Chapter 13

The Spread of Chinese Civilization: Japan, Korea, and Vietnam

I. Introduction
. !ei"h#ors of China #orro$ from Chinese achievements
1. Influenced !orth%&est nomadic nei"h#ors
'. lso influenced a"rarian Japan, Korea, Vietnam
3. (uddhism pla)ed *e) role in transmission
a. Indian ideas filtered throu"h Chinese societ)%culture
II. Japan: The Imperial "e
. Introduction
1. +vervie$
a. ,
th
and -
th
centur) attempt to #orro$ from China
1. arm), #ureaucrac), eti.uette, art
#. (ut/emperor0s sheltered
1. provincial leaders%$arlords too* over
c. 1lun"ed into civil $ars from 1'
th
to 1,
th
centur)
'. Tai*a 2eforms 3 cop)in" Chinese administration
a. Chinese characters%lan"ua"e adoption
#. $rote histor) in d)nastic terms
c. court eti.uette
d. stru""led to master Confucian $a)s
e. $orshipped Chinese st)le temples
f. admired (uddhist art
". (uddhism #lended $ith *ami 3 Shinto
(. Crisis at !ara and the Shift to 4eian 5K)toto6
1. rm)%#ureaucratic ideas stopped #) aristocratic families%(uddhist mon*s
'. 7mperor can0t control (uddhist mon*s 3 influenced "overnment
a. 8oves to 4eian 3 mon*s 9ust ma*e monasteries in near#) hills
#. 1o$er "iven to aristocratic families
c. 2an* determined #) #irth, not merit
d. :ocal leaders or"anized local militias
C. ;ltracivilized: Court :ife in the 4eian 7ra
1. 4)per structured rules of court
a. 1olite #ehavior al$a)s
#. 7ver) action *no$n #) ever)one 3 put up a fa<ade al$a)s
c. Comple= "ardens%palaces
'. :iterature
a. &ritin" verse prioritized
#. >irst novel 3 prose 3 :ad) 8urasa*i0s The Tale of ?en9i
1. criticizes those $ho pursue aesthetic en9o)ment
'. Sho$s ho$ poised%cultured no#ilit) must act
3. >emales pla)ed unusuall) creative roll 3 avoided full Chinese influence
@. The @ecline of Imperial 1o$er
1. A
th
centur) 3 >u9i$ara clan influences emperor "reatl)
a. Stac*ed courts
#. 8arried into famil)
c. (uilt up lar"e estates
'. 8on*s e.uall) #uild up po$er and domains
7. The 2ise of the 1rovincial &arrior 7lites
1. :ar"e landed estates come from
a. aristocratic families
#. (uilt up po$er 3 lando$ners, estate mana"ers, local officials
'. 8iniB*in"doms 3 li*e fiefdoms%manors in 7urope
a. small fortresses
#. constant threat from nei"h#orin" lords
c. selfBsufficient 3 "ranaries, #lac*smith, $ells
3. &arrior leaders 3 #ushi
a. administered la$, pu#lic $or*s, collected revenue
#. maintainied armies
C. Samurai armies 3 lo)al to lords
a. called in to protect emperor
#. a"e of dan"er%#andits 3 samurai as #od)"uards
c. $arrior class
d. constantl) trained in huntin", ridin", archer)
e. used lon"#o$ and steel s$ords
f. $arrior code 3 #ushido
1. coura"e
'. seppu*u 3 hariB*ari if )ou dishonor famil)
3. prearran"ed #attle locations, proclaimed ancestr), fe$ fatalities
D. 1easants #ecome serfs 3 #ound to land
a. can0t carr) s$ords, dress li*e samurai
#. turned to (uddhism
III. 7ra of &arrior @ominance
. Introduction
1. 1'
th
centur) on E civil $ars
'. Chinese influence declines
3. &arrior elite produces impressive Japanese art 3 ceramics%landscape, poetr)
(. @eclinin" influence of China
1. 7mperor 3 heavenl) mandate and centralized po$er a 9o*e 3 re"ional po$er clear
