Romanian National Astronomy

and Astrophysics Olympiad

2014

“Theoretical and Data Analysis

Problems with Solutions”
Romania Astronomy and Astrophysics Olympiad, 2014
Theoretical Problems and Solutions

Compiled By
Science Olympiad Blog
 National Astronomy and Astrophysics Olympiad 2014
Seniors
Theoretic Phase

PART I - Short Problems

Problem 1

The height of the sky! The ancient Greeks knew that the diameter of the Earth is
small compared to the distance to the stars. For example, there is a legend that
the god Hephaestus accidentally dropped his anvil on Earth. It took =9 days for
the anvil to eventually hit the ground.
Estimate the “height of the sky”, in accordance to the beliefs of the ancient
Greeks. It is known that the rotation of the Moon around the Earth is T L=27,3 days
and the radius of the Moon is aL= 384400 km.

Problem 2

The density of exoplanet X. A radio source is situated on the surface of exoplanet

X’s satellite. The source constantly emits radio waves but an observer from Earth
can’t always record the emitted signals because the satellite is occasionally
eclipsed by the planet.
Making use of a graphic which illustrates the frequency of the registered signal
relative to the time, find the density of the exoplanet. The orbit of the satellite is
circular and the observer is situated within the same plane as the satellite’s orbit.
The following data is known: the radius of the exoplanet, R; the universal
gravitational constant, K; the speed of light in vacuum, c. It is also known that the
satellite revolves very close to the surface of the exoplanet.

Problem 3

Angular height of a star. The radar of an astronomical observatory is installed on

a rocky plateau near the seashore, at the height h which is above the sea level.
The receiver of the observatory records only the electromagnetic signals coming
from the star . The vector E (the intensity of the electric field of these signals)
oscillates parallel with the plane and horizontal surface of the sea, independent
from the propagation direction of the electromagnetic wave. The intensity of any
recorded signal is proportional with E2. When the indicator of wavelengths show
the value , the radar receiver records minimum and maximum values.
Determine the angular heights of the the star  above sea level, at which the
radar receiver records electromagnetic signals of maximum and minimum
intensities.

Problem 4

Visible star? The Sun parallax is psun = 8,8” and the parallax of a star, , which has
the same absolute brightness (luminosity) as the Sun, is pstar=0,022”.
Reveal whether this particular star can be observed on the night sky with the
naked eye. The following data is known: the distance between Earth and the Sun,
rES = 149000000 km; Earth radius, RE= 6380 km.

Problem 5

Star Wars. In “Star Wars”, a star with the apparent magnitude of m initial=3m was
cut into four identical smaller stars that had the same density and temperature
like the initial one.
Determine the magnitude of the resulting quadruple star and compare it to the
magnitude of the initial star.

PART II - Long Problems

Problem 1

Neutronic star. It is well known that many stars form binary systems. One type of
binary system consists of a normal star (with the mass m 0 and radius R) and a
neutronic star (much more compact and with a larger mass), which revolve arund
their own centre of mass. In the following problem the Earth’s movement is
neglected.

Based on terrestrial observations of this type of binary system, the following

information is known:
- the maximum angular displacement of the normal star is  and the maximum
angular displacement of the neutronic star is , as indicated in Figure 1;
- the necessary time for this kind of maximum displacements is ;
- the radiation attributes of the normal star show that its surface temperature is T
and the incident radiant energy per area unit of the Earth’s surface, per time
unit, is P;
- the Calcium (Ca) spectrum line of this radiation has a wavelength which differs
from the normal one (0) by , due only to the normal star’s gravitational field.

a) Find the distance r between Earth and the binary system presented above by
using only the values of the observed units and the universal physical constants
involved.
b) Now, let’s suppose that M>>m0, so that the normal star revolves around the
neutronic star on a circular orbit with the radius r 0. The normal star starts to
emit gas twards the neutronic one with a relative speed of v0 (relative to the
normal star) as indicated in Figure 2. Admitting that the neutronic star is the
dominant source of the gravitational action and neglecting the orbit changes of
the normal star, you are asked to determine the minimum distance rmin at
which the gas gets close to the neutronic star. It is known that the universal
gravitational constant is K.
c) Determine the maximum distance rmax at which the gas reaches close to the
neutronic star.
Problem 2

A. Sun dusk. The dusk and dawn are two events of lengths that depend solely on
the place and time of the observation.
a) Determine the duration of the dusk/dawn for an observer situated in a place
with the latitude  on equinox days;
b) Localise the observer so that during the equinox days, the duration of the
dusk/dawn is maximum/minimum;
c) Determine the duration of the dusk/dawn for an observer situated in a place
with the latitude  on solstice days;
d) Localise the observer so that during the solstice days, the duration of the
dusk/dawn is maximum/minimum.
The following data is known: the apparent angular diameter of the Sun,  =
31’59,3”; the rotation period of the Earth around the Sun TE=24h, the angle
between the equator plane and the ecliptic plane =2327”. The effects of
atmospheric refraction are neglected.

