ISSN(Online): 2320-9801

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International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer
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Vol. 2, Issue 6, June 2014

Copyright to IJ IRCCE www.ijircce.com 4758


Optimization of Receivers for UWB
Applications

T.Perarasi
1
, Dr.V.C.Ravichandran
2

1
Associate Professor, Department of Electronics & Communication, Karpaga Vinayaga college of Engineering &
Technology, Chinnakolambakkam, MadhuranthakamT.K,Tamilnadu, India-603 308.
2
Professor & Advisor, Department of Electronics & Communication, Karpaga Vinayaga college of Engineering &
Technology, Chinnakolambakkam, MadhuranthakamT.K,Tamilnadu, India-603 308.

ABSTRACT: Receiver is designed to meet the multipath channel condition to suppress narrowband interference. The
technique used is MIMO-OFDM with QAM in UWB environment. MIMO provide spatial multiplexing which allows
direct improvement of capacity by simultaneous transmission of multiple data stream. The emerging Ultra Wideband
(UWB) systemoffers a great potential for the design of high speed short-range wireless communications. UWB has
wide bandwidth but emits very less amount of energy. Hence, it does not interfere with other narrowband device
signals. This reduced narrowband interference leads to improved SINR and decreased BER. A combination of space
time frequency (STF) coding and hopping multiband OFDM modulation is also proposed to fully exploit all the
available spatial and frequency diversities, which are innate in UWB environments.

KEYWORDS: UWB, OFDM, SINR, Diversities.

I. INTRODUCTION

Ultra wideband (UWB) communication is one of the most promising technologies. The very large bandwidth in
the spectrum (from3.110.6 GHz) allows for innovative communication systems that are able to transmit data in a
very fast and an efficient manner.
Multipath interference is a problem in narrowband technology, which causes fading and wave interference is
destructive. Some UWB systems use "rake" receiver techniques to recover multipath-generated copies of the original
pulse to improve receiver performance. Other UWB systems use channel-equalization techniques to achieve better
performance. [3]
IR-UWB can be further subcategorized in Time Hopping (TH) UWB and Direct Sequence (DS) UWB.
Impulse based UWB, usually offers only one physical channel and in order to transmit maximum effect it is imperative
that this channel covers the available spectrum as completely as possible. A signal that perfectly fills the available 3.1
GHz 10.6 GHz bandwidth gives a maximumtransmission power of 0.55mW (-2.6dBm) when integration over the
FCC mask is performed. The spectrumof the transmitted signal will depend on the pulse shape of the signal and way in
which the pulses are placed in time domain. The most common pulse shapes are different variations of Gaussian pulses.
There are several types of modulation schemes that can be applied within each of the respective bands.
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is however the most common. The Multiband OFDM Alliance
(MBOA) is a worldwide organization consisting of more than 60 leading companies that support a single technical
proposal for MB-UWB. For high data rate applications, UWB would be the better solution because of its low
normalized energy consumption. The advantages of UWB systems include simplicity of implementation, high data rate,
inherent robustness to multipath fading, flexibility of operation, low power consumption and low cost of
implementation.
II.RELATED WORK

In OFDM, ISI usually refers to interference of an OFDM symbol by previous OFDM symbols. In addition to
protecting the OFDM fromISI, the guard period also provides the protection against time-offset. The advantages of
OFDM is efficiently dealt with multi-path fading, channel delay spread, enhanced channel capacity, adaptively

ISSN(Online): 2320-9801
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modifies modulation density and robustness to narrowband interference.The downsides of OFDM are complexity of
FFT for modulation and demodulation that must be compared to complexity of equalizer, synchronization and
overhead. Cyclic Extension increases the length of the symbol for no increase in capacity. Pilot Tones simplify
equalization and tracking for no increase in capacity.

