UniKl BMI TOPIC 2: BOOLEAN ALGEBRA & LOGIC SIMPLIFICATION

1.0 BOOLEAN ALGEBRA

Boolean Algebra is !e "a!e"ai#al a$$roa#! %or &igial logi#'
T!e %ollo(ing is !e basi# o$eraions) la(s an& r*le !a a$$lie& in simplifying the
Boolean expression(s)'
AND OPERATION OR OPERATION
A'+ , + A + + , A
A'- , A A + - , -
A A ' , A A A + , A
A A ' , + A A + , -
COMMUTATIVE LAW ASSOCIATIVE LAW
A . B, B . A A / B C0 , /A B0 C
A ' B , B ' A A . / B . C0 , / A . B0 . C
DISTRIBUTIVE LAW ABSORPTION RULES
A / B . C0 , AB . AC A . AB , A
A . / B C 0 , /A . B0 /A . C0 A / A . B0 , A
A AB + , A . B
EXAMPLES
-' Si"$li%1 !e Boolean e2$ression 3 , AB4 AB4 +
3 , AB4 AB4 +
-
, AB 4 4 / 0 +
, AB'-
, AB
2' Si"$li%1 F , ABC4 ABC4 ABC4 ABC4 + + +
4igial Ele#roni#s 5 BE4-2-+6
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UniKl BMI TOPIC 2: BOOLEAN ALGEBRA & LOGIC SIMPLIFICATION
F , ABC4 ABC4 ABC4 ABC4 + + +
, BC4 A A BC4 A A / 0 / 0 + + +
, BC4 BC4 +
, BC 4 4 / 0 + , BC
* Purpose of s!p"f#$%o& $re %o re'u#e %(e #os%) *u'+e% .e !&!,e
%(e &u!*er of +$%es use'- $&' %o s!p"f. %(e #o&s%ru#%o& of %(e #r#u%s.
Fig*re:- 7 Be%ore Si"$li%i#aion
Fig*re:2 7 A%er Si"$li%i#aion
E/er#se0
Si"$li%1 !e %ollo(ing e2$ression:
-' 8 , 0 / 0 / B A B B A AB + + +
2' F , 9:8 9:8 +
6' F , ABC ABC AC4 AC4 + + +
1.0 De MORGAN2S T3EOREMS
4igial Ele#roni#s 5 BE4-2-+6
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UniKl BMI TOPIC 2: BOOLEAN ALGEBRA & LOGIC SIMPLIFICATION
4e Morgan;s T!eore" is ano!er !eore" !a #an be a$$lie& o !e Boolean
e2$ression in or&er o si"$li%1 !e e2$ression'
T!e a&<anage %or !is !eore" is o i"$le"en !e *ni<ersal logi# gaes /NAN4 or
NOR gaes0 in logi# &esign= #ir#*i/s0'
4e Morgan;s T!eore" #onsiss o% :
1. B A B A ' = +
#an be &e%ine& as !e #o"$le"en o% a s*" e>*als o !e $ro&*# o%
!eir #o"$le"ens'
1. A B A B ' = +
#a" be &e%ine& as !e #o"$le"en o% a $ro&*# e>*als o !e s*" o%
!eir #o"$le"ens'
To i"$le"en or a$$l1 !e 4e Morgan;s T!eore" !e ?e1 (or& o
re"e"ber is: * 4Bre$5 %(e *$r- #($&+e %(e s+&6
Proo% b1 Tr*!able
A B A B + A B A. B
+ + - - - -
+ - + - + +
- + + + - +
- - + + + +
E@UAL
Proo% b1 Tr*!able A B A B ' = +
A B A B ' A B A B +
+ + - - - -
+ - - - + -
- + - + - -
- - + + + +
A$$li#aion
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UniKl BMI TOPIC 2: BOOLEAN ALGEBRA & LOGIC SIMPLIFICATION
E@UAL TO
Fro" !e abo<e) (e #an see !a !ere are (o (a1s o% re$resening a logi#al
