsters L
1
2k,m
, L
2
2k+1,1
and L
3
2k+1,m
are
edge-magic graphs.
Now, we refer the readers to the following result.
Theorem 2 [4] Let T be an edge-magic tree of order p with and edge-
magic total labeling f whose magic constant is k such that f(v) is odd for
any vertex v of V(T). Then, the bijective function g : V (T) E(T)
{1, 2, 3, , 2p 1} dened as
g(x) =

f(x)+1
2
, if x V (T),
f(x)
2
+p, if x E(T),
is a super edge-magic labeling. Furthermore, given a super edge-magic la-
beling of a tree, a labeling can be obtained with all vertices receiving an odd
label by reversing the above process.
Note that, Theorem 2 can be extended to graphs for which p = q.
By Theorem 2, all graphs that satisfying the conditions of Theorem 1
also super edge-magic. Especially, we have the following corollary.
Corollary 2 The tree P

T
and the lobsters L
1
2k,m
, L
2
2k+1,1
and L
3
2k+1,m
are
super edge-magic graphs.
These results provides supporting examples of the conjectures proposed
by Kotzig and Rosa [12] and by Enomoto, Llado, Nakamigawa and Ringel
[3].
If the condition all vertices of G receive odd labels in Theorem 1 is
removed, then the conclusion is not true. For example, consider graph G
in Figure 1(a). If G has an edge-magic total labeling satisfying condition
5
(1) then all vertices of G must receive even labels (since the set in (1)
consists of only even numbers and G is connected). Then, there are only
two such labelings possible (see Figure 1(b) and 1(c)). Let H be a graph
formed by adding n pendant edges to every vertex of G except to the
vertex of label 12 (the largest vertex label). Then H is not edge-magic
for any integer n. In fact, if H is edge-magic, then the magic constant
is 10n + 19
12
5n+6
. Therefore, it is not possible for all positive integer n.
Therefore, the condition that all vertices of G receive odd labels in Theorem
1 is crucial.
10
2
6
8
4
12
12
2
6
10
4
8
(a) (b) (c)
Figure 1: The graph G and its vertex labeling.
Theorem 3 Let G be a graph with odd order p ( 3) for which there exists
a super edge-magic total labeling g with the property that
max{g(x) +g(y)|xy E(G)} =
1
2
(3p 1).
Then, the graph H formed by adding n pendant edges to every vertex of
G except the vertices u and v with g(u) = p 1 and g(v) = p is super
edge-magic for every positive integer n.
Proof Let G be a graph of odd order p satisfying the conditions of
Theorem 3, and g be a super edge-magic total labeling of G with the magic
constant k. Assume g(x
i
) = i for every 1 i p, where V (G) = {x
i
|1
i p}.
Now, dene H as a graph with the vertex and edge sets
V (H) = V (G) {y
j
i
: 1 i p 2, 1 j n}
and
E(H) = E(G) {xy
j
i
: 1 i p 2, 1 j n},
respectively.
6
Next, consider the vertex labeling h : V (H) {1, 2, 3, , (n+1)p2n}
dened as follows.
h(x) = g(x), for every x V (G),
and
h(y
j
i
) =

(j + 1)p 2(j +i 1), for 1 i

p1
2
and 1 j n,
(j + 2)p 2(j +i), for
p+1
2
i p 2 and 1 j n.
To show h extends to a super edge-magic total labeling of H, let S
j
i
=
{h(x
i
) + h(y
j
i
) : 1 i p 2, 1 j n}. It can be veried that m
j
=
min{S
j
i
: 1 j n} = j(p2)+
1
2
(p+5) and M
j
= max{S
j
i
: 1 j n} =
j(p2) +
1
2
(3p1). Note that, m
1
=
1
2
(3p+1), M
n
= n(p2) +
1
2
(3p1)
and m
j+1
= M
j
+ 1 for 1 i n 1. Also, S
j
i
is a set of consecutive
integer. By Lemma 1, h extends to a super edge-magic total labeling of H
with the magic constant
1
2
(5p + 1) + 2n(p 2) = k + 2n(p 2).
There are some classes of super edge-magic graphs satisfying the con-
ditions of Theorem 3, such as P
m
K
1,1
for 4 m 1, 3 (mod 4) [5]
(see Theorem 10), P
2
K
1,n
for n 0 (mod 2) [5] (see Theorem 5),
P
m
K
1,2
for 4 m 2 (mod 4) [5] (see Theorem 10), and C
n
K
1
for
n 0 (mod 4) [7] (see Theorem 9). It can be veried path of odd length
also admits a labeling required in Theorem 3.
By applying the algorithm in the proof of Theorem 3 to the P
m
K
1,1
,
P
2
K
1,n
, and P
m
K
1,2
, respectively, we have new classes of forests with
two components which are super edge-magic. For short, we denote it by
F
1
, F
2
, and F
3
, respectively.
Corollary 3
s
(F
1
) =
s
(F
2
) =
S
(F
3
) = 0.
This result gives support to the correctness of conjecture proposed in
[8].
In the next theorems we present a construction of new super edge-magic
graphs by adding n pendant edges to every vertex of specic super edge-
magic graph with exception some vertices with the smallest label.
Theorem 4 Let G be a graph of even order p > 2, for which there exists
a super edge-magic total labeling f with the property that
max{f(x) +f(y)|xy E(G)} =
1
2
(3p + 2).
7
Then, the graph H formed by adding n pendant edges to every vertex of
G except the vertex u with f(u) = 1 is super edge-magic for every positive
integer n.
Proof Let G be a super edge-magic graph with the magic constant k,
and let V (G) = {x
i
: 1 i p}. We may assume that f(x
i
) = i for every
i, 1 i p.
Next, let
V (H) = V (G) {y
j
i
: 2 i p, 1 j n}
and
E(H) = E(G) {x
i
y
j
i
: 2 i p, 1 j n}.
Now, dene a vertex labeling g : V (H) {1, 2, 3, , p+(p1)n} such
that
g(x) = f(x) for every vertex x V (G),
and
h(y
j
i
) =