2.1 MIMO
Multiple antenna techniques can be broadly classified into two categories namely diversity techniques and
spatial-multiplexing techniques. The diversity techniques intend to receive the same information-bearing signals in the
multiple antennas or to transmit themfrommultiple antennas, thereby improving the transmission reliability. A basic
idea of the diversity techniques is to convert Rayleigh fading wireless channel into more stable AWGN like channel
without any catastrophic signal fading.
In the spatial-multiplexing techniques, on the other hand, the multiple independent data streams are
simultaneously transmitted by the multiple transmit antennas, thereby achieving a higher transmission speed. When the
spatial-multiplexing techniques are used, the maximumachievable transmission speed can be the same as the capacity
of the MIMO channel; however, when the diversity techniques are used, the achievable transmission speed can be
much lower than the capacity of the MIMO channel. The N
R
N
T
MIMO SYSTEM was shown in Fig.2.1 which
consists of multiple transmitters and multiple receivers.

Fig.2.1 N
R
N
T
MIMO System

A typical multi-user communication environment in which the multiple mobile stations are served by a single
base station in the cellular system. Three out of four users are selected and allocated communication resource such as
time, frequency and spatial stream.

2.2 MIMO-OFDM CONJUNCTION
All Wireless links are affected by three common problems of speed, range and reliability. These parameters
are interlinked to each other by strict rules. Speed could be increased only by sacrificing range and reliability. Range
could be extended at the expense of speed and reliability could be improved by reducing speed and range. MIMO-
OFDM provides the 'all in one package' by providing the speed, range and reliability simultaneously.
With OFDM, a single channel within a spectrum band can be divided into multiple, smaller sub-signals that
transmit information simultaneously without interference. Because MIMO technology is able to link together many
smaller antennas to work as one, it can receive and send these OFDM multiple sub-signals in a way that allows the
bandwidth to be substantially increased to each user as required. OFDM is the technique used to mitigate the multipath
propagation problemand MIMO is used for the efficient usage of spectral bandwidth thus combining these techniques,
results in wireless systemwith best spectral coverage and reliable transmission for fading environment. MIMO caters
the spatial diversity whereas OFDM can use either FDD or TDD multiplex technique. In the spatial domain, MIMO
provide greater capacity. The modulation method in OFDM simplifies the equalization process by eliminating the inter
symbol interference (ISI).
With the combination of MIMO and OFDM, greater channel capacities could be achieved and realized with
robustness to channel impairments like ISI through cyclic prefix (CP) and multipath fading through adaptive bit
loading. OFDM generates slow time varying channel streams and MIMO has capacity of transmitting the signals over

ISSN(Online): 2320-9801
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multiple channels by use of an array of antennas. Thus the combinations are greatly affected by FDM while MIMO can
generate extremely beneficial results. OFDM signals by the presence of objects, while on the other hand the MIMO
takes its advantage frommultipath propagation.

2.3 RAKE RECEIVER
A rake receiver is a radio receiver designed to counter the effects of multipath that is, several correlators are
assigned to a different multiple component. Each finger independently decodes a multipath component; at a later stage
fading. It does this by using several "sub-receivers" called fingers, that the contribution of all fingers are combined in
order to make the most use of the different transmission characteristics of each transmission path. This could very well
result with better signal to noise ratio (or E
b
/N
o
) in a multipath environment than in a "clean" environment.
The multipath channel through which a radio wave transmits can be viewed as transmitting the original (LOS)
wave pulse through a number of components. These components are delayed copies of the original transmitted wave
travelling through a different echo path, each with a different magnitude and time-of-arrival at the receiver. Since each
component contains the actual information, if the magnitude and time-of arrival (phase) of each component is
computed at the receiver (through a process called channel estimation), then all the components can be added
coherently to improve the information reliability. Rake receivers are common in a wide variety of CDMA and W-
CDMA radio devices such as mobile phones and WLAN equipment.

