1

Macromolecules
copyright cmassengale
2
Organic Compounds
Compounds that contain CARBON
are called organic.

Macromolecules are large organic
molecules.
copyright cmassengale
3
Carbon (C)
Carbon has 4 electrons in outer
shell.

Carbon can form covalent bonds
with as many as 4 other atoms
(elements).

Usually with C, H, O or N.

Example: CH
4
(methane)
copyright cmassengale
4
Macromolecules
Large organic molecules.
Also called POLYMERS.
Made up of smaller building blocks
called MONOMERS.
Examples:
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
copyright cmassengale
5
Question:
How Are
Macromolecules
Formed?
copyright cmassengale
6
Answer: Dehydration Synthesis
Also called condensation reaction
Forms polymers by combining
monomers by removing water.
HO H
HO HO H H
H
2
O
copyright cmassengale
7
Question:
How are
Macromolecules
separated or
digested?
copyright cmassengale
8
Answer: Hydrolysis
Separates monomers by adding
water
HO HO H H
HO H
H
2
O
copyright cmassengale
9
Carbohydrates
copyright cmassengale
10
Carbohydrates
Small sugar molecules to large
sugar molecules.

Examples:
A. monosaccharide
B. disaccharide
C. polysaccharide
copyright cmassengale
11
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharide: one sugar unit

Examples: glucose (C
6
H
12
O
6
)
deoxyribose
ribose
Fructose
Galactose
glucose
copyright cmassengale
12
Carbohydrates
Disaccharide: two sugar unit
Examples:
Sucrose (glucose+fructose)
Lactose (glucose+galactose)
Maltose (glucose+glucose)
glucose glucose
copyright cmassengale
13
Carbohydrates
Polysaccharide: many sugar units
Examples: starch (bread, potatoes)
glycogen (beef muscle)
cellulose (lettuce, corn)
glucose glucose
glucose glucose
glucose glucose
glucose glucose
cellulose
copyright cmassengale
14
Lipids
copyright cmassengale
15
Lipids
General term for compounds which are
not soluble in water.
Lipids are soluble in hydrophobic
solvents.
Remember: stores the most energy
Examples: 1. Fats
2. Phospholipids
3. Oils
4. Waxes
5. Steroid hormones
6. Triglycerides
copyright cmassengale
16
Lipids
Six functions of lipids:
1. Long term energy storage
2. Protection against heat loss
(insulation)
3. Protection against physical shock
4. Protection against water loss
5. Chemical messengers (hormones)
6. Major component of membranes
(phospholipids)
copyright cmassengale
17
Lipids
Triglycerides:
composed of 1 glycerol and 3
fatty acids.
H

H-C----O

H-C----O

H-C----O

H
glycerol
O
C-CH
2
-CH
2
-CH
2
-CH
2
-CH
2
-CH
2
-CH
2
-CH
2
-CH
2
-CH
3

fatty acids
O
C-CH
2
-CH
2
-CH
2
-CH
2
-CH
2
-CH
2
-CH
2
-CH
2
-CH
2
-CH
3

O
C-CH
2
-CH
2
-CH
2
-CH
copyright cmassengale
18
Fatty Acids
There are two kinds of fatty acids you may see
these on food labels:
1. Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds
(bad)

2. Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds
(good)
O
C-CH
2
-CH
2
-CH
2
-CH
2
-CH
2
-CH
2
-CH
2
-CH
2
-CH
2
-CH
3

saturated
O
C-CH
2
-CH
2
-CH
2
-CH
unsaturated
copyright cmassengale
19
Proteins
copyright cmassengale
20
Proteins (Polypeptides)
Amino acids (20 different kinds of aa)
bonded together by peptide bonds
(polypeptides).

Six functions of proteins:
1. Storage: albumin (egg white)
2. Transport: hemoglobin
3. Regulatory: hormones
4. Movement: muscles
5. Structural: membranes, hair, nails
6. Enzymes: cellular reactions
copyright cmassengale
21
Proteins (Polypeptides)
Four levels of protein structure:
A. Primary Structure
B. Secondary Structure
C. Tertiary Structure
D. Quaternary Structure
copyright cmassengale
22
Primary Structure
Amino acids bonded together
by peptide bonds (straight
chains)
aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa6
Peptide Bonds
Amino Acids (aa)
copyright cmassengale
23
Secondary Structure
3-dimensional folding arrangement of a
primary structure into coils and pleats
held together by hydrogen bonds.
Two examples:
Alpha Helix
Beta Pleated Sheet
Hydrogen Bonds
copyright cmassengale
24
Tertiary Structure
Secondary structures bent and folded
into a more complex 3-D arrangement
of linked polypeptides
Bonds: H-bonds, ionic, disulfide
bridges (S-S)
Call a subunit.
Alpha Helix
Beta Pleated Sheet
copyright cmassengale
25
Quaternary Structure
Composed of 2 or more
subunits
Globular in shape
Form in Aqueous environments
Example: enzymes (hemoglobin)
subunits
copyright cmassengale
26
Nucleic
Acids
copyright cmassengale
27
Nucleic acids
Two types:
a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA-
double helix)
b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single
strand)
Nucleic acids are composed of long
chains of nucleotides linked by
dehydration synthesis.
copyright cmassengale
28
Nucleic acids
Nucleotides include:
phosphate group
pentose sugar (5-carbon)
nitrogenous bases:
adenine (A)
thymine (T) DNA only
uracil (U) RNA only
cytosine (C)
guanine (G)
copyright cmassengale
29
Nucleotide

O
O=P-O
O
Phosphate
Group
N
Nitrogenous base
(A, G, C, or T)
CH2
O
C
1
C
4
C
3
C
2
5
Sugar
(deoxyribose)
copyright cmassengale
30
DNA - double helix
P
P
P
O
O
O
1
2
3
4
5
5
3
3
5
P
P
P
O
O
O
1
2
3
4
5
5
3
5
3
G
C
T A
copyright cmassengale
31 copyright cmassengale