9/13/2014

1
Lecture 1: Introduction to
Communication Systems
Dr. Mohammed Hawa
Electrical Engineering Department
University of Jordan
EE421: Communications I.
Copyright Dr. Mohammed Hawa Electrical Engineering Department, University of Jordan
A Communication System
Purpose of a communication system:
Carry information from one point to
another.
A typical communication system consists
of three main components:
Source
Channel
Destination
2
9/13/2014
2
Copyright Dr. Mohammed Hawa Electrical Engineering Department, University of Jordan
How to build it?
Three basic blocks:
Simple example:
m(t) = 5 V R 5 V
Channel: Copper Wires
3
Copyright Dr. Mohammed Hawa Electrical Engineering Department, University of Jordan
Channel Impairments
4
9/13/2014
3
Copyright Dr. Mohammed Hawa Electrical Engineering Department, University of Jordan
Channel Impairments
1. Attenuation:
5
Copyright Dr. Mohammed Hawa Electrical Engineering Department, University of Jordan
Attenuation
Attenuation can be problematic for long distance
communications (say cross-country).
6
9/13/2014
4
Copyright Dr. Mohammed Hawa Electrical Engineering Department, University of Jordan
Solutions to Attenuation
(a) Use Amplifiers:
(c) Digital signals are less susceptible to attenuation (because
of threshold detection at the receiver).
(b) Use channels with smaller attenuation levels (e.g., optical
fiber) such channels are usually more expensive.
7
Copyright Dr. Mohammed Hawa Electrical Engineering Department, University of Jordan
Fiber Cables for Long Distance
8
9/13/2014
5
Copyright Dr. Mohammed Hawa Electrical Engineering Department, University of Jordan
Channel Impairments
2. Linear Distortion:
9
Copyright Dr. Mohammed Hawa Electrical Engineering Department, University of Jordan
Linear Distortion: Cause
10
9/13/2014
6
Copyright Dr. Mohammed Hawa Electrical Engineering Department, University of Jordan
Linear Distortion depends on
channel type and channel length
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
10
4
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Signal Frequency (MHz)
A
t
t
e
n
u
a
t
i
o
n

(
d
B
)
Attenuation for different cables and lengths


Coax 30 meter
Cat 5 30 meter
Coax 300 meter
Cat 5 300 meter
11
Copyright Dr. Mohammed Hawa Electrical Engineering Department, University of Jordan
Linear Distortion (units of dB)
12
9/13/2014
7
Copyright Dr. Mohammed Hawa Electrical Engineering Department, University of Jordan
Linear Distortion: Effects
t
t
t
m(t)
t
13
Copyright Dr. Mohammed Hawa Electrical Engineering Department, University of Jordan
Linear Distortion: Effects
14
9/13/2014
8
Copyright Dr. Mohammed Hawa Electrical Engineering Department, University of Jordan
Linearly-Distorted Signals
15
Copyright Dr. Mohammed Hawa Electrical Engineering Department, University of Jordan
To Summarize:
Channel Bandwidth B
channel
:
Signal Bandwidth B
m(t)
= B:
Rule of thumb: signal bandwidth should
be less than or equal to channel
bandwidth.
16
9/13/2014
9
Copyright Dr. Mohammed Hawa Electrical Engineering Department, University of Jordan
Solutions to Linear Distortion
(a) the message should fit in the channel bandwidth
(b) Use an Equalizer
17
Copyright Dr. Mohammed Hawa Electrical Engineering Department, University of Jordan
Channel Impairments
3. Non-Linear Distortion:
18
9/13/2014
10
Copyright Dr. Mohammed Hawa Electrical Engineering Department, University of Jordan
Fourier Transform Again!
19
Copyright Dr. Mohammed Hawa Electrical Engineering Department, University of Jordan
Non-Linearly-Distorted Signals
20
9/13/2014
11
Copyright Dr. Mohammed Hawa Electrical Engineering Department, University of Jordan
Distorted signals are not desired!
Solutions to Non-Linear Distortion: Use an Equalizer.
21
Copyright Dr. Mohammed Hawa Electrical Engineering Department, University of Jordan
Channel Impairments
4. Noise:
External Sources: interference from signals
transmitted on nearby channels (crosstalk),
interference generated by contact switches,
automobile ignition radiation, fluorescent lights,
natural noise from lightning, solar radiation, etc.
22
9/13/2014
12
Copyright Dr. Mohammed Hawa Electrical Engineering Department, University of Jordan
Example External Noise: Crosstalk
23
Copyright Dr. Mohammed Hawa Electrical Engineering Department, University of Jordan
Noise
Internal Sources: thermal noise (random motion of
electrons in conductors, random diffusion and
recombination of charged carriers in electronic
devices).
24
9/13/2014
13
Copyright Dr. Mohammed Hawa Electrical Engineering Department, University of Jordan
Noisy signals are not desired!
The effects of external noise can be minimized or eliminated.
The effects of internal noise can be minimized but never
eliminated.
25
Copyright Dr. Mohammed Hawa Electrical Engineering Department, University of Jordan
Solutions for External Noise
a) Shielding or twisting.
b) A different cable
design.
c) Proper design of the
whole system.
d) Using BPF or LPF at
the receiver side.
e) Use digital
transmission.
26
9/13/2014
14
Copyright Dr. Mohammed Hawa Electrical Engineering Department, University of Jordan
Solutions for Internal Noise
a) Cooling.
b) Using BPF or LPF at
the receiver side.
c) Use digital
transmission.
27
Copyright Dr. Mohammed Hawa Electrical Engineering Department, University of Jordan
Impairments ALL Together
Attenuation + Noise:
We need new solutions: Regenrators (Digital Transmission)
28
9/13/2014
15
Copyright Dr. Mohammed Hawa Electrical Engineering Department, University of Jordan
Other Channel Impairments
5. Fading:
6. Doppler Shift:
7. Frequency-reuse interference:
8. Chromatic Dispersion:
29
Copyright Dr. Mohammed Hawa Electrical Engineering Department, University of Jordan
Shannon's Limit
C: Capacity of the channel in bits/second (bps)
B
ch
: Channel bandwidth (units of Hz)
SNR: Signal-to-Noise Ratio (unitless)
=

2
1 +
30