THE

HUMIDITY/MOISTURE

HANDBOOK
2

Table of Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................... 3
Relative Humidity............................................................................................................... 3
Partial Pressure.................................................................................................................... 4
Saturation Pressure (Ps) ...................................................................................................... 5
Other Absolute Moisture Scales ......................................................................................... 8
% Moisture by Volume (%M
V
) ...................................................................................... 8
Grams Per Cubic Meter .................................................................................................. 9
Humidity Ratio................................................................................................................ 9
Specific Humidity......................................................................................................... 10
Dew Point...................................................................................................................... 10
Comparison of Absolute Moisture Scales......................................................................... 12
Relative Humidity (RH)................................................................................................ 13
% Moisture by Volume (M
V
)........................................................................................ 13
Humidity Ratio (W) ...................................................................................................... 13
Dew Point Temperature (td) ......................................................................................... 13
Table 1 Moisture/Humidity Scales ................................................................................ 14




Table of Figures

Figure 1 Maximum Possible Moisture Level By Temperatur ......................................... 4
Figure 2 Saturation Pressure of Water Vapor .................................................................. 5
Figure 3 Maximum Possible Relative Humidity At Atmospheric Temperature ............. 6
Figure 4 Dew Point Temperature For Low Moisture Concentrations ........................... 11
Figure 5 Dew Point Temperatures For Medium to High Moisture Concentrations ...... 11












Copyright 1999 - 2011 Machine Applications Corporation
All Rights Reserved
3
Introduction

Through the years we at Machine Applications Corporation have had the
opportunity to discuss many different humidity/moisture measurement and control
applications with a large number of users and potential users of measurement
equipment. We find that very few have a firm understanding of this somewhat
specialized field of engineering.

The confusion that exists is probably due to the following:

One, words like humidity, moisture, vapor, dew point, steam, fog, condensation,
etc. are used in everyday speech even though their meanings are understood in the
most general way. These same words when use by a scientist or an engineer have
very specific meanings which are misinterpreted by someone who does not use
them in their scientific sense regularly. An example would be the following
sentences. The water is boiling. I can see steam coming out of the pot. Those
who work with steam know that it is invisible and that the cloud that is seen above
the pot of boiling water is actually water droplets that form as the steam cools and
condenses as it mixes with the air above the pot.

Two, there are many different ways to represent the amount of moisture that is
dissolved in the air or other atmosphere. Relative humidity, specific humidity,
humidity ratio, dew point, percent by volume, and grams per cubic meter are all
used to express a measure of the amount of water vapor that is mixed with other
gases.


Relative Humidity

Relative humidity is familiar to most of us because of its everyday usage with
regard to the weather. Relative humidity is usually abbreviated RH and is
expressed as a percentage between zero and 100%. RH indicates the amount of
moisture in the air as a percentage of the maximum amount the air can hold
(below 212F). Unfortunately the amount of moisture the air can hold depends on
the temperature of the air. The following graph shows the maximum percentage of
water vapor that the air can hold at a given temperature.
4

Figure 1



The graph shows that the higher the temperature (up to 212F) the higher the
amount of water vapor the air can hold. At 212F and above it is possible for the
air to be totally water vapor (steam) and the % moisture by volume can reach
100%.
Before we give the technical definition of RH we must explain the terms that
will be used in the definition.

Partial Pressure

Lets take an empty jar and screw the lid on tight. The air in the jar is the same
air that is in the room outside of the jar. To make things simple assume that the air
is 20% oxygen and 80% nitrogen.
The pressure inside the jar is the same as the atmospheric pressure outside the
jar which is about 14.7 PSI. The pressure inside the jar is caused by the oxygen O
2

molecules and the nitrogen N
2
molecules bouncing around hitting the sides of the
jar. If we could remove the oxygen from the jar there would be fewer molecules to
collide with the jar. The pressure would be less and would be due totally to the
nitrogen molecules. The pressure exerted by the nitrogen molecules alone would
be 80% of 14.7 PSI which is 11.76 PSI. If we left the oxygen in the jar and
removed the nitrogen, the pressure would be 20% of 14.7 PSI which is 2.94 PSI.
5
The partial pressure of a gas is the part of the total pressure that is exerted by
that gas alone.