B. The third cosmic speed. You are asked to determine the approximate minimum
value of escape velocity that a body must have so that when launched from Earth,
it would escape the Solar System forever (third cosmic speed).
The following data is known: V030km/s, the speed of Earth around its circular
orbit around the Sun; v07,9km/s, the speed of a low orbit satellite that revolves
around the Earth (first cosmic speed).
𝑀 𝑀
It is also known that 𝑇 ≪ 𝑆 . The body’s kinetic energy relative to the Sun is
𝑅𝑇 𝑅𝑇𝑆
neglected from the moment of launch until reaching the limit of the Earth’s
gravitational field.

C. Fall from the Earth on the Sun! You are asked to determine the minimum
speed that is needed for a spaceship to escape Earth’s gravity and fall on the
Sun’s surface. The following data is known: the distance between Earth and the
Sun, rES= 1,5∙1011 m; the rotation period of the Earth around the Sun,
TE=3,15∙107s.
Prof. dr. Mihail Sandu
Liceul Tehnologic de TurismCălimănești
Romania Astronomy and Astrophysics Olympiad, 2014
Data Analysis Problems and Solutions

Compiled By
Science Olympiad Blog
 National Astronomy and Astrophysics Olympiad 2014
Seniors
Data analysis Phase

Problem 1

Speed of light. Let’s imagine that in a distant future, the Solar System will be occupied by
our descendants. A small mining robot installed on the SALTIS asteroid is supervised by
Celesta Spacedigger, who happens to also be a passionate amateur astronomer. During the
long nights of Saltis, Celesta (character from the Greek mythology) observes the stars and
planets, particularly the beautiful planet Saturn. An old but trustworthy astronomical
almanac helps her follow certain celestial events such as Titan’s eclipses due to Saturn’s
movement. To her astonishment, Celesta discovers large differences between the time
values she noticed while observing Titan’s eclipses and the existent values from the
almanac. After years of careful observation (as she was detached to stay on SALTIS for a
long time), Celesta eventually finds an explanation. The differences are the largest when
Saturn is close to the opposition or conjunction with the Sun, both seen from Saltis. Celesta
figures out that this is because the speed of light is finite. Also, she discovers that a sketch
from the almanac confirms the fact that the synchronizations from its tables are heliocentric
(relative to the Sun and not to Saltis). Very satisfied with her discovery, Celesta used these
observations to calculate the speed of light.
In the following problem you have to repeat the computation done by Celesta using her
observations. The units of time and length used by Celesta are fairly different than the ones
we use. The unit of time which is called pinit is defined so that Saltis’s synodic period of
rotation is Tsynodic Saltis = 1000 pinit. The unit of length called seter is defined so that 1 seter is
equal to 10-9 the mean distance from the Sun to Saltis. In other words, rSaltis-Sun=109 seter.
a) Six (6) records made by Celesta on Titan’s eclipses when Saturn was close to the
opposition or conjunction are represented below. The columns are described as
follows:
I) the values from the almanac table regarding the moment when an observer
situated on the Sun could see the beginning of the eclipse;
II) the values of Celesta’s observations regarding the beginning of the eclipse as
seen from Saltis. The accuracy of the synchronizations is = 0,03 pinit;
III) Saturn’s position during Titan’s eclipse (close to the opposition or conjunction).

Observation number Almanac table Observations made Statement

(pinit) by Celesta
I II III
1 456,47 450,32 Opposition
2 18,50 12,28 Opposition
3 821,41 815,29 Opposition
4 444,70 450,85 Conjunction
5 615,43 621,52 Conjunction
6 791,94 798,02 Conjunction
Carefully analyzing the data from the table, estimate the speed of light expressed in
seter/pinit and state what is the possible error of the estimation.
b) During those days on Saltis when she feels lonely, Celesta likes to listen to the radio
signals coming from Earth. Now that she knows the speed of light, Celesta wants to
determine Earth’s radius expressed in seter. Her watch is accurately synchronized
with the signals coming from Earth. The results from the measurements are shown in
the graphic below:

Estimate the radius of planet Earth expressed in meter using Celesta’s data from the chart
above.
c) Knowing that: 1 au=149,6106 km; c=2,998108 m/s, determine the equivalent in
meters for 1 seter; the equivalent in seconds for 1 pinit.
d) Estimate the sidereal orbital period of Saltis expressed in years using c) and the
graphic above.