2.4 ENERGY DETECTION RECEIVER
Energy detection receiver is a non-coherent receiver used to determine the power spectral density of signal. It
collects energy from multipath (i.e.) integrates the energy of received signal. No antipodal signaling possible and no
need for channel estimation in this receiver.

` III.EXISTING SYSTEM

Energy detection receivers for UWB impulse radio communication with binary pulse position modulation
(BPPM) are very vulnerable to narrowband interference. Therefore, transmitter and receiver optimization schemes
based on the Signal to Interference-plus-Noise-Ratio (SINR) was derived. First, SINR optimization based on full
channel knowledge is presented. The location knowledge is then incorporated by means of a statistical channel model.
Performance evaluation based on a simple channel model is used to give insight about the fundamental behavior of the
derived optimization schemes. Location knowledge can improve the data transmission and helps to successfully
suppress narrowband interference.[1]

3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF SYSTEM MODEL
The block diagramof systemmodel is shown in Fig.2.1. The transmitter uses BPPM, i.e.

b(t) =
n
(t-a
n
T
ppm
-nT
symb
) (3.1)

For transmission of symbols a
n
=0, a pulse p (t) is sent in the first time slot and for a 1, it is sent in the second
time slot. The length of the time slot T
ppm
is half the symbol duration T
symb
. The polarity c
n
of the pulses is chosen
randomly to avoid discrete spectral lines in the spectrumof the transmit signal. [4]

Fig.3.1 Block Diagramof Transmitter, Channel and Receiver

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The generalized energy detector consists of a band-pass filter of bandwidth B and center frequency f
c
, a
squaring device and the post-detection filter with impulse response g (t). Data detection is based on two samples per
symbol taken at the energy detector output. The energy in the first time slot is compared to the energy in the second
time slot. If the post-detection filter has a rectangular impulse response (sliding window integrator) then the generalized
energy detection receiver corresponds to a conventional energy detector.
In terms of detection performance, the post-detection filter can be adapted to the channel conditions and the
narrowband interference scenario. The transmission of a single symbol a
0
{0, 1}.Thermal noise plus narrowband
interference are modelled as zero-mean Gaussian randomvectors n (first time slot) and n

(second time slot). Their
covariance matrix including the band-pass filter are given by

nn
=E[nn
T
] =E [n

n
T
] =
w
+
i
(3.2)

nn
=E [nn
T
] =E [n

n
T
]
T
(3.3)


w
and
i
denotes the covariance matrix of the band-limited noise and interference respectively.
The impulse response of the post detection filter is stacked into a vector in reverse order, i.e. g=(g [N], g [N-1]
g [1])
T
. This system model is equivalent to the continuous time transceiver structure depicted in Fig.3.1 under the
following assumptions:
i. The sampling Period T
S
must fulfill at least 2B+4f
c
to account for the squaring operation.
ii. Narrowband interference is Gaussian distributed.
iii. The transmit bits are equally probable and only one pulse is transmitted per symbol with perfect
synchronization at the receiver.

3.2 SIGNAL TO INTERFERENCE AND NOISE RATIO
The signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio (SINR) is defined as
SINR=E [z
0
|a
0
=0]
2
/var [z
0
|a
0
=0]
=E [z
0
|a
0
=1]
2
/var [z
0
|a
0
=1]

(3.4)
where z
0
denotes the receiver output and expectation is with respect to noise and interference. The term
collects the desired signal contribution, i.e. the received pulse q, which is squared and convolved with the post
detection filter. All perturbing contributions are combined other terms: in the product of the signal and noise plus
interference and in the squared noise plus interference contribution of the first and second timeslot respectively. The
SINR can be written in terms of the squared signal, the mixed termand the squared noise termas follows:
SINR=
2

/
2

+
2

(3.5)
For channel realization, the following prepositions are used.
Preposition 1: SINR in terms of the transmit pulse p.
Preposition 2: SINR in terms of the post-detection filter g.
The optimization of transmitter or receiver schemes based on statistical channel knowledge i.e. the covariance
matrix of the channel impulse response to incorporate location knowledge.[5]

3.3 DISADVANTAGE OF EXISTING SYSTEM
The receiver is vulnerable to narrowband interference and BER is higher than 0.1. More complexity involves in
achieving BER and SINR with transmitter and receiver optimization scheme.