P
O
= Partial pressure of oxygen = 2.94 PSI
P
N
= Partial pressure of nitrogen = 11.76 PSI
P
T
= Total Pressure = P
O
+ P
N
= 14.7 PSI

If we took our jar up a mountain to 10,000 ft. above sea level and then sealed
it, the total pressure would only be 10.1 PSI.

P
O
= 2.02 PSI, P
N
= 8.08 PSI, P
T
= 10.1 PSI

Saturation Pressure (Ps)

The saturation pressure of water vapor is the partial pressure of water vapor
at 100% humidity. 100% humidity is the point where liquid water and water vapor
are in equilibrium, which means the water is evaporating into vapor and the vapor
is condensing into liquid. Since water boils at 212F at atmospheric pressure, the
pressure Ps must go above atmospheric pressure when the temperature goes above
212F. To maintain 100% humidity at 250F would require a pressure near 30 PSI
or two times atmospheric pressure.

Figure 2 shows the saturation pressure for water vs. temperature from 50F to
550F.

Figure 2
6


As we shall see this rapid increase in saturation pressure above 212F is why it is
impossible to reach 100% RH at atmospheric pressure above 212F. The physics
definition of RH is expressed by the following equation:

%RH = Pw/Ps x 100

Pw is the partial pressure of water vapor in the air and Ps is the saturation pressure.
Above 212F Pw is equal to the atmospheric pressure when the moisture level is 100%,
but Ps, the saturation pressure, increases rapidly with temperature. The graph in Figure 3
shows the maximum RH vs. temperature. Note that below 212F it is possible to achieve
100% RH even though the % moisture in the air by volume is less than 100% (as shown
on the graph in Figure 1). Above 212F the maximum RH is less than 100% even when
the atmosphere is 100% water vapor (100% moisture by
volume).

Figure 3



At 400F the maximum possible RH is 5.9%. At 700F the maximum
possible RH is .48%.
Although there are instruments available to measure RH up to 400F, it can be
seen from the graphs of Figure 1 and Figure 3 that the relative humidity is a
7
useless and even misleading scale for indicating moisture level above 212F. An
instrument that could measure relative humidity with an
1% accuracy at 400F would give us a measure of the % moisture by volume to
an accuracy of 1 part in 5.9 or 17%.
The relative humidity scale gives us some surprising results at ordinary room
temperature as well. Let us assume that the room we are in is at a temperature of
60 and the relative humidity is 50%. The % water vapor in the room at these
conditions is .87%. If we turn on our electric heater and increase the room
temperature to 75F the RH will drop to 33% even though the % moisture by
volume remains at .87%.
With this example we begin to get an idea of the difference between a relative
moisture scale and an absolute moisture scale. The relative humidity changes
when the temperature changes, but the % water vapor by volume does not change
with temperature. It changes only when water vapor is added or removed from the
atmosphere.


The atmosphere around us is composed of a mixture of gases in the following
proportions when the air is totally dry:

Nitrogen . . . . . . . . . . . 78.084%
Oxygen . . . . . . . . . . . 20.948%
Argon . . . . . . . . . . . . . .934%
Carbon Dioxide . . . . . . . . .0314%
Neon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .00182%
Methane . . . . . . . . . . . . .00015%
Hydrogen . . . . . . . . . . . .00005%
Other trace gases . . . . . . . . .000056%

Since air is seldom totally without water vapor, the above percentages change
depending on the amount of water vapor that is mixed with other gases.
As we have already stated, 50% RH @ 60F corresponds to .87% water vapor.
50% RH @ 95F corresponds to 2.8% moisture by volume, and 100% RH @ 95F
is a moisture level of 5.6% by volume.
The atmosphere inside a gas fired boiler will be very different than the
atmosphere around us. Most of the oxygen will be used up to burn the fuel. The
carbon in the fuel burns and becomes carbon dioxide and the hydrogen in the fuel
burns and becomes water vapor. If the fuel was methane and the combustion air
was totally dry (0% water vapor) the atmosphere in the boiler would be:

73% Nitrogen
18% Water vapor
9% Carbon Dioxide
8
At the high temperatures inside a boiler the relative humidity would be close
to zero even though the % moisture by volume would be 18%.
When it is raining or snowing outside the relative humidity is nearly 100%.
This is because the water vapor from the snow or water droplets will evaporate
into the air as long as the RH is less than 100%. When the outside temperature is
10F and it is snowing, the % moisture in the air is about .2%, even though the
relative humidity is near 100%. If we bring the air into our home and heat it to
72F, the relative humidity drops to 7.59%. The % water vapor is still .2% if all
we do is heat the air.