Problem 2

The orbit of planets. It is accepted that Earth’s orbit around the Sun is a circle with the
radius rE=1 au. In the following table the maximum Eastern and Western angular
elongations of Mars and Venus are specified.
a) Admitting that the orbits of the three planets (Mercury, Venus and Earth) relative to
the Sun are described as concentric and coplanar circles, let’s suppose that
Venus/Mercury are in the corresponding position for their maximum Eastern
elongation. Determine after what time Venus/Mercury will be:
I) for the first time, in the corresponding position for the maximum Western
elongation;
II) again in the corresponding position for their maximum Eastern elongation.
b) According to the data from the table and using a piece of paper on which Earth’s
circular orbit around the Sun (which is in the middle) is represented, localise Mercury
and Venus’s approximate position around he Sun and determine the mean distance
between Mercury and the Sun and the mean distance between Venus and the Sun.
c) Determine the exact values of Mercury and Venus’s orbit parameters, (a; b; e),
expressed in au, knowing that:

Mercury Mercury
18αmax ,East 28; 18αmax ,West 28;
45αVenus Venus
max ,East 48; 45αmax ,West 48.

Table - The maximum elongations of Mercur and Venus

Problem 3
The Great Opposition. On the 28th August 2003, at 17:56 UT (Universal Time), the latest
Great Opposition of Mars took place, as the Earth passed between Mars and the Sun,
aligning with them. The distance between Earth and Mars had the smallest possible value.
The next Great Opposition of Mars will take place in 2018. Someone doesn’t understand the
special aspect of the Great Opposition and thinks that a Simple Opposition (Earth passing
between Mars and the Sun and aligning with them) will happen in 2018, not a Great
Opposition.
a) Determine the circular orbit parameters of the hypothetical planet Mars 2 which will be in
a Simple Opposition to the Sun as seen from Earth in 2018. Earth’s orbit around the Sun is
circular.
b) Estimate the apparent magnitude of Mars 2 during its opposition in 2018, as seen from
Earth. It is known that the apparent visual magnitude of Mars during the Great Opposition
in 2003 was mM,2003= 2m. The physical characteristics of Mars 2 are identical to those of
Mars.
c) The following table lists all the Oppositions of Mars from 1955 to 2037. Identify the
Oppositions taking place near the Perihelion, the Oppositions near the Aphelion and the
Great Oppositions. State the criteria used for identification.

Mars’s Oppositions, 1955 - 2037

Opposition date Date of maximum proximity Minimum distance between Earth
and Mars (ua/ millions of miles)
12th February 1995 11th February 1995 0,67569/62,8
17th March 1997 20th March 1997 0,65938/61,3
24th April 1999 1st May 1999 0,57846/53,8
13th June 2001 21st June 2001 0,45017/41,8
28th August 2003 27th August 2003 0,37272/34,6
7th November 2005 30th October 2005 0,46406/43,1
24th December 2007 18th December 2007 0,58935/54,8
29th January 2010 27th January 2010 0,66398/61,7
3rd March 2012 5th March 2012 0,67368/62,6
8th April 2014 14th April 2014 0,61756/57,4
22nd May 2016 30th May 2016 0,50321/46,8
27th July 2018 31st July 2018 0,38496/35,8
13th October 2020 6th October 2020 0,41492/38,6
8th December 2022 1st December 2022 0,54447/50,6
16th January 2025 12th January 2025 0,64228/59,7
19th February 2027 20th February 2027 0,67792/63,0
25th March 2029 29th March 2029 0,64722/60,2
4th May 2031 12th May 2031 0,55336/51,4
27th June 2033 5th July 2033 0,42302/39,3
15th September 2035 11th September 2035 0,38041/35,4
19th November 2037 11th November 2037 0,49358/45,9

d) Determine the ratio of the diurnal equatorial horizontal parallax of the Sun (p eS) and the
diurnal equatorial horizontal parallax of Mars (peM).
Known values:
Mars’ orbital period: TM = 780 days;
Earth’s orbital period: TE = 365 days;
The numerical eccentricity of Mars’s orbit: e = 0.093.

