MARIKINA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

Marikina City
Grade/Level 1
st
Year College
Subject-
Matter
Phrase Str!tre Rles
Objectives Focus Objective: "n#erstan# the Phrase Str!tre Rles
Support Objectives
1. I#enti$y the #i%erent Phrase Str!tre Rles
2. Constr!t senten!es sing the #i%erent Phrase
Str!tre Rles
3. &ale the se o$ #i%erent 'hrase str!tre rles
throgh(
a) *es!ri+ing yorsel$
+) *es!ri+ing yor !ir!le o$ $rien#s
!) *es!ri+ing yor e,'erien!e -eeting ne. $rien#s)
REFERENCE
S
/ree-an0Larsen1 *iane an# Mr!ia0Cel!e1 Marianne) The
Gra--ar 2ook( An ESL3E/L Tea!her4s Gi#e 5
n#
E#ition)
Singa'ore( Cengage Learning Asia Pte Lt#1 56161 '') 76078)
INSTRUCTIO
NAL
MATERIALS
&isal Ai#s o$ Phrase Str!tre Rles
A!ti9ity Sheets $or Moti9ational A!ti9ity
TEACHING
AIS
Pro:e!tor
La'to'
Marker
!ROCEURE
HOO"#
The !lass .ill +e #i9i#e# into ; gro's) Ea!h gro' .ill
ask to arrange the :-+le# letters) The gro's .ill 'ost the
ans.er on the +oar#) They .ill +e 'ro9i#e# .ith so-e !les
that .ol# hel' the- $or-late i#eas $or the gi9en task)
G$%rds
Aga 2aga Kaga *aga Ega /aga Gaga Haga Iga
<aga Laga Maga
C P " H 2 R O = T
* M /
Naga Oga Paga Raga Saga Taga "ga &aga >aga
Yaga =aga
< N & E Y A L G I
S >
!RESENTATION#

It #es!ri+es the senten!e0le9el an# s+0senten!e0le9el
str!tres o$ the langage) Phrase str!tre rles 'ro9i#e s
.ith a 'arsing #e9i!e to -ake e,'li!it three i-'ortant +asi!
'ro'erties o$ senten!e gra--ar) ?<a!o+s1 1@@AB
1) S C ?s-BD S4 E
C S"2< PRE* E
The arro. -eans that S ?senten!eB is e,'an#e# ?or
re.rittenB in one o$ t.o .ays1 .hi!h is in#i!ate# +y the se
o$ the !rly +ra!kets to the right o$ the arro.)
S is e,'an#e# to in!l#e one or -ore o'tional senten!e
-o#iFers sm0 the 'arentheses in#i!ate the o'tionality o$ this
!onstitent0 an# an o+ligatory senten!e !ore1 re'resente#
here as S)
Sm ?senten!e -o#iFersB .or#s like perhaps, maybe,
yes, an# no.
n- ?s-B sy-+ol has the s'ers!ri't n .hi!h allo. s to
generate any n-+er o$ senten!e -o#iFers)
The !a'ital letters se# $or the S to the le$t o$ the arro.
an# the S to the right in#i!ate that i$ S is e,'an#e# as
?smSB1 the S shol# +e 9ie.e# as the -ain !onstitent an#
the ?smB1 .hi!h is in the lo.er !ase as the -o#iFer)
In the se!on# instan!e1 S is e,'an#e# in rle 1 as the
tra#itional s+:e!t ?S"2<B AN* 're#i!ate ?PRE*B)
5) S4 S"2< PRE*
Rle 5 si-'ly -akes e,'li!it the $a!t that S is also
e,'an#e# as s+:e!t an# 're#i!ate in those !ase .here ?s-B
2aga #aga $aga taga yaga raga Yaga iga $aga kaga aga iga
kaga $aga raga
/aga kaga ga raga yaga
!HRASE STRUCTURE
RULES
!HRASE STRUCTURE
RULES
has +een sele!te#)

THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF NOUNS !HRASES
The thir# 'hrase str!tre rle re.rites S"2< as NP ?or
Non PhraseB(
G) S"2< NP