IV.PROPOSED SYSTEM

4.1 USE OF IMPULSE PULSE
Ultra wideband communications is fundamentally different fromall other communication techniques because
it employs extremely narrow RF pulses to communicate between transmitters and receivers. A continuous waveform
has well-defined signal energy in a narrow frequency band that makes it very immune to detection and interception.
Fig.4.1 represents a UWB pulse in time and frequency domains.
Low duty cycle offers a very low average transmission power in UWB systems. The average transmission
power of a UWB system is on the order of microwatts, which is a thousand times less than the transmission power of a
cell phone. However, the peak or instantaneous power of individual UWB pulses can be relatively larger too but

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because they are transmitted for only a very short time (T
on
less than 1 ns), the average power becomes considerably
lower. Consequently, UWB devices require low transmit power due to this control over the duty cycle which directly
translates to longer battery life for handheld equipment. Since frequency is inversely related to time the short-duration
UWB pulses spread their energy across a wide range of frequencies from near DC to several gigahertz (GHz) with very
low power spectral density (PSD).

Fig.4.1 UWB Pulse in Time and Frequency Domain

The wide instantaneous bandwidth results fromthe time-scaling property of theoretical Fourier transforms:
(4.1)
The notation on the left side of equation shows a signal, x(t), which is scaled in the time domain by a
factor a; the right side represents the same signal in the frequency domain, X(f), which is inversely scaled by the same
factor a.
A UWB signal can be any one of a variety of wideband signals such as Gaussian, chirp, wavelet or Hermite-
based short-duration pulses. The following equation represents a Gaussian monocycle as an example of a UWB pulse
in the time and frequency domains. The Gaussian monocycle is the first derivative of a Gaussian pulse and is given by
(4.2)


Fig.4.2 (a) The Multipath Phenomenon in Wireless links. (b)Multipaths effects on Narrowband Signals. (c)
Multipaths effects on Ultra wideband Pulses.

UWB transmission is carrier less, meaning that data is not modulated on a continuous waveform with a
specific carrier frequency, as in narrowband and wideband technologies. Carrier less transmission requires fewer RF
components than carrier based transmission. For this reason UWB transceiver architecture is significantly simpler and
thus cheaper to build. Fig.4.3 compares the block diagrams of typical narrowband and UWB transceivers. The UWB
transceiver architecture is considerably less complicated than that of the narrowband transceiver. The transmission of
low-powered pulses eliminates the need for a power amplifier (PA) in UWB transmitters. [7]
Also, because UWB transmission is carrier less, there is no need for mixers and local oscillators to translate
the carrier frequency to the required frequency band; consequently there is no need for a carrier recovery stage at the
receiver end. In general, the analog front end of a UWB transceiver is noticeably less complicated than that of a

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narrowband transceiver. This simplicity makes an all-CMOS (short for complementary metal-oxide semiconductors)
implementation of UWB transceivers possible, which translates to smaller formfactors and lower production costs.

Fig.4.3 (a) A typical Narrowband Transceiver Architecture. (b) An example of UWB Transceiver
Architecture.

V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

5.1 ANALYSIS OF RAKE RECEIVER
To initialize the following parameters to UWB environment as FFT samples=1024, CP=128, Symbol=6,
Frequency offset=0.25. FFT is a method or algorithmfor computing DFT with reduced number of calculations. Cyclic
prefix is used to maintain orthogonality and avoid bit loading. Symbol means grouping of bits. Frequency offset is a
frequency mismatch between transmitted and received signal. Data to be transmitted is generated by means of BPSK
modulation. BPSK modulation is the simplest modulation method. The carrier phase is shifted by +90 and -90 degree
depending on whether a +1 or -1 is sent. Then AWGN is added with data. The entire band is utilized with optimal
phase angle for many users. The equalizer estimation gives reduced timing offset and optimized phase angle. The
estimation of timing offset and spectrumof transmit pulse with statistical channel knowledge is shown in Fig.5.1.