1
2
(2i + 2 p) +j(p 1), for
p
2
+ 1 i p and 1 j n,
1
2
(2i +p) +j(p 1), for 2 i
p
2
and 1 j n.
We can see that labels of pendant vertices are consecutive and at greater
than p. By similar argument used in the proof of Theorem 3, it can be
shown that h extends to a super edge-magic total labeling of H with the
magic constant k + 2n(p 1).
Theorem 5 Let G be a graph of order p = (c + 1)(m + 1) + 1, where
m 2, c 1 for which there exists a super edge-magic total labeling f with
the property that
max{f(x) +f(y)|xy E(G)} = (2m+ 1)(c + 1) + 1.
Then, the graph H formed by adding n pendant edges to every vertex of G
except the vertices with labels 1, 2, 3, , m(c+1)c3 is super edge-magic
for every positive integer n.
Proof Let G be a graph satisfying the conditions of Theorem 4 with
V (G) = {x
i
: 1 i p}. Take a super edge-magic total labeling g with
the magic constant k such that g(x
i
) = i for 1 i p. Now, dene the
graph H as follows:
V (H) = V (G) {y
j
i
: m(c + 1) c 2 i p, 1 j n}
8
and
E(H) = E(G) {x
i
y
j
i
: m(c + 1) c 2 i p, 1 j n}.
It is easy to verify that the vertex labeling h : V (H) {1, 2, 3, , p +
(2c + 5)n} dened:
h(x) = g(x), for every x V (G),
and
h(y
j
i
) =

a 2(i +c + 3), for b c 2 i b 1 and 1 j n,

a (i c 2), for b i p and 1 j n,
where a = j(2c +5) and b = m(c +1), extends to a super edge-magic total
labeling of H with the magic constant k + 2n(2c + 5).
Graphs P
m
K
1,3
for m 0 mod 4, and K
m
K
n
for n is multiple
of m + 1 satisfy the conditions required in Theorem 4 and Theorem 5, see
[7]. Hence, by applying the algorithm in the proof of Theorems 4 and 5,
respectively, we have new classes of forests with two components, F
4
and
F 5, respectively, which are super edge-magic. Consequently, we have the
following results.
Corollary 4
s
(F
4
) =
s
(F
5
) = 0.
Again, this result gives more example of the correctness of the conjecture
proposed in [8].
In the next theorem, we consider particular type of forest with two
components. First, let P
m
n
be a caterpillar with vertex and edge sets
V (P
m
n
) = {u
i
: 1 i n} {v
j
i
: 1 i n, 1 j m}
and
E(P
m
n
) = {u
i
u
i+1
: 1 i n 1} {u
i
v
j
i
: 1 i n, 1 j m},
respectively.
Theorem 6 For every positive integers m and n 2 is even, the forest
H

= K
1,m
p
m
n
is super edge-magic.
Proof Let H be a forest with
V (H) = V (P
m
n
) {c, w
j
: 1 j m}
9
and
E(H) = E(P
m
n
) {cw
j
: 1 j m}.
Next, consider the vertex labeling g : V (H) {1, 2, 3, , |V (H)|}
dened as follows.
g(y) =

1, if y = c,
j(n + 1) +
1
2
(n + 4), if y = w
j
,
1
2
(i + 2), if y = u
i
for even i,
1
2
(n +i + 3), if y = u
i
for odd i,
1
2
(2j(n + 1) +i + 3), if y = v
j
i
for odd i and 1 j m,
1
2
(2j(n + 1) +n +i + 4), if y = v
j
i
for even i = n and 1 j m,
j(n + 1) + 1, if y = v
j
i
for i = n and 1 j m,
j(n + 1) +
1
2
(n + 4), if y = w
j
.
It is not dicult to verify that {g(x) + g(y) : xy E(H)} is a set
of consecutive integers starting from
1
2
(3n + 4). By Lemma 1, g extends
to a super edge-magic total labeling of F
2
with the magic constant k =
1
2
(4nm+ 5n + 4m+ 8).
Other results concerning forests with two components see [7].
3 Acknowledgement
The rst author wish to thank Prof. A. D. R. Choudary for his support
and hospitality during his stage at the School of Mathematical Sciences,
G.C. University, Lahore, Pakistan.
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