%*n#ion) (!i#! one is *se& &e$en&s on (!i#! one is !e $#%7e o*$* sae'
E8ERCISE :
-'4e"organise F , ( )( ) ( ) D B C A + +
2' Si"$li%1 !e Boolean e2$ression A , ( ) Q T S R +
8.0 UNIVERSALIT9 O: NAND GATES AND NOR GATES
4igial Ele#roni#s 5 BE4-2-+6
B
B A Y + = B A Y ' =
AB Y =
B A Y + =
E@UAL TO
UniKl BMI TOPIC 2: BOOLEAN ALGEBRA & LOGIC SIMPLIFICATION
I is $ossible o i"$le"en an1 logi# e2$ression *sing onl1 NAN4 gaes or NOR
gaes an& no o!er 1$e o% gae'
E/$!p"e0
4igial Ele#roni#s 5 BE4-2-+6
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UniKl BMI TOPIC 2: BOOLEAN ALGEBRA & LOGIC SIMPLIFICATION
4ra( !e logi# #ir#*i !a sais%ies !e e2$ression F= AB + CD . Redraw the
circit *sing onl1 NAN4 gaes'
;.0 STANDARD :ORM.
4igial Ele#roni#s 5 BE4-2-+6
D
A
B
C
4
A
B
C
4
A
B
C
4
UniKl BMI TOPIC 2: BOOLEAN ALGEBRA & LOGIC SIMPLIFICATION
;.1 SUM O: PRODUCT :ORM
T!e "e!o&s o% logi# #ir#*i si"$li%i#aion an& &esign re>*ire !e logi# e2$ression
o be in a S*" o% Pro&*# %or") /SOP0'
So"e e2a"$les o% !is %or" are:
-0 C B A ABC +
20 D D C C B A AB + + + i'e (!en (o or "ore $ro&*# er"s are
s*""e& b1 Boolean a&&iion'
!ote" #n $m of %rodct expression& an in'ersion sign cannot appear o'er more than one
'aria(le.eg. ABC .
;.1 T(e S%$&'$r' Su! of Pro'u#% 4SOP6 :or!
Gi<en) !e e2$ression D C B A D B A C B A Y + + = !as a &o"ain "a&e *$ o% !e
<ariables A) B) C) an& 4'
Eo(e<er) 4 or D is "issing %ro" !e %irs er" an& C or C is "issing %ro" !e se#on&
er"'
A san&ar& SOP e2$ression is one in (!i#! all the 'aria(les in the domain appear in
each prodct term in !e e2$ression'
San&ar& SOP e2$ressions are i"$oran in #onsr*#ing r*! able an& in !e Karna*g!
"a$ si"$li%i#aion
;.1.1 Co&7er%&+ pro'u#% Ter!s %o s%$&'$r' SOP F*sing Boolean r*le / - = + A A 0G
S%ep 1
M*li$l1 ea#! non7san&ar& $ro&*# er" b1 a er" "a&e *$ o% s*" o%
"issing <ariable an& is #o"$le"en'
S%ep 1
Re$ea Se$ - *nil all res*ling $ro&*# er"s #onain all <ariables in !e
&o"ain'
E/$!p"es0 Con<er !e %ollo(ing Boolean e2$ression ino san&ar& SOP %or":
-' M , X Y X +
2' D C B A B A C B A Y + + =
;.1.1 B&$r. Represe&%$%o& of $ S%$&'$r' Pro'u#% Ter!
A san&ar& $ro&*# er" is e)al to * %or onl1 one #o"binaion o% <ariable <al*es'
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UniKl BMI TOPIC 2: BOOLEAN ALGEBRA & LOGIC SIMPLIFICATION
E2a"$le) !e $ro&*# er" D C B A is e>*al o - (!en A , +) B,-) C,+ an& 4, -'
i'e D C B A , - - ' + ' - ' + =
;.8 T(e Pro'u#% of Su!s 4POS6 :or!