'. 2efuse to "rovel, pa) tri#ute to Chinese Son of 4eaven
3. ?empei &ars 3 peasants vs. samurai
C. 8inamoto esta#lished #a*ufu 3 militar) "overnment
a. 1o$er $ith 8inamoto famil) and samurai retainers
C. The (rea*do$n of (a*ufu @ominance and the "e of the &arlords
1. &arlords 3 sho"uns 3 militar) leaders
a. #uilt up po$er 3 enlar"ed domains
#. 4o9o famil) 3 manipulated sho"uns $ho ruled for emperors
'. shi*a"a Sho"unate too* po$er 133FB1D,3
a. 7mperor flees to hills
#. &arlord lands passed out to samurai 3 used to #e 9ust militar), no$ leaders
1. 3GG little *in"doms 3 daim)os 3 no lon"er #ushis
@. To$ard (ar#arismH 8ilitar) @ivision and Social Chan"e
1. Chivalrous .ualities of (ushi era deteriorate
a. sp)in", snea* attac*s, #etra)als
#. poorl) trained peasant forces
c. loo*ed li*e the) $ere revertin" to #ar#arism
'. Some @aim)os tried to maintain order
a. ta= collection
#. pu#lic $or*s
c. encoura"e settlement of unoccupied areas
d. ne$ tools
e. ne$ crops 3 so)#eans, hemp, paper, d)es, ve"eta#le oil
f. ne$ commercial class emer"ed
1. "uild or"anizations started 3 solidarit)%"roup protection
3. &omen
a. merchant $omen a #it of independence
#. no#le $omen used to #e a#le to ride%use #o$ and arro$
1. !o$ primo"eniture 3 oldest son "ets ever)thin" $ins out
'. "iven in marria"e for alliances
3. tau"ht to sla) selves rather than dishonor 3 if raped
C. Japanese theatrical female roles pla)ed #) men
7. rtistic Solace for a Trou#led "e
1. >ocus 3 simplicit)%discipline
'. 2evival of Chinese influence
3. 8onochrome in* s*etches
C. rchitecture #uilt to #lend $ith natural settin"%meditation
a. >amous "ardens
1. Volcanic roc*s
'. 2a*ed pe##les
3. (ansai trees
C. Tea ceremon)
IV. Korea: (et$een China and Japan
. Introduction
1. 8ost profoundl) influenced, for lon"est
a. 7=tension of mainland
#. @$arfed #) nei"h#or
c. 2uled #) indi"enous d)nasties
'. 1eoples #efore 3 huntin" and herdin" peoples
a. Colonized #) Chinese settlers
#. Ko"ur)o tri#e resisted Chinese rule 3 Sinification/#ut/
1. variants of (uddhism
'. Chinese $ritin" 3 tou"h to #e adapted
3. unified la$ code
C. esta#lished universities
D. tried to implement ChineseBst)le #ureaucrac)
1. !o#le families don0t allo$
3. @ivided into three parts durin" Three Kin"doms
a. Ko"ur)o
#. 1ae*che
c. Silla
(. Tan" lliances and the Con.uest of Korea
1. Three *in"doms $ea*ened 3 Ko"ur)o $arriors hurt Tan"
'. China stri*in" alliance 3 Silla in southeast 3 #ecame tri#ute
a. tri#ute pa)ments
#. su#mission as vassal
c. Chinese $ithdra$ armies in FF-
C. Sinification: The Tri#utar) :in*
1. Tri#ute s)stem
a. Send em#assies
#. 8ust *o$to$ 3 ritual #o$s 3 prostrate self
'. (enefits of tri#ute s)stem
a. Continued peace
#. ccess to Chinese learnin", art, manufactured "oods
c. 8erchants $ent $ith emissaries
d. Scholars stud) at Chinese academies
3. III (ecame ma9or channel of trade%cultural e=chan"e
@. The Sinification of Korean 7lite Culture
1. ristocrats
a. studied in Chinese schools 3 some too* tests
1. #ut famil) connections still more important than test scores
#. artistic pursuits%entertainment
c. favor (uddhism over Confucianism
'. rt