Problem 4

A. The star Altair and the Sun. For the star Altair (the alpha star from the constellation
Aquila) the following data is known: the annual parallax p0=0,198”; its own movement,
=0,668”/year; the radial velocity, vr=-26km/s; the apparent visual magnitude, m0=0,89m.
a) Determine: the time span after which the distance between Altair and Sun will be
minimum, ; the minimum distance between Altair and Sun, rmin; the apparent magnitude of
Altair, m, when the distance between the star and Sun is minimum.
The distance between Earth and Sun is known to be d = 150000000 km.

B. The heating of the water from the basin.

b) Estimate the water temperature rise from an average basin with the dimensions 50 x 20 x
2 m, if the basin could collect the entire energy that astronomers receive from the stars by
observing them during the night on optic telescopes in order to obtain information about
the structure of the Universe.
The following data is known: for the Sun, according to the apparent magnitude, ms=-26,8m,
the solar irradiation constant, kSun=1,37 kW/m2; the specific heat of the water, c = 4200
J/(kgK); the area of the working surface of all the professional telescopes, S = 1000 m2 ; the
total work time, t=3108 seconds; the magnitude of the objects observed with the telescope,
m1m; the energetic efficiency of the used devices, =10%.

C. The apparent magnitude of the Sun. Admitting that the radiation of the stars is the
radiation of black bodies, using the information from the following table determine the
apparent visual magnitude of the Sun.
 ONAA 2014
SENIORI
Analiza Datelor - BARAJ

Problema 1

a)
rSaltis Soare
c ;
tOpozitie
109 seter 10 seter seter
c 108 1,60 108 ;
6,22 pinit 6,22 pinit pinit
seter
c 1,60 0,03 108 , ………………………………………………3p
pinit
reprezentând viteza luminii, determinată de Celesta, exprimată în seter/pinit.

b) Utilizând desenele din figurile alăturate, rezultă:

t max

t min

Fig.
 Pământul

rPamant Soare
Saltis în
Soarele Opoziție

rSaltis rmin,Saltis Pamant

Soare

rmax,Saltis Pamant

Saltis în
Conjuncție

Fig.

t t max t min 5,3 pinit;

rmax,Saltis Pamant rmin,Saltis Pamant 2 rPamant Soare ;
seter
c 1,60 108 ;
pinit
seter
t c 5,3 pinit 1,6 108 8,5 108 seter;
pinit
1
rPamant Soare t c 4,25 108 seter 1 UA. ………………………………….2p
2

c)

1 seter 352 m; 1 pinit 188 s.................................................................2p

d)

3/ 2 3/ 2
aSaltis 109 352 m
Tsideral,Saltis Tsideral,Pamant 1 an ;
aPamant 149 109 m
3/ 2
352 3/ 2
Tsideral,Saltis 1 an 2,36 ani 3,6 ani……………………………………3p
149
Problema 2

Rezolvare
a)
max,Est,Mercur max,Vest,Mercur 27 ;
max,Est,Venus max,Vest,Venus 47 .

1) Pentru planeta Venus:

86 TPTV TPTV 365,2 zile 234,7 zile

t 0,24 0,24 157,6 zile; ..........1p
360 TP TV TP TV 365,2 zile 234,7 zile

V0,max,Est

max,Est

P0 S
V

Vmax,Vest
P max,Vest

Pentru planeta Mercur:

126 TPTM TPTM 365,2 zile 88 zile

t 0,35 0,35 40,6 zile; ...............1p
360 TP TM TP TM 365,2 zile 88 zile

2) Pentru planeta Venus:

TPTV 365,2 zile 234,7 zile

t 656,8 zile; ...........................1p
TP TV 365,2 zile 234,7 zile
 V0,max,Est P
max,Est
V

max,Est

S
P0

P
Vmax,Est

Pentru planeta Mercur:

TPTM 365,2 zile 88 zile
t 116 zile; ................1p
TP TM 365,2 zile 88 zile

b)