:!en (o or "ore s*" er"s are "*li$lie&) !e e2$ression is a $ro&*# o% s*"'
E2a"$les: ( )( ) C B A B A + + +
( ) ( )( ) C B A C A B A + + + +
( )( ) D C B B A A + + +
Noe: a single o<erbar #onno e2en& o<er "ore !an one <ariable'
;.8.1 T(e S%$&'$r' POS :or!
A san&ar& POS e2$ression is one in (!i#! all !e <ariables in !e &o"ain a$$ear in ea#!
s*" er" in !e e2$ression'
;.8.1 Co&7er%&+ $ Su! Ter! %o S%$&'$r' POS <us&+ Boo"e$& ru"e + ' = A A =
S%ep 1
A&& o ea#! non san&ar& $ro&*# er" a er" "a&e *$ o% !e $ro&*# o% !e
"issing <ariable an& is #o"$le"en'
S%ep 1
A$$l1 4isrib*i<e La(
( ) ( ) C A B A BC A + + = +
S%ep 8
Re$ea se$ - & 2 *nil all res*ling s*" er"s #onain all <ariables in !e
&o"ain'
E2a"$le: Con<er !e %ollo(ing Boolean e2$ression ino san&ar& POS %or"'
( )( )( ) D C B A D C B C B A + + + + + + +
4igial Ele#roni#s 5 BE4-2-+6
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UniKl BMI TOPIC 2: BOOLEAN ALGEBRA & LOGIC SIMPLIFICATION
;.8.8 B&$r. Represe&%$%o& of $ S%$&'$r' Su! Ter!
A San&ar& S*" Ter" is e)al to + %or onl1 one #o"binaion o% <ariable <al*es'
E2a"$le) !e s*" er" D C B A + + + is + (!en A,+) B,-) C, + an& 4 ,-
i'e D C B A + + + , - + - + + + + , +'
;.; Co&7er%&+ S%$&'$r' SOP %o S%$&'$r' POS
T!e %ollo(ing se$s are a?en:
S%ep 1
E<al*ae ea#! $ro&*# er" in !e SOP e2$ression'
S%ep 1
4eer"ine all !e $ro&*# er"s) (!i#! are no in#l*&e& in !e e<al*aion
in Se$ -
S%ep 8
:rie !e e>*i<alen s*" er" %or ea#! binar1 n*"ber %ro" Se$ 2 an&
e2$ress in POS %or"'
E/$!p"e0 Con<er !e %ollo(ing SOP e2$ression o an e>*i<alen POS e2$ression
ABC C B A BC A C B A C B A + + + +
So"u%o&0
Se$ -: T!e e<al*aion is as %ollo(s:
+++ . +-+ . +-- .-+- . ---
Se$ 2: Sin#e !ere are !ree /60 in$*s <ariables) !*s !ere are oal eig! /I0
$ossible in$*s #o"binaions' Sin#e SOP e2$ression #onains %i<e /C0 o%
!ese #o"binaions) so POS "*s #onain !e o!er !ree /60 (!i#! are
++-) -++ an& --+'
Se$ 6: T!e e>*i<alen POS e2$ression is
( )( )( ) C B A C B A C B A + + + + + +
Re7e> ?ues%o&s0
-' I&eni%1 ea#! o% !e %ollo(ing e2$ression as SOP) san&ar& SOP) POS or san&ar&
POS'
a0' D C A BD A AB + + b0' ( )( ) C B A C B A + + + +
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UniKl BMI TOPIC 2: BOOLEAN ALGEBRA & LOGIC SIMPLIFICATION
#0' C AB BC A + &0' ( )( ) B A C A A + +
2' Con<er ea#! SOP e2$ression in @*esion - o san&ar& %or"'
6' Con<er ea#! POS e2$ression in @*esion - o san&ar& %or"'
;.@ Co&7er%&+ SOP E/presso& %o Tru%( T$*"e :or!$%
S%ep 10 Consr*# a r*! able (i! all $ossible in$* #o"binaions'
S%ep 10 Con<er !e SOP e2$ression o is san&ar& %or"'
