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Pe Math Notes

The document provides an overview of Fourier series and their application to analyzing periodic waveforms that commonly appear in power electronics. It defines the Fourier series representation of a periodic waveform x(t) in terms of its DC component and cosine and sine terms. It also gives the alternate form using only cosine terms, where the coefficients are defined in terms of the original coefficients. Several useful trigonometric identities and integrals related to Fourier analysis are also listed. Finally, the document analyzes common waveforms like sine, square, and triangle waves in terms of their Fourier series representations.

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cheshankar
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
65 views

Pe Math Notes

The document provides an overview of Fourier series and their application to analyzing periodic waveforms that commonly appear in power electronics. It defines the Fourier series representation of a periodic waveform x(t) in terms of its DC component and cosine and sine terms. It also gives the alternate form using only cosine terms, where the coefficients are defined in terms of the original coefficients. Several useful trigonometric identities and integrals related to Fourier analysis are also listed. Finally, the document analyzes common waveforms like sine, square, and triangle waves in terms of their Fourier series representations.

Uploaded by

cheshankar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Fourier Series for the Periodic Waveform x(t)

x(t) = X
DC
+

n=1

a
n
cosnt +

n=1

b
n
sinnt
where
X
DC
=
1
T

0
T
x(t)dt =
1
2

0
2
x(t) d(t)
a
n
=
1


0
2
x(t) cosnt d
(
t
)
b
n
=
1


0
2
x(t) sinnt d
(
t
)
T =
2

Alternate Form for the Fourier Series


x(t) = X
DC
+

n=1

c
n
cos(nt
n
)
where
c
n
= a
n
2
+ b
n
2

n
= tan
1
bn
an
(four-quadrant arctangent)
Notes on Mathematics for Power Electronics
Roger King, Prof. EECS
1
Waveform Attributes for the Periodic Waveform x(t)
DC (average) value:
X
DC
=
1
T

0
T
x(t)dt =
1
2

0
2
x(t)d(t)
RMS value:
X
rms
=
1
T

0
T
x
2
(t) dt =
1
2

0
2
x
2
(t) d(t)
or intermsof Fourier components
X
rms
= X
DC
2
+
a
1
2
2
+
b
1
2
2
+
a
2
2
2
+
b
2
2
2
+
or
X
rms
= X
DC
2
+
c
1
2
2
+
c
2
2
2
+
Average power conveyed by the v(t)-i(t) pair:
P
AVG
=
1
T

0
T
v(t) i(t) dt =
1
2

0
2
v(t) i(t) d(t)
or intermsof theFourier components
P
AVG
= V
DC
I
DC
+
a
v,1
a
i,1
2
+
b
v,1
b
i,1
2
+
a
v,2
a
i,2
2
+
b
v,2
b
i,2
2
+
or
P
AVG
= V
DC
I
DC
+
c
v,1
c
i,1
2
cos(
v,1

i,1
) +
c
v,2
c
i,2
2
cos(
v,2

i,2
) +
Notes on Mathematics for Power Electronics
Roger King, Prof. EECS
2
Useful Trigonometric Identities
sin
(
x
)
= sin
(
x
)
= sin(x ! ) and cos
(
x
)
= cos
(
x
)
= cos(x ! )
sinx = cos
(
x