Fig.5.1 Estimation of Timing Offset and Spectrumof Transmit Pulse fromDifferent Optimization methods with
Statistical channel Knowledge

To analyze the rake receiver performance the number of bits considered is 10
^6
. MIMO concept is introduced
with 2 transmitters and 2 receivers. In transmitter side, 0s and 1s are generated with equal probability and Binary
phase shift key (BPSK) modulation is used which converts the 0s into -1 and 1s into 0s respectively. Kronecker is an
arbitrary matrix interleaver (i.e.) it converts sequence of bits into matrix. The kronecker product is used to maintain
modulated bits in matrix form. Rake receiver retrieves the data bit again frommatrix form.

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In UWB environment the rake receiver can use more bits than other technology. Channels such as Rayleigh
and white Gaussian noise are used. Data is sent via multipath where addition of noise takes place in channel. Receiver
has hard decision coding. The obtained Output has SNR of 25dB but BER greater than 0.1 which is shown in Fig.5.2.

Fig.5.2 BER vs. SNR with 2 Transmitters and 2 Receivers UWB OFDM
According to MIMO concept, the data is sent via 2 transmitters and 2 receivers, SNR is high in all the cases.
But BER decreases when data transmitted via second transmitter and second receiver. Fromthe graph the best value for
both SNR and BER is the path of data transmission via first transmitter and second receiver.

5.2 INTERFERENCE CORRECTION
Interference calculation takes place by declaring parameters such as number of sub-carriers=256, CP=16, FFT
size=256, interference to be at the added range of 0 to 0.2 with incremental level of 0.05. Number of users is 5000.
Data to be transmitted is generated and QPSK modulation is used. The modulated data is added with additive white
Gaussian noise and Doppler interference.
Doppler interference is similar to frequency mismatch. To avoid frequency mismatch between transmitter and
receiver Doppler interference is introduced. Energy detection receiver is used which gives BER of less variation within
the range of 0.1. The above process is known as UWB MIMO. The BER vs. SNR interference correction graph is
shown in Fig.5.3.


Fig.5.3 BER vs. SNR with Interference Correction

5.3 ANALYSIS OF ENERGY DETECTION RECEIVER
To declare parameters such as number of antennas=4, number of subcarriers=52, block size=200, =2^8, IFFT
samples=256, number of transmitter=2 and number of receiver=2. Transmission of data with QAM modulation scheme
and demodulating the same data with demodulation QAM scheme. Normalization of error components has to be done

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to reduce error. Normalization means minimizing heavy data amplitude. The received output has achieved SINR
greater than 50dB and BER less than 0.1 which is shown in Fig.5.4.


Fig.5.4 BER vs. SNR for Energy Detection Receiver

Fromthe graph, it can be inferred that the energy detection receiver, no interference condition and SINR
increase case has same SINR value of 52dB.

VI.CONCLUSION

Energy detection receiver achieves SINR of 52 dB and BER of 0.07 dB using QAM-16 scheme. A hopping
multiband OFDM modulation fully exploits all of the available spatial and frequency diversities. Further BER can be
reduced by the use of QAM-64. But this modulation scheme has constraint in UWB-MIMO system. It has to be
overcome to obtain higher SINR value.UWB is applicable with high data rate.UWB with MIMO-OFDM is suggested
as the best technology to provide with high speed, data rate and reduced BER. Energy detection and Rake receiver are
suggested as the best receiver for UWB applications. This paper better explain the suitable interference reduction
scheme for UWB.

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