MARIKINA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

Marikina City
Grade/Level 1
st
Year College
Subject-
Matter
Basics o !ynta"
Objectives Focus Objective: #n$erstan$ t%e Basics o !ynta"
Support Objectives
1. I$entiy t%e Basics o !ynta"
2. Constr&ct sentences &sing t%e Basics o !ynta"
3. 'al&e t%e &se o Basics o !ynta" t%ro&g%(
a) *riting a $escri+tion o yo&r a,orite +lace
-) *riting a rien$ly letter
c) *riting &norgetta-le .o.ents
REFERENCE
S /ree.an0Larsen1 2iane an$ M&rcia0Celce1 Marianne) T%e
Gra..ar Book( An E!L3E/L Teac%er4s G&i$e 5
n$
E$ition)
!inga+ore( Cengage Learning Asia Pte Lt$1 56161 ++) 17018)
Ca-tree1 Monica an$ Po9ers1 :ay,ee) Lang&age /iles(
Materials or an Intro$&ction to Lang&age) #!A( O%io !tate
#ni,ersity Press Col&.-&s1 18811 ++)1;801<5)
INSTRUCTIO
NAL
MATERIALS
'is&al Ai$s o Basics o !ynta"
Acti,ity !%eets or Moti,ational Acti,ity
TEACHING
AIS
Pro=ector
La+to+
Marker
!ROCEURE
HOO"#
T%e class 9ill -e $i,i$e$ into > gro&+s) T%e gro&+s 9ill
s+ell0o&t t%e ans9er in eac% ?&estion &sing t%e t%ings t%at
t%ey %a,e in t%eir -ags)
@e)g) NO#N0 N@note-ookA1 #@&.-rellaA1 O@orange +encilA1
N@net-ookAA
B&estions(
1) CI %ate yo&DE) *%at is t%e +&nct&ation .ark &se$ to
e"+ress angerF Ans9er( E"cla.ation Point
5) Pat lo,es .&sic) *%at is t%e no&n in t%e sentenceF
Ans9er( Pat
G) C*%at ti.e is itFE) *%at kin$ o sentence .oo$ is &se$
in t%e sentenceF Ans9er( Interrogati,e
!RESENTATION#
$ASICS OF S%NTA&
S%NTA& is t%e st&$y o t%e str&ct&re o +%rases1 cla&ses
an$ sentences)
!HRASE is a gro&+ o 9or$s t%at &nction toget%er)
!HRASAL CATEGORIES
*or$s t%at -elong to sa.e category an$ constit&ents
.ay in,ol,e co.-inations o .ore t%an one 9or$)
C'(stitue(ts are 9or$s t%at can co.-ine 9it% ot%er
9or$s to or. se.antically co%erent gro&+ings)
/or instance1 consi$er t%e ollo9ing sentence(
@1AThe joggers ran through the park.
#+on e"a.ining t%e le"ical categories in,ol,e$1 9e see
t%at t%is constit&ent is or.e$ -y t%e co.-ination o a
$eter.iner an$ a no&n)
No9 consi$er eac% 9or$s or gro&+s -elo9) Note t%at
eac% o t%e. co&l$ -e s&-stit&te$ or t%e +%rase the joggers
in t%e sentence an$ a gra..atical sentence 9o&l$ res&lt(
@5Aa) !&san
-) !t&$ents
c) Yo&
$) Most $ogs
e) !o.e c%il$ren
) H&ge1 lo,a-le -ear
g) My rien$ ro. BraHil
%) T%e +eo+le t%at 9e inter,ie9e$
@aAAn$ @-A are single Ns1 @A is co.+ose$ o 2ET I A2: I
N1 @gA is co.+ose$ o 2ET I N I PREP I N1 an$ @%A is
$iJer ro. all o t%ese)
NOUN !HRASES )N!* is a no&n alone or a no&n +l&s
ot%er 9or$s or.sK !o.eti.es1 a single 9or$ can co&nt as an
NP all -y itsel1 -&t not al9ays)
@e)g) t%e 9or$ dog cannot -e s&-stit&te$ or t%e NP slot
@GA ( LLLLLLLL ran t%ro&g% t%e +ark)A In t%e sentence1 dog is a
N1 -&t not a NP @9%ereas ot%er no&ns in t%e +l&ral 9o&l$
co&nt as -ot% i +lace$ alone in t%e slotA
A NP can -e &se$ as t%e s&-=ect o a sentence1 as in @>AK
as $irect o-=ect1 as in @7AK as t%e in$irect o-=ect1 as in @MAK an$
in .any ot%er 9ays as 9ell)
@>A Some children like ice crea.)
@7A Harol$ likes some children.
@MA T%e teac%er ga,e some children a scol$ing t%is
.orning)
No9 consi$er t%e sentence in @;A(
@;A The mothers visited their children
Constit&ency tests $e.onstrate t%at visited their children
is constit&ent)
It is co.+ose$ o ' I NP) Note t%at t%is +artic&lar str&ct&re
$oes not s%are t%e sa.e +ro+erties o t%e str&ct&res gro&+e$
into t%e category o NP -eca&se 9e co&l$ not insert visited
their children in t%e slot in @GA) Ot%er str&ct&res co&l$ -e
s&-stit&te$ or visited their children) /or e"a