Other Absolute Moisture Scales

The previous examples have shown that % moisture by volume is an absolute
scale and does not change with temperature. There are other absolute scales as
well:

% Moisture by Volume, %M
V

Grams per Cubic Meter, g/m
3

Humidity Ratio (LB Water/LB Dry Air or g Water/g Dry Air), W
Specific Humidity (LB Water/LB Mixture or g Water/g Mixture), q
Dew Point Temperature, td

% Moisture by Volume (%M
V
)

The % Moisture by Volume can be defined in a least two ways:

%M
V
= Number of H
2
0 molecules per unit volume
Total number of molecules per unit volume

%M
V
= P
W
/P
T

P
W
= Partial pressure
due to water vapor
P
T
= Total pressure
(usually atmospheric pressure)

9
Grams Per Cubic Meter

In some countries a popular moisture measurement scale is grams of water
vapor per cubic meter. This scale is based on the density of water vapor at
standard conditions of temperature and pressure (STP). There are several different
STP values that are given by various standards organizations. In this publication
we will use the STP of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
(IUPAC). The STP of the IUPAC is 0C and 100kPa.

Pure water vapor (100% H2O by volume) can not exist at STP because 0.6%
water vapor by volume has a dew point of 0C at this pressure. Except for water
vapor, all the constituents of air can exist as a gas at STP. We will use this fact in
order to calculate a theoretical value for g/M
3
of water vapor.

The density of air at STP is given as 1275.4 g/M
3
. The density of water vapor is
62.19% the density of air. If 100% water vapor could exist at STP it would have a
density of 1275.4 times .6219 which equals 793.17 g/M
3
.

The last column on TABLE 1 is calculated using a value 7.9317 g/M
3
for each
1.0% of water vapor by volume.



Humidity Ratio


The humidity ratio is sometimes referred to as moisture content or the mixing
ratio. It is the mass of water vapor per unit mass of dry air. The humidity ratio (W)
can be calculated if the % moisture by volume (%M
V
) is known.

Humidity Ratio = W = .622 x %M
V
/(100-%M
V
)

This equation is valid only for the normal mixture of gases in the atmosphere.
When a different mixture of gases is present as is found inside a boiler flue, the
factor .622 must change. This factor is the ratio of the molecular weight of water
vapor (18.015) to the average molecular weight of the other gases (28.965 in the
case of air).

18.015/28.965 = .622

Note that the % moisture by volume scale is totally independent of the
molecular weights of the other gases in the mixture, as in a boiler or direct fired
oven.
10
Specific Humidity

Specific humidity is the ratio of the mass of water vapor to the total mass of
the mixture of water vapor and dry air. The specific humidity (q) can be calculated
if the % moisture by volume (%M
V
) is known.

Specific Humidity = q = .622 x %M
V
/[(100-%M
V
) + .622 x %M
V
]

The factor .622 is for normal air only. It must be corrected if the average
molecular weight of the gases is different than air.

Dew Point

As we have shown in previous examples, when air below 212F is cooled the
relative humidity increases. The dew point is the temperature at which the relative
humidity reaches 100%. The RH can not exceed 100%, so if we continue to cool
air it will give up moisture in the form of condensation.

This is how dew forms, why a glass of ice water gets wet on the outside, and why
condensation trails form behind aircraft at high altitudes (it is cold up there). If the
dew point temperature is below 32F, snow will form instead of rain or frost will
form instead of dew. Below 32F the dew point is sometimes called the frost point.
There is a direct correlation between the concentration of water vapor in the air
and the dew point temperature. This is also true for other gases in the air. If we
could cool the air to extremely low temperatures, carbon dioxide would condense
into CO
2
snow. By measuring the temperature at which this happens we could
determine the concentration of CO
2
in the air. The same is true of the nitrogen and
oxygen in the air. Depending on the concentration of a gas we must reach its
condensation point (dew point) to get it to condense into a liquid, or its frost point
to get it to condense into a solid form.