1 XI 1X

1 XII 1 IX

1I
1 VIII

MERCUR S
1 II
1 VII

rM 0,360 UA ..................................................2p

1 III
1 VI

1 IV 1V
P
 1 XI 1X
P 1 IX
1 XII VENUS

1I 1 VIII

S
1 VII
1 II

1 III 1 VI

Fig. 1 V
1 IV
rV 0,718 UA ..........................................2p
c)

min,VEST
Elongația max,EST
Vestică
“MINIMĂ” Elongația
Estică
„MAXIMĂ”

rmin rmax
Mercur/Venus

S rP Elongația
Elongația
Estică Vestică
“MINIMĂ” “MAXIMĂ”

max,VEST
min,EST

Fig.
- pentru planeta Mercur:

rmin,Mercur rmax,Mercur
aMercur 0,389 UA;
2
rmax,Mercur rmin,Mercur
eMercur 0,020;
rmin,Mercur rmax,Mercur
2
bMercur
eMercur 1 2
;
aMercur
2
bMercur aMercur 1 eMercur 0,388 UA; .....................................................1p
- pentru planeta Venus:
rmin,Venus rmax,Venus
aVenus 0,725 UA;
2
rmax,Venus rmin,Venus
eVenus 0,024;
rmin,Venus rmax,Venus
2
bVenus
eVenus 1 2
;
aVenus
2
bVenus aVenus 1 eVenus 0,724 UA . ...................................................1p

Problema 3

a)
1 1 1
;
Tsinodic,M 2 Tsideral,P Tsideral,M 2
Tsideral,P Tsinodic,M 2 1 an 15 ani
Tsideral,M 2 1,07 ani.
Tsinodic,M 2 Tsideral,P 15 ani 1 an

Orbita circulară
a lui M 2
Opoziția
lui M 2
Soarele
P M2

rP,M 2
Orbita
circulară a aP
Pământului

aM 2

Fig.
 2 3
Tsideral,M 2 aM 2
;
Tsideral,P aP
2
Tsideral,M 2
aM 2 aP 3 1,047 UA,......................................2p
Tsideral,P
b)

Soare,rSoare,Marte

Pământul
Fincident,Marte

Marte
Soarele
(observatorul)
RM
Marte, Observator

Freflectat, Marte

rPM

rSoare,Marte

Fig.
Marte, Observator
log 0,4 mM mM 2 ;
Marte 2,Observator

LS RM2
M
4 rS,2M 2 rP,2M
log 0,4 mM mM 2 ;
LS RM2 2
M2
4 rS,2M 2 2 rP,2M 2
M M2 ; RM RM 2 ;
rS,M rP,M
5 log mM mM 2 ;
rS,M 2 rP . M 2
 5 log 1, 46 11,15 mM mM 2 ;
mM mM 2 6 m ; mM 2m ;
m
mM 2 8 , ...................................................................3p
reprezentând magnitudinea aparentă a planetei “Marte 2”, văzută de pe Pământ.

c)
Atunci când Opoziția lui Marte se întâmplă la Periheliul orbitei sale, sau foarte aproape de
acesta, avem de a face cu o Mare Opoziție a lui Marte, așa cum indică desenul din figura alăturată,
distanța dintre Pământ și Marte fiind minimă posibilă (60 milioane km). Așa s-a întâmplat la 28
August 2003, aceasta fiind ultima Mare Opoziție a lui Marte.
Atunci când Opoziția lui Marte se întâmplă la Apheliul orbitei sale, sau foarte aproape de
acesta, distanța dintre Pământ și Marte este maximă posibilă (100 milioane km).

Orbita eliptică
a lui Marte

Orbita circulară
a Pământului
M P P M Periheliu
Apheliu
Marea Opoziție
100 milioane km a lui Marte
Opoziția lui Marte
150 milioane km
60 milioane km

2 x 230 milioane km

Fig.

Tabelul de mai jos prezintă o listă a tuturor Opozițiilor lui Marte din 1955 și până în 2037. Din
acest tabel rezultă că Pământul este relativ apropiat de Marte în anii 2001 și 2005, iar în 2003
Pământul este foarte aproape de Marte. Apoi, în anii 2020 și 2033, Pământul va fi din nou relativ
apropiat de Marte, iar în anii 2018 și 2035 Pământul va fi din nou foarte aproape de Marte, ca și în
2003.
 Opozițiile lui Marte, 1995 - 2037

Distanța minimă
Data Opoziției Data apropierii maxime
(UA/milioane mile)