2
)
cosx = sin
(
x +

2
)
sin
(
A! B
)
= sinAcosB ! cosAsinB
cos
(
A" B
)
= cosAcosB ! sinAsinB
cosAcosB =
1
2
[
cos
(
A + B
)
+ cos
(
A B
)]
sinAsinB =
1
2
[
cos
(
A B
)
cos
(
A + B
)]
sinAcosB =
1
2
[
sin
(
A + B
)
+ sin
(
A B
)]
sinA ! sinB = 2sin
1
2
(
A ! B
)
$ cos
1
2
(
A" B
)
cosA + cosB = 2cos
1
2
(
A+ B
)
$ cos
1
2
(
A B
)
cosA cosB = 2sin
1
2
(
A+ B
)
$ sin
1
2
(
A B
)
sin2x = 2sinxcosx
cos2x = 2cos
2
x 1 = 1 2sin
2
x = cos
2
x sin
2
x
sin
x
2
= !
1
2
(
1 cosx
)
! dependsonthequadrant of
x
2
cos
x
2
= !
1
2
(
1+ cosx
)
! dependsonthequadrant of
x
2
tan
x
2
=
1cosx
sinx
=
sinx
1+cosx
= !
1cosx
1+cosx
! dependsonthequadrant of
x
2
sin
2
x =
1
2
(
1 cos2x
)
cos
2
x =
1
2
(
1 + cos2x
)
Notes on Mathematics for Power Electronics
Roger King, Prof. EECS
3
a cost + b sint = c cos(t )
where c = a
2
+ b
2
and = tan
1
[
b
a
]
Four-quadrant arc tangent (not principal value).
See example figure above; example below.
cost sint = 2 cos
(
t 225
)
)
= 2 cos
(
t + 135
)
)
(complete phasor set identity, M phases)
n=0
M1
cos
(
t n
2
M
)
=
n=0
M1
sin
(
t n
2
M
)
= 0
(the three-phase case) cos
(
t
)
+ cos
(
t
2
3
)
+ cos
(
t
4
3
)
= 0
Useful Integrals (n and m are integers)
sinx sinmx dx =
sin(nm)x
2(nm)

sin(n+m)x
2(n+m)
if n
2
! m
2
sinx cosmx dx =
cos(nm)x
2(nm)

cos(n+m)x
2(n+m)
if n
2
! m
2
cosnx cosmx dx =
sin(nm)x
2(nm)
+
sin(n+m)x
2(n+m)
if n
2
! m
2
x sin
(
ax
)
dx =
1
a
2
sinax
x
a
cosax
x cos
(
ax
)
dx =
1
a
2
cosax +
x
a
sinax
sin
2
nx dx =
x
2

sin2nx
4n
cos
2
nx dx =
x
2
+
sin2nx
4n
sinnx cosnx dx =
cos2nx
4n
Notes on Mathematics for Power Electronics
Roger King, Prof. EECS
4
Useful Definite Integrals (n and m are integers)

0
2
sinnx sinmx dx =
0
2
sinnx cosmx dx =
0
2
cosnx cosmx dx = 0 if n
2
! m
2

sin
2
nx dx =
0

cos
2
nx dx =

2
for n ! 0

0
2
sin
2
nx dx =
0
2
cos
2
nx dx = for n ! 0

0
2
sin
2
nx dx =
0
2
cos
2
nx dx = for n ! 0
Notes on Mathematics for Power Electronics
Roger King, Prof. EECS
5
Attributes of Common Waveforms
A. Sine Wave x(t)
average value X
dc
= 0
rms value X
rms
=
X
P
2
Fourier series x(t) = X
P
sint
B. Half-Wave Rectified Sine Wave x(t)
average value X
dc
=
X
P

rms value X
rms
=
X
P
2
Fourier series x(t) =
X
P

+
X
P
2
sint
2X
P


n=2

cosnt
(n+1)(n1)
nevenonly
=
X
P

+
X
P
2
sint
2X
P

1
3
cos2t +
1
15
cos4t +
1
35
cos6t +
Notes on Mathematics for Power Electronics
Roger King, Prof. EECS
6
C. Full-Wave Rectified Sine Wave x(t)
average value X
dc
=
2X
P

rms value X
rms
=
X
P
2
Fourier series
x(t) =
2X
P


4X
P

n=2

cosnt
(n+1)(n1)
nevenonly
=
2X
P


4X
P

1
3
cos2t +
1
15
cos4t +
1
35
cos6t +
D. Two-Pulse Controlled Rectifier Waveform x(t)
average value X
dc
=
2X
P