The $orth rle re.rites NP in t.o Hite #i%erent .ays(
;) NP C ?#etBI ?APB N ?0'lB ?Pre'PB E
C 'ro E
In the se!on# instan!e1 NP !an +e re.ritten as a 'ronon(
I, you, he, she.
O'tionally1 it !an +e e,'an#e#(
As a non .ith a 'lral inJe!tions( +ooks1 !hil#ren
As a non .ith ' to three #eter-iners( all his
other -oney
As a non .ith a 're!e#ing a#:e!ti9e 'hrase( a 9ery
+le sky
As a non .ith a $ollo.ing 're'ositional 'hrase( a
-an o$ honor
The #eter-iner slot itsel$ !onsists o$ three s+!ategories(
TREE *IAGRAM
?E,a-'le senten!e( Perha's the -an .orks at
ho-eB
S
s- S4
'erha's S"2< PRE*

the -an .orks
at ho-e
The triangles n#er S"2< an# PRE* in#i!ate that
.e ha9e not yet !o-'lete# or analysis o$ these
!onstitents an# -st lti-ately a''ly
a##itional rles to !o-'lete the task)
Pre#eter-iners ?.or#s like all an# +othB
Core #eter-iners ?arti!les like a an# the1
#e-onstrati9es like this an# that1 an# 'ossessi9es like
-y an# hisB
Post#eter-iners ?HantiFers like three an# !o-'arati9e
re$eren!e ter-s like otherB
Non Phrases $n!tion in one o$ three .ays in English( as
s+:e!ts1 as o+:e!ts an# as 're#i!ate)
Rle A allo.s s to e,'an# any o'tional a#:e!ti9e 'hrase
?APB that -ay ha9e sele!te# as 'art o$ or e,'ansion o$ NP in
rle ;(
A) AP ?intensBD A*<D ?Pre'PB
The ter- intens stan#s $or the o'tional +t 'otentially
-lti'le intensiFers that !an 're!e#e an a#:e!ti9e to s'e!i$y
the #egree or e,tent to .hi!h the a#:e!ti9e a''lies)
So-eti-es the sa-e intensiFer is re'eate#1 .hi!h re$erre# to
as re#'li!ation an# so-eti-es #i%erent intensiFers are
sele!te#(
9ery1 9ery interesting ne.s really 9ery ni!e
TREE *IAGRAM
?E,a-'le senten!e( Perha's the -an .orks at
ho-eB
S
s- S4
'erha's S"2< PRE*

NP .orks at
ho-e
#et N
the -an
Let s re#ra. the e,a-'le senten!e sing
rles 5 throgh ; to see the greater s'e!iF!ity
.e !an 'ro9i#e $or the s+:e!t NP)

!lothes
intens intens A*< N intens intens A*<
N
Rle A also in#i!ates that -lti'le #es!ri'ti9e a#:e!ti9es !an
o!!r +e$ore hea# nons ?e)g) the big o! yeo" bus#

Rle K si-'ly e,'an#s 're'ositional 'hrase as 're'ositions
$ollo.e# +y non 'hrases(
K) Pre'P Pre' NP
Sin!e NP ?non 'hraseB has alrea#y +een e,'an#e# in rle
;1 .e .ol# go +a!k an# rea''ly or earlier rle $or NP
e,'ansion .hene9er .e ha9e a 're'ositional 'hrase) >ith
the a##ition o$ rle 81 .e +egin to e,'an# the PRE*
?'re#i!ateB !onstitent(
8) PRE* A"L &P ?A#9lBD
This -eans that the 're#i!ate o$ any English senten!e
o+ligatory !onsists o$ an a,iliary !onstitent ?A"LB $ollo.e#
+y a 9er+ 'hrase ?&PB) In a##ition1 any n-+er o$ o'tional
a#9er+ials -ay o!!r in senten!e0Fnal 'osition)
TREE *IAGRAM
?E,a-'le senten!e( Perha's the 9ery ol# -an .orks at
ho-eB
S
s- S4
'erha's S"2< PRE*