The boiling points of the major components of air at atmospheric pressure are:

Water Vapor H
2
O 212F
Carbon Dioxide CO
2
-108F
Oxygen O
2
-297F
Nitrogen N2 -321F

These temperatures are also the temperature at which a 100% concentration
would liquify (dew point temperature). When the concentration of a gas in mixture
is less than 100% the liquidization temperature becomes lower.
11
The point of this discussion is that there is nothing special about the way
water vapor behaves compared to other gases in the atmosphere except that the
dew point and frost point of water vapor occur at ordinary ambient temperatures.
Figure 4 gives the dew/frost point temperatures for low concentrations of
moisture in the air.

Figure 4


Figure 5 gives the dew point temperature for medium and high
concentrations of moisture in the air.

Figure 5
12
The dew point can be determined from the % moisture by volume by using a
graph of the saturation pressure (Ps) of water vapor (as in Figure 2) or a table of Ps
vs. temperature.

Example:
If the % moisture by volume is 25%, what is the dew point
temperature?

First find the partial pressure of water vapor (Pw).

At atmospheric pressure and 25% M
V
, Pw= 25% of 14.7 PSI or 3.68 PSI.
At the dew point RH = 100% so Pw must equal Ps.
Go to Figure 2 and find Ps at 3.68 PSI and read the corresponding temperature
from the graph (150F).

Dew point is not quite an absolute scale. Dew point does change with
pressure, and atmospheric pressure changes with altitude. The atmospheric
pressure in Denver, Colorado is only 12.2 PSI (5200 ft. above sea level). At sea
level water boils @ 211.9F. In Denver water boils a 203F. These two
temperatures are dew point temperatures corresponding to 100% moisture by
volume, but they are different due to change in total pressure.

Comparison of Absolute Moisture Scales

Values for five different moisture scales are tabulated in Table 1
Moisture/Humidity Scales (found on pages 14 thru 19). This table can be used to
convert from one moisture scale to another.
Table 1 can be used to convert to or from relative humidity (RH) at
temperatures below 212F.

Example 1:
If the relative humidity (RH) is 50% and the temperature is 76F, what
is the % moisture by volume (%M
V
)?

First find the temperature of 76F in the dew point column. Then look across
to the %M
V
column and find 3%. This tells us that 100% RH at 76F (dew point
temperature) is 3% moisture by volume (M
V
%). 50% RH corresponds to 50% of
3% or 1.5% M
V
.

Example 2:
If the % moisture by volume is 4% and the temperature is 107F, what
is the RH?
13
First find the temperature of 107F in the dew point column. Then look
across to the %M
V
column and find 8% moisture by volume. Since 8% is the
moisture level @ 100%RH @ 107F, 4% M
V
corresponds to 50% RH.

Each moisture scale that we have discussed is preferred by people that work
in specific disciplines.

Relative Humidity (RH)
When dealing with human comfort at normal ambient temperatures relative
humidity is the preferred scale. Weather forecasters (meteorologists) and heating,
ventilating and air conditioning engineers (HVAC) use relative humidity regularly.

% Moisture by Volume (M
V
)
This scale is the most intuitive of the absolute scales. People who work in the
areas of combustion and pollution control engineering routinely measure flue gas
constituents in % moisture by volume. Because of the linear nature of this scale it
is easy to display and easy to regulate using normal set point P.I.D. controllers.
For these reasons %M
V
is also used in the areas of food processing, product drying
and product humidifying.

Humidity Ratio (W)
This scale is preferred by people who work in the product drying process
since it can be directly used in energy calculations. This scale is also commonly
used as the vertical axis on most psychometric charts. Because this scale is very
non linear and goes thru many orders of magnitude, it is a difficult scale to display
or use in a control mode. Since it is simple to convert between scales, %M
V
is
used for display and control of the moisture level, and then converted to humidity
ratio for calculations.

Dew Point Temperature (td)
This scale is widely used by people who are concerned with the possibility
of water condensing in pipes carrying compressed air or other gases. Dew point is
also used by those working with sampling systems for the same reason.
Condensation in lines can be avoided by maintaining the working fluid at a
temperature well above its dew point or by drying a fluid to a dew point well
below the lowest temperature to which it will be exposed.



