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Thermodynamics Formulae2

This document provides formulas and constants for thermodynamics and energy analysis. It covers topics including the first and second laws of thermodynamics, properties of pure substances, compressible and incompressible systems, control volume analysis, and entropy. The key equations presented include the ideal gas law, energy balance equations for closed and open systems, definitions of thermal efficiency and coefficients of performance, and equations for entropy change in various processes.

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Fwatz SZ
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127 views3 pages

Thermodynamics Formulae2

This document provides formulas and constants for thermodynamics and energy analysis. It covers topics including the first and second laws of thermodynamics, properties of pure substances, compressible and incompressible systems, control volume analysis, and entropy. The key equations presented include the ideal gas law, energy balance equations for closed and open systems, definitions of thermal efficiency and coefficients of performance, and equations for entropy change in various processes.

Uploaded by

Fwatz SZ
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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(


CONSTANTS
1 bar = 10
5
N/m
2

R=8.314 kJ / kmol .K =1545 ft.Ib/Ibmol.
o
R = 1.986
Btu/ Ibmol.
o
R (universal gas constant)
Molecular weight of air: M=28.97 kg/kmole
1 Btu=778.17 ft.Ibf = 760 mm Hg
1atm = 1.01325bar = 14.696 Ibf/in
2

g =9.806 m/s
2
=32.174 ft/s
2

T (
o
R) =1.8 T(K), T(
o
C) = T(K)-273.15
and T (
o
F) = T(
o
R)-459.67
1 J = 1N.m = 0.7375 ft.Ibf

ENERGY, ENERGY TRANSFER& GENERAL
ENERGY ANALYSI S
Mass Flow Rate:
=


Energy flow rate:

Mech Energy:


First Law of Thermodyamic


Efficiency of various devices


ENERGY, ENERGY TRANSFER& GENERAL
ENERGY ANALYSI S (CONT)

Properties of Pure Substances
Quality,
x =


I deal-Gas Equation Of State,
=
Compressibility Factor Z,
Reduced Temperature,
Reduced Pressure,
Van Der Waals,


Beattie-Bridgeman,

) ,

)

Benedict-Webb-Rubin,

+ (


FORMULA
ENERGY ANALYSI S OF CLOSED SYSTEMS
BoundaryWork,


I sobaric Process


Polytropic process


I sothermal process of an ideal gas


General energy balance




The energy balance for a closed system

where


For a constant pressure process,


Thus,


MASS & ENERGY ANALYSI S OF CONTROL
VOLUMES


Mass Flow Rate (





direction

MASS & ENERGY ANALYSI S OF CONTROL
VOLUMES (CONT)

Volume Flow rate

)

For single-stream (one inlet one exit) systems such
as nozzles, difussers, turbines compressors and
pumps:

]
For Mixing Chambers,



THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMI CS

Thermal efficiency of heat engine,



Coefficient of performance,


Carnot Heat Engine


ENTROPY

Entropy Change:
1. Pure Substances
Any process: s = s
2
s
1

Isentropic process: s
2
=s
1


2. Incompressible Substances:
Any process: s
2
s
1
= c
avg
.



Isentropic process: T
2
= T
1

3. Ideal gases
a. Constant Specific heats
Any Process:
s
2
- s
1
= c
,avg
.

+ R



s
2
- s
1
= c
p,avg
.

- R


Isentropic Process:

(

)


= (

)


= (

)


= (



b.Variable specific heats
Any Process
s
2
- s
1
= s
o
2
- s
o
1
- R


Isentropic process
s
o
2
= s
o
1
+ R

)

=

)

=



ENTROPY(CONT)

Steady flow work for reversible process
W
rev
= -



Adiabatic Efficiency (Isentropic)

T
=


=

C
=


=

N
=


=



Entropy balance

+

=






In rate form;





For general steady flow;




Net entropy transfer
by heat and mass
Entropy
generation
Change in
entropy
Rate of net entropy
transfer by heat and
mass
Rate of
Entropy
generation
Rate of
change in
entropy

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