12 Februarie 1995 11 Februarie 1995 0,67569/62,8

17 Martie 1997 20 Martie 1997 0,65938/61,3
24 Aprilie 1999 01 Mai 1999 0,57846/53,8
13 Iunie2001 21 Iunie 2001 0,45017/41,8
28 August 2003 27 August 2003 0,37272/34,6
07 Noiembrie2005 30 Octombrie 2005 0,46406/43,1
24 Decembrie 2007 18 Decembrie 2007 0,58935/54,8
29 Ianuarie 2010 27 Ianuarie 2010 0,66398/61,7
03 Martie 2012 05 Martie 2012 0,67368/62,6
08 Aprilie 2014 14 Aprilie 2014 0,61756/57,4
22 Mai 2016 30 Mai 2016 0,50321/46,8
27 Iulie 2018 31 Iulie 2018 0,38496/35,8
13 Octombrie 2020 06 Octombrie 2020 0,41492/38,6
08 Decembrie 2022 01 Decembrie 2022 0,54447/50,6
16 Ianuarie 2025 12 Ianuarie 2025 0,64228/59,7
19 Februarie 2027 20 Februarie 2027 0,67792/63,0
25 Martie 2029 29 Martie 2029 0,64722/60,2
04 Mai 2031 12 Mai 2031 0,55336/51,4
27 Iunie 2033 05 Iulie 2033 0,42302/39,3
15 Septembrie 2035 11 Septembrie 2035 0,38041/35,4
19 Noiembrie 2037 11 Noiembrie 2037 0,49358/45,9

În tabel sunt indicate două date: data Opoziției, când Pământul trece printre Marte și Soare,
aliniindu-se cu aceștia; data apropierii maxime dintre Pământ și Marte, care este cu câteva zile mai
devreme decât data Opoziției, când Marte se depărtează de Soare (apropiindu-se de Apheliu) și cu
câteva zile mai târziu decât data Opoziției, când Marte se apropie de Soare (apropiindu-se de
Periheliu), așa cum ilustrează desenul din figura alăturată.
Dacă data Opoziției este foarte aproape de Periheliu, atunci data apropierii maxime este
aproximativ aceeași cu data Opoziției (așa cum s-a întâmplat în 2003). Pământul trece mai aproape de
Marte, dacă data Opoziției este mai apropiată de Periheliu, așa cum se va întâmpla în anii 2018 și
2035.
 d PM, min
Marte

Opoziție
Pământul
Soarele

Periheliu
Apheliu

Pământul
Opoziție

d PM,min

Marte

Fig.

Identificările Opozițiilor............................................................................................3p
- Opozițiile marcate cu BOLD ITALIC se produc atunci când distanța dintre Pământ și Marte
este minimă, ceea ce se întâmplă când Marte este la Periheliu sau foarte aproape de acesta.
- Opozițiile marcate cu BOLD DREPT se produc atunci când distanța dintre Pământ și Marte
este mică, ceea ce se întâmplă când Marte este în apropierea Periheliului.
- Opozițiile pentru care distanțele dintre Pământ și Marte sunt maxime se produc atunci când
Marte este la Apheliului.
- Opozițiile pentru care distanțele dintre Pământ și Marte sunt apropiate de valorile maxime se
produc atunci când Marte este aproape de Apheliul orbitei sale.

d)

2/3
pe,S T
1 e M 1 1,54. ………………………………….2p
pe,M TP
Problema 4
A.

Soarele r0 sin 1
v rad A0
B

r0 rmin

v v tg
rmin Altair
90

Pământul

d
r0 p0 A0
S

rmin v 2rad
1 2
;
r0 v 2rad r0
E0
log 0,4 m0 m ;
E

D
p0
m m0 5 log ;
2
D
v 2rad
p0

m m0 5m 0,3 0,89 m 1,5m 0,61m ; .............................................2p

D 15 10 7 km
r0 15 1013 ;
p0 10 6
 v tg 1
rmin r0 15 1013 km 7,5 1013 km; ...........................2p
v 2
rad v 2
tg
2
r0 rmin v rad ;
r0 rmin
3 1012 s 95130 ani...............................1p
v rad

B.

ES
log 0,4 mS m ,
E
kS ES ; k E

mS / 2,5
k kS 10 1,37 kW/m 2 ;
m
; kS
W
m 1m ; mS 26,8m ; k 10 8 2 .
m
J
Wtotal k S t 10 8 2 1000 m 2 3 108 s 3000 J,
m s
W Wtotal 300 J.
M V 2 106 kg .
W 300 J 8
Mc W; 3,5 10 K....................................2p
Mc J
2 10 6 kg 4200
kg K

C.

Soare TSoare
mSoare mstea 5 log 10 log . ...........................................2p
stea Tstea

mSoare 25,195m. ……………………………………..1p