14
Table 1 Moisture/Humidity Scales



0.0 0 0 -460F(-273.3C) 0.00
0.1 0.000623 0.000622 -4F(-20.0C) 0.76
0.2 0.00125 0.00124 10F(-12.2C) 1.52
0.3 0.00187 0.00187 18F(-7.8C) 2.29
0.4 0.00250 0.00249 24F(-4.4C) 3.05
0.5 0.00313 0.00312 28F(-2.2C) 3.81
0.6 0.00375 0.00374 32F(0C) 4.57
0.7 0.00438 0.00437 36F(2.2C) 5.33
0.8 0.00502 0.00499 39F(3.9C) 6.10
0.9 0.00565 0.00562 42F(5.6C) 6.86
1.0 0.00628 0.00624 45F(7.2C) 7.62
2.0 0.0127 0.0125 64F(17.8C) 15.24
3.0 0.0192 0.0189 76F(24.4C) 22.86
4.0 0.0259 0.0253 85F(29.4C) 30.48
5.0 0.0327 0.0317 92F(33.3C) 38.10
6.0 0.0397 0.0382 98F(36.7C) 45.72
7.0 0.0468 0.0447 103F(39.4C) 53.33
8.0 0.0541 0.0513 107F(41.7C) 60.95
9.0 0.0615 0.0579 111F(43.9C) 68.57
10.0 0.0691 0.0646 115F(46.1C) 76.19
%Mv td
g/m
3
% Moisture By
Volume
Humidity Ratio Speific Humidity
Dew Point
Temperature
Grams Per Cubic
Meter
W
LB H
2
O
LB Dry Air
q
LB H
2
O
LB Mixture

15
Table 1 Moisture/Humidity Scales (continued)



11.0 0.0769 0.0714 118F(47.8C) 83.81
12.0 0.0848 0.0782 121F(49.4C) 91.43
13.0 0.0929 0.085 124F(51.1C) 99.05
14.0 0.101 0.0919 127F(52.8C) 106.67
15.0 0.110 0.0989 130F(54.4C) 114.29
16.0 0.118 0.106 132F(55.6C) 121.91
17.0 0.127 0.113 134F(56.7C) 129.53
18.0 0.137 0.120 136F(57.8C) 137.15
19.0 0.146 0.127 139F(59.4C) 144.77
20.0 0.155 0.135 141F(60.6C) 152.38
21.0 0.165 0.142 143F(61.7C) 160.00
22.0 0.175 0.149 144F(62.2C) 167.62
23.0 0.186 0.157 146F(63.3C) 175.24
24.0 0.196 0.164 148F(64.4C) 182.86
25.0 0.207 0.172 150F(65.6C) 190.48
26.0 0.219 0.179 151F(66.1C) 198.10
27.0 0.207 0.187 153F(67.2C) 205.72
28.0 0.242 0.195 154F(67C) 213.34
29.0 0.254 0.203 156F(68.9C) 220.96
30.0 0.267 0.210 157F(69.4C) 228.58
%Mv td
g/m
3
% Moisture By
Volume
Humidity Ratio Speific Humidity
Dew Point
Temperature
Grams Per Cubic
Meter
W
LB H
2
O
LB Dry Air
q
LB H
2
O
LB Mixture



16
Table 1 Moisture/Humidity Scales (continued)



31.0 0.279 0.218 158F(70.0C) 236.20
32.0 0.293 0.226 160F(71.1C) 243.82
33.0 0.306 0.235 161F(71.7C) 251.43
34.0 0.320 0.243 162F(72.2C) 259.05
35.0 0.335 0.251 163F(72.8C) 266.67
36.0 0.350 0.259 165F(73.9C) 274.29
37.0 0.365 0.268 166F(74.4C) 281.91
38.0 0.381 0.276 167F(75.0C) 289.53
39.0 0.398 0.285 168F(75.6C) 297.15
40.0 0.415 0.293 169F(76.1C) 304.77
41.0 0.432 0.302 170F(76.7C) 312.39
42.0 0.450 0.311 171F(77.2C) 320.01
43.0 0.469 0.319 172F(77.8C) 327.63
44.0 0.489 0.328 173F(78.3C) 335.25
45.0 0.509 0.337 174F(78.9C) 342.87
46.0 0.530 0.346 175F(79.4C) 350.48
47.0 0.552 0.355 176F(80.0C) 358.10
48.0 0.574 0.365 177F(80.6C) 365.72
49.0 0.598 0.374 178F(81.1C) 373.34
50.0 0.622 0.383 179F(81.7C) 380.96
%Mv td
g/m
3
% Moisture By
Volume
Humidity Ratio Speific Humidity
Dew Point
Temperature
Grams Per Cubic
Meter
W
LB H
2
O
LB Dry Air
q
LB H
2
O
LB Mixture

