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Complex Numbers

This document summarizes key concepts about complex numbers including: 1) Expressing complex numbers in modulus-argument form using polar coordinates, where the modulus is the distance from the origin and the argument is the angle in radians. 2) De Moivre's theorem, which states that for any complex number z and integer n, zn can be expressed as rnei(nθ), where r and θ are the modulus and argument of z. 3) Loci of complex numbers defined by equations and inequalities involving modulus and argument, including circles and lines on the Argand diagram.

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Jyiou Yimushi
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224 views

Complex Numbers

This document summarizes key concepts about complex numbers including: 1) Expressing complex numbers in modulus-argument form using polar coordinates, where the modulus is the distance from the origin and the argument is the angle in radians. 2) De Moivre's theorem, which states that for any complex number z and integer n, zn can be expressed as rnei(nθ), where r and θ are the modulus and argument of z. 3) Loci of complex numbers defined by equations and inequalities involving modulus and argument, including circles and lines on the Argand diagram.

Uploaded by

Jyiou Yimushi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

Chapter 4
Complex Numbers

Contents:
(a) Modulus and argument.
(b) Cartesian, Polar and exponent forms.
(c) de Moivres Theorem.
(d) Locus.


(a) Modulus and argument




For a complex number z = a + bi on an Argand diagram, let r be the distance from origin and
be the angle from real axis, then , is known as the Polar Coordinates of the point.

distance, = || =

.
angle, = arg for < .


From the diagram:

=

, =
2

=

, =
So, = + = + .
Modulus-argument form of complex number

= +
where distance, = || =


angle, = arg for < .

Note: = + can be written as = .


Example:
Write the following numbers in modulus-argument form.

(a) i (b) -2 (c) -2 + i (d) -1 i

Solution:
(a) =


(b) = 2 +
(c) = 5153.4 + 153.4
(d) = 2cos 135 + 135



Example:
Find the conjugate for =
1+2
3+
in Polar form.

Solution:




Example:
Find the values of a, b, r, if
3 + 4

= + = + .

Solution: a = -7, b = 24, r = 25, = 106.3





3

Operations on modulus and argument

Let complex numbers as s and t, then

(a) || = ||||
arg = arg + arg + 2

(b)

=
||
||

arg

= arg arg + 2
where k = -1, 0, 1 so that < .

Example:
If = 3 + and = 2 + 2 , find st and

in modulus-argument form.

Solution:
(i) 4(cos(-165 + i sin(-165)) (ii) cos105 + i sin105



Example:
If = 2

3
+

3
, = 2

4
+

4
, = 4 cos
5
6
+
5
6
, find the
following in modulus-argument form:

(i) su (ii) st
2
u

Solution: (i) 8(cos(-90) + i sin(- 90) ) (ii) 32(cos0 + i sin 0 )




(b) Cartesian, polar and exponent forms

(a) If = + , then = + .
(b) If = + , the exponent form of

is defined as

+
where |

| =

, arg

= +2 so that < .

Example:
Find the following in the form of a + bi , then show them on an Argand diagram

(a) 2

3
+

3
(b) cos(-3) + i sin(-3)

Solution: (a) 1 + 3 (b) - 0.99 - 0.14i
4

Example:
Show

= + and hence show that

+ 1 = 0.




Example:
Plot the following on an Argand diagram:

(a)

(b)



Solution: (a) -1 (b) 1.47 + 2.29i





(c) de Moivres Theorem

Polar form of complex number:
(a) = +

Note: can be written either in degrees or radians.
(b) =

( must be in radians).


For any value of n :

+ --- de Moivres Theorem



Example:
Express 1 i in the Polar form and hence evaluate 1

.

Solution: 2cos 45 + 45, -64




From de Moivres Theorem

+

(a)

=

where k = 0, 1, 2, , n 1.

In exponent form:

=


.
5

(b) When =

+2 + +2
where k = 0, 1, 2, , n 1.

Example:
Given that =
1
2
+
1
2
, evaluate

(a)

(b)

(c)

.

Solution:
(a) 0.3218 + 0.7769i , - 0.3218 - 0.7769i
(b) 0.63+ 0.63i , - 0.861+ 0.231i , 0.231- 0.861i
(c) -1.26i , 1.09 + 0.63i , -1.09 + 0.63i





Example:
Solve

+ 2 3 + 5 = 0.

Solution: 2 -3i, 1+ i





(d) Locus

A locus is the set of points that have a specified property. It can be described by a graph in the
Argand diagram or a Cartesian equation.

(i) Straight lines

Example:
Find and draw the locus z for the following:

(a) Re(z) = 4 (b) Im((1-2i)z) = 3




6

(ii) Equations and inequalities involving modulus

| | =
| | <
| | >
| |
| |

Circle

(iii) Equations and inequalities involving arguments

(a) arg =
(b) 0 < <
(c) arg <

Example:
Draw the locus z for the following:

(a) | z + 3i -1 | = 2
(b) | z + 1 | | z 6 + 3i |
(c) | z -3 + 2i | 1
(d) | z | | z + 4i |
(e) arg 1 =


(f)

arg + 1







Example:
Find the Cartesian equation of the locus of z given by | z + 1 | + | z 1| = 4.

Solution:

= 1

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