cos
rms value X
rms
=
X
P
2
Fourier series
x(t) =
2X
P

cos +
2X
P


p=1

cosp
cos[2pt + (2p+1)]
2p + 1

cos[2pt + (2p1)]
2p 1
or x(t) =
2X
P

cos +
2X
P

p=1

c
2p
cos
(
2pt +
2p
)
where c
2p
=
1
(2p+1)
2

2cos2
(2p+1)(2p1)
+
1
(2p1)
2
Notes on Mathematics for Power Electronics
Roger King, Prof. EECS
7
E. Three-Pulse Controlled Rectifier Waveform x(t)
average value X
dc
=
3 3 X
P
2
cos
rms value X
rms
=
3 3 X
P
2
2
2
27
+

6 3
cos2
Fourier series x(t) =
3 3 X
P
2
cos +
3 3 X
P
2

p=1

cosp
cos[3pt + (3p+1)]
3p + 1

cos[3pt + (3p1)]
3p 1
or x(t) =
3 3 X
P
2
cos +
3 3 X
P
2

p=1

c
3p
cos
(
3pt +
3p
)
where c
3p
=
1
(3p+1)
2

2cos2
(3p+1)(3p1)
+
1
(3p1)
2
Notes on Mathematics for Power Electronics
Roger King, Prof. EECS
8
F. Six-Pulse Controlled Rectifier Waveform x(t)
average value X
dc
=
3X
P

cos
rms value X
rms
=
3X
P


2
18
+

4 3
cos2
Fourier series x(t) =
3X
P

cos +
3X
P


p=1

cos[6pt + (6p+1)]
6p + 1

cos[6pt + (6p1)]
6p 1
or x(t) =
3X
P

cos +
3X
P

p=1

c
6p
cos
(
6pt +
6p
)
where c
6p
=
1
(6p+1)
2

2cos2
(6p+1)(6p1)
+
1
(6p1)
2
Notes on Mathematics for Power Electronics
Roger King, Prof. EECS
9
G. Square Wave x(t)
average value X
dc
= 0
rms value X
rms
= X
P
Fourier series
x(t) = 0 +
4X
P

n=1
sin n

2
n
cosnt for noddonly
=
4X
P

cost
1
3
cos3t +
1
5
cos5t
1
7
cos7t +
H. Triangle Wave x(t)
average value X
dc
= 0
rms value X
rms
=
X
P
3
Fourier series x
(
t
)
= 0 +
8X
P

2

n=1
sin n

2
n
2
cosnt for noddonly
=
8X
P

2
cost
1
9
cos3t +
1
25
cos5t
1
49
cos7t +
Notes on Mathematics for Power Electronics
Roger King, Prof. EECS
10
I. Pulse Waveform x(t) (D is the duty factor)
average value X
dc
= D X
P
rms value X
rms
= D X
P
Fourier series
x
(
t
)
= DX
P
+
2X
P


n=1

(
sinnD
n
)
cosnt for all n
= DX
P
+
2X
P

sinD $ cost +
sin2D
2
$ cos2t +
sin3D
3
$ cos3t +
J . General Sawtooth Ramp Waveform x(t) (D is the duty factor of the rising slope)
The sweep waveform is either of two special cases: D =1, illustrated below, or D =0, not
shown.
Notes on Mathematics for Power Electronics
Roger King, Prof. EECS
11
average value X
dc
= 0
rms value X
rms
=
X
P
3
Fourier series x
(
t
)
=
n=1

b
n
sinnt for all n
where
b
n
=
2X
P
n
2

2
sin(nD)
D(1D)
andfor thetwospecial cases:
b
n
=
2X
P
n
for D = 0
b
n
=
2X
P
n
cosn for D = 1
rev. April 2009
Notes on Mathematics for Power Electronics
Roger King, Prof. EECS
12

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