S%ep 80 Pla#e - in !e o*$* #ol*"n %or ea#! binar1 <al*e !a "a?es !e san&ar&
POS e2$ression an& $la#e + %or all !e re"aining binar1 <al*es'
E/$!p"e0 4e<elo$ a r*! able %or !e %ollo(ing san&ar& SOP e2$ression
ABC C B A C B A + +
So"u%o&0
In$*s O*$* Pro&*# Ter"
A B C 3
+ + + +
+ + - - C B A
+ - + +
+ - - +
- + + - C B A
- + - +
- - + +
- - - - ABC
;.A Co&7er%&+ POS E/presso& %o Tru%( T$*"e :or!$%
S%ep 10 Consr*# a r*! able (i! all $ossible in$* #o"binaions'
S%ep 10 Con<er !e POS e2$ression o is san&ar& %or"'
S%ep 80 Pla#e + in !e o*$* #ol*"n %or ea#! binar1 <al*e !a "a?es !e san&ar&
POS e2$ression an& - %or all !e re"aining binar1 <al*es'
4igial Ele#roni#s 5 BE4-2-+6
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UniKl BMI TOPIC 2: BOOLEAN ALGEBRA & LOGIC SIMPLIFICATION
E/$!p"e0 4eer"ine !e r*! able %or !e %ollo(ing san&ar& POS e2$ression
( ) ( )( )( )( ) C B A C B A C B A C B A C B A + + + + + + + + + +
So"u%o&0
T!e binar1 <al*es !a "a?e !e s*" er"s in !e e2$ression e>*al o + are
( ) C B A + +
, +++
( ) C B A + + , +-+
( ) C B A + + , +--
( ) C B A + + , -+-
( ) C B A + + , --+
For ea#! o% !ese binar1 <al*es) $la#e a + in !e o*$* #ol*"n' For ea#! o% !e re"aining
binar1 #o"binaion) $la#e a - in !e o*$* #ol*"n'
In$*s O*$* S*" Ter"
A B C 3
+ + + + ( ) C B A + +
+ + - -
+ - + + ( ) C B A + +
+ - - + ( ) C B A + +
- + + -
- + - + ( ) C B A + +
- - + + ( ) C B A + +
- - - -
@.0 BARNAUG3 MAP MET3ODS
T!e Karna*g! "a$ /K "a$0 is a gra$!i#al "e!o& *se& o si"$li%1 a logi#
e2$ression=e>*aion' Eo(e<er li"ie& o si2 <ariables'
@.1 VARIABLE
T!e K "a$ %or T:O) TEREE an& FOUR <ariables are gi<en belo('
a0 T:O <ariable' b0 TEREE <ariable'
AKB + -
4igial Ele#roni#s 5 BE4-2-+6
ABKC + -
++
+-
--
-+
--
UniKl BMI TOPIC 2: BOOLEAN ALGEBRA & LOGIC SIMPLIFICATION
+
-
#0 FOUR <ariable'
ABKC4 ++ +- -- -+
++
+-
--
-+
@.1 LOOPING
T!e e2$ression %or o*$* #an be si"$li%ie& b1 $ro$erl1 #o"bining !ose s>*ares in
!e K "a$ (!i#! #onain -s' T!e $ro#ess %or #o"bining !ese -s is #alle& loo$ing'
Loo$ing #an be "a&e %or an1 <eri#all1 or !oriLonall1 a&Ma#en -s' To$ ro(
an& boo" ro( are #onsi&ere& a&Ma#en o ea#! o!er' T!e le%"os #ol*"n
an& rig!"os #ol*"n o% s>*ares are #onsi&ere& o be a&Ma#en also'
Loo$ing Gro*$:
o o% T(o /Pairs0
o o% Fo*r /@*a&s0
o o% Eig! /o#es0
o o% ALL
o o% One /Single0
O<erla$$ing Gro*$ 5 (!en !e -s are in !e #ir#le gro*$) i is allo(e& o *se
!e sa"e - "ore !an on#e'
@.8 DON2T CARE CONDITION
So"ei"es) i &oesnN "aer (!a !e o*$* is %or a gi<en in$*' To in&i#ae !is)
!e leer X is *se in !e r*! able insea& o% a + or a -'
T!e 8s are #alle& &onN #are be#a*se !e1 #an be reae& ei!er as a +s or -s) (!i#!