17
Table 1 Moisture/Humidity Scales (continued)



51.0 0.647 0.393 180F(82.2C) 388.58
52.0 0.674 0.403 181F(82.8C) 396.20
53.0 0.701 0.412 182F(83.3C) 403.82
54.0 0.730 0.422 182F(83.3C) 411.44
55.0 0.760 0.432 183F(83.9C) 419.06
56.0 0.792 0.442 184F(84.4C) 426.68
57.0 0.824 0.452 185F(85.0C) 434.30
58.0 0.859 0.462 186F(85.6C) 441.92
59.0 0.895 0.472 187F(86.1C) 449.53
60.0 0.933 0.483 187F(86.1C) 457.15
61.0 0.973 0.493 188F(86.7C) 464.77
62.0 1.01 0.504 189F(87.7C) 472.39
63.0 1.06 0.514 190F(87.8C) 480.01
64.0 1.11 0.525 190F(87.8C) 487.63
65.0 1.16 0.536 191F(88.3C) 495.25
66.0 1.21 0.547 192F(88.9C) 502.87
67.0 1.26 0.558 192F(88.9C) 510.49
68.0 1.32 0.569 193F(89.4C) 518.11
69.0 1.38 0.581 194F(90.0C) 525.73
70.0 1.45 0.592 194F(90.0C) 533.35
%Mv td
g/m
3
% Moisture By
Volume
Humidity Ratio Speific Humidity
Dew Point
Temperature
Grams Per Cubic
Meter
W
LB H
2
O
LB Dry Air
q
LB H
2
O
LB Mixture

18
Table 1 Moisture/Humidity Scales (continued)



71.0 1.52 0.604 195F(90.6C) 540.97
72.0 1.60 0.615 196F(91.1C) 548.58
73.0 1.68 0.627 197F(91.7C) 556.20
74.0 1.77 0.639 197F(91.7C) 563.82
75.0 1.87 0.651 198F(92.2C) 571.44
76.0 1.97 0.663 198F(92.2C) 579.06
77.0 2.08 0.676 199F(92.8C) 586.68
78.0 2.21 0.688 200F(93.3C) 594.30
79.0 2.34 0.701 200F(93.3C) 601.92
80.0 2.49 0.713 201F(93.9C) 609.54
81.0 2.65 0.726 201F(93.9C) 617.16
82.0 2.83 0.739 202F(94.4C) 624.78
83.0 3.04 0.752 203F(95.0C) 632.40
84.0 3.27 0.766 203F(95.0C) 640.02
85.0 3.52 0.779 204F(95.6C) 647.63
86.0 3.82 0.793 204F(95.6C) 655.25
87.0 4.16 0.806 205F(96.1C) 662.87
88.0 4.56 0.820 206F(96.7C) 670.49
89.0 5.03 0.830 206F(96.7C) 678.11
90.0 5.60 0.848 207F(97.2C) 685.73
%Mv td
g/m
3
% Moisture By
Volume
Humidity Ratio Speific Humidity
Dew Point
Temperature
Grams Per Cubic
Meter
W
LB H
2
O
LB Dry Air
q
LB H
2
O
LB Mixture

19
Table 1 Moisture/Humidity Scales (continued)


91.0 6.29 0.863 207F(97.2C) 693.35
92.0 7.15 0.877 208F(97.8C) 700.97
93.0 8.26 0.892 208F(97.8C) 708.59
94.0 9.74 0.907 209F(98.3C) 716.21
95.0 11.80 0.922 209F(98.3C) 723.83
96.0 14.90 0.937 210F(98.9C) 731.45
97.0 20.10 0.953 210F(98.9C) 739.07
98.0 30.50 0.968 211F(99.4C) 746.68
99.0 61.60 0.984 211F(99.4C) 754.30
100.0

1 212F(100.0C) 761.92
%Mv td
g/m
3
% Moisture By
Volume
Humidity Ratio Speific Humidity
Dew Point
Temperature
Grams Per Cubic
Meter
W
LB H
2
O
LB Dry Air
q
LB H
2
O
LB Mixture