a. rt$or*%monastic desi"ns reproduced Chinese (uddhist $or*
#. +utdid teachers for potter)
1. porcelain% #lac* stone$are
7. Civilization for the >e$
1. 7lite attracted to lu=ur) "oods
a. fanc) clothes
#. special teas
c. scrolls
d. art$or*
'. Korea e=ported ra$ materials
a. forest products and copper
3. (eneath elite class
a. purpose servicin" elites
#. "overnment $or*ers
c. commoners
d. nearBslaves 3 Jlo$ #ornK 3 li*e mean people
>. Kor)o Collapse, @)nastic 2ene$al
1. fter common people tired of #ein" repressed
'. Li d)nast) esta#lished 13A' 3 ruled until 1A1G
a. 2estored aristocratic dominance
V. (et$een China and Southeast sia: The 8a*in" of Vietnam
. Introduction
1. Vietnam 3 riceB"ro$in" area
'. Viets not as acceptin" of Chinese influence
a. farther a$a)
#. resilient culture
c. seen as distinct people 3 fear of losin" identit)
3. lread) received #enefits from China
a. technolo")
#. mar*et for their ivor), tortoise shells, pearls, peacoc* feathers, aromatic
$oods, e=otic products from sea%forest
#. political or"anization
c. ideas
C. Seen as Jsouthern #ar#ariansK
D. @ifferent from China
a. @ifferent lan"ua"e
#. Villa"e autonom)
c. favored nuclear famil) over e=tended famil)
d. never developed clan net$or*s
e. $omen have "reater freedom%influence
f. $omen $ear lon" s*irts%not lon" pants
". deli"hted in coc*fi"htin"
h. che$ed #etel nut
i. #lac*ened teeth
(. Con.uest and Sinification
1. 111 (C7 4an d)nast) con.uers Vietnam 3 elite realized the) could #enefit
a. attended Chinese schools
#. too* e=ams for administration
c. croppin" techni.ues and irri"ation
d. militar) or"anization "ave them an ed"e over nei"h#ors
e. e=tended famil) model to e=tended famil) 3 venerated ancestors
'. 2oots of 2esistance
a. 7lites li*e, #ut peasants anno)ed
#. Chinese didn0t li*e local customs 3 dis"usted%loo*ed do$n
c. 1easants rallied $hen lords $anted to fi"ht
1. Trun" sisters led 3A C7 revolt
a. &omen had a lot to lose $ith Confucian ideas
3. &innin" Independence and Continuin" Chinese Influence
a. Can0t control
1. ?reater distance
'. 8ountain #arriers
3. Small num#er of Chinese actuall) moved to Vietnam
C. Vietnamese too* advanta"e of political turmoil in China
D. () A3A $on independence
#. >uture leaders #orro$ed from Chinese ideas
1. Chinese palaces
'. dministration
a. Secratriats
#. 8inistries
c. Civil Service 7=ams
d. (ureau of Censors 3 "raft%corruption
c. (ut/scholar "entr) never arises
1. local officials identif) $ith peasantr)
'. competition from $ellBeducated (uddhist mon*s
C. The Vietnamese @rive to the South
1. #le to defeat Khmer%Cham nei"h#ors 3 superior militar) forces%$eapons
@. 7=pansion and @ivision
1. !orth vs. South 3 South seen as less ener"etic, slo$er
'. !"u)en in South, Trinh in !orth 3 civil $ars
3. ;na#le to unite a"ainst forei"n threat 3 eventuall) >rench
VI. ?lo#al Connections
. Chinese or"anization suited to sedentar) cultivation
1. (orro$in" from China led to i"norin" of outside $orld
(. &ritin", #ureaucrac), reli"ious teachin"s, art spread to sia
1. Korea, direct rule #rief, #ut influence "reat
'. Japan 3 emulated China for a$hile, aristocratic class too* over
C. Imports monopolized #) $ealth) elites