e<er lea&s o a si"$ler #ir#*i'
@.1 B$r&$u+( M$p SOP M&!,$%o&
@.1.1 M$pp&+ $ S%$&'$r' SOP E/presso&
For a SOP e2$ression in san&ar& %or") a - is $la#e& on !e Karna*g! "a$ %or ea#!
PRO4UCT er" in !e e2$ression'
T!e %ollo(ing se$s s!o( !e "a$$ing $ro#ess'
S%ep 1
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UniKl BMI TOPIC 2: BOOLEAN ALGEBRA & LOGIC SIMPLIFICATION
4eer"ine !e binar1 <al*e o% ea#! PRO4UCT er" in !e san&ar& SOP
e2$ression'
S%ep 1
As ea#! PRO4UCT er" is e<al*ae&) $la#e a - on !e Karna*g! "a$ in !e
#orres$on&ing #ell' :!en (or?ing (i! SOP e2$ressions) !e +s are le% o%%'
E/$!p"e o% "a$$ing a san&ar& SOP e2$ression
X VW X W V +
+++ . --+
9:K8 + -
++ + +
+- + +
-- - +
-+ - +
@.1.1 B$r&$u+( M$p S!p"f#$%o& of SOP E/presso&
E/$!p"e0 Use Karna*g! "a$ o "ini"iLe !e %ollo(ing san&ar& SOP e2$ression'
3 , X VW X W V +
9:=8 + -
++ + +
+- + +
-- - +
-+ - +
@.8 B$r&$u+( M$p POS M&!,$%o&
@.8.1 M$pp&+ $ S%$&'$r' POS E/presso&
For a POS e2$ression in san&ar& %or") a + is $la#e& on !e Karna*g! "a$ %or ea#! SUM
er" in !e e2$ression'
T!e %ollo(ing se$s s!o( !e "a$$ing $ro#ess'
S%ep 1
4igial Ele#roni#s 5 BE4-2-+6
-6
X V
X V Y =
UniKl BMI TOPIC 2: BOOLEAN ALGEBRA & LOGIC SIMPLIFICATION
4eer"ine !e binar1 <al*e o% ea#! SUM er" in !e san&ar& POS
e2$ression'
S%ep 1
As ea#! SUM er" is e<al*ae&) $la#e a + on !e Karna*g! "a$ in !e
#orres$on&ing #ell' :!en (or?ing (i! POS e2$ressions) !e -s are le% o%%'
E/$!p"e o% "a$$ing a san&ar& POS e2$ression
( ) ( )( )( )( ) C B A C B A C B A C B A C B A + + + + + + + + + +
+++ +-+ +-- -+- --+
ABKC + -
++ + -
+- + +
-- + -
-+ - +
- -
@.8.1 B$r&$u+( M$p S!p"f#$%o& of POS E/presso&
T!e r*les %or gro*$ing !e +s are !e sa"e as !ose %or gro*$ing !e -s'
E/$!p"e0 Use Karna*g! "a$ o "ini"iLe !e %ollo(ing san&ar& POS e2$ression'
3 , ( ) ( )( )( )( ) C B A C B A C B A C B A C B A + + + + + + + + + +
+++ ++- +-+ +-- --+
ABKC + -
++ + +
+- + +
-- +
-+
4igial Ele#roni#s 5 BE4-2-+6
-B
A
C B +
( ) C B A Y + =