NP .orks at ho-e
#et AP N
intens A*<
the 9ery ol# -an
THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF A&ER'IALS
Rle 7 'ro9i#es s .ith three synta!ti! 'ossi+ilities $or ea!h
senten!e0Fnal a#9er+ial generate# +y rle 8(
7) CA#9l CLE
A#9l CA#9l P E
CPre'P E
An e,a-'le o$ ea!h str!tral 'ossi+ility $ollo.s(
A#9l CL( The +oys le$t be(%re t)eir (at)er c%uld *+d
t)e,-
A#9l P ( The +oys .ork ver. /uic0l.-
Pre'P ( The +oys eat ln!h i+ t)e cit.-
Crly +ra!kets in#i!ate that $or ea!h a#9er+ial gaenerate#1
one1 +t only one1 o$ the three !hoi!es -st +e sele!te#0 an
a#9er+ial !lase ?A#9l CLBM an
A#9er+ial 'hrase ?A#9l PBM or a 're'ositional 'hrase ?Pre'PB
An a#9er+ial !lase !an +e e,'an#e# to in!l#e an
a#9er+ial s+or#inator ?a#9 s+B $ollo.e# +y a ne. senten!e
?SB(

@) A#9l CL a#9 s+ S
TREE *IAGRAM
?E,a-'le senten!e( Perha's the +oys le$t +e$ore their
$ather !ol# Fn# the-)
S
s- S4
'erha's S"2< PRE*
NP A"L &P A#9l
#et N A#9l CL
le$t
the +oy 0'l a#9 s+ S
+e$ore S PRE*
NP A"L
&P
#et N
their $ather
!ol# Fn# the-

16) A#9l P ?intensBD A*&
This rle -eans that an a#9er+ial 'hrase !ontains an
o+ligatory a#9er+1 A*&1 o'tionally 're!e#e# +y one or -ore
intensiFers1 intens. An intensiFer o!!rs not only +e$ore
a#:e!ti9es +t also +e$ore a#9er+s)
TREE *IAGRAM
?E,a-'le senten!e( Perha's the +oys .orke# 9ery Hi!kly)
S
s- S
'erha's S"2< PRE*
NP A"L &P A#9l
#et N A#9l P
.orke#
the +oy 0'l intens A*&
9ery Hi!kly

E,a-'le senten!e( Perha's they eat ln!h in the !ity)
S
s- S
'erha's S"2< PRE*
NP A"L &P A#9l
Pro Pre'P
eat ln!h
they Pre' NP
in #et N
the !ity

!RACTICE#
*i9i#e the !lass into G gro's) "sing the #i%erent 'hrase
str!tre rles the st#ents .ill(
1( >rite a #es!ri'tion yorsel$) ?sing the rles 1 N GB
2- >rite a #es!ri'tion o$ yor !ir!le o$ $rien#s) ?sing
rles ;0K B
3- >rite yor e,'erien!es in -eeting ne. $rien#s)
?sing rles 8016B
!ROUCE#
I- Ide+ti*cati%+ 415t 67
irecti%+s# I#enti$y the .or# +est #es!ri+es in ea!h
state-ent)
ETERMINERS 1-It is the -o#iFer o$ nons)
!re5! AU8 &! 4Advl79 2- It is Phrase str!tre rles
O8)
SENTENCE MOIFIER 3- It is .or#s like 'erha's1 -ay+e
or yes an# no)
INTENSIFIER :- An a#:e!ti9e that s'e!iFes the #egree or
e,tent to .hi!h the a#:e!ti9e a''lies)
A&ER'S ;- An intensiFer o!!rs not only +e$ore
a#:e!ti9es +t also +e$ore PPPPPPPPPPPPPP)
II- Tree ia<ra,4;5ts 67
irecti%+s# C%,5%se a+d ra$ t)e Tree ia<ra,s
%( t)e (%ll%$i+< !)rase Structure Rules#
1- S C ?s-BD S4 E
C S"2< PRE* E
2- NP C ?#etBI ?APB N ?0'lB ?Pre'PB E
C 'ro E
3- PRE* A"L &P ?A#9lBD
ASSIGNMEN
T
Resear!h $or -ore Phrase Str!tre Rles) >rite in a short
+on# 'a'er) S+-it ne,t -eeting)
!re5ared b.#
*rio1 Lorena
2TTE I&0E
!re5ared (%r#
Ms) Leilani L) Es!ala#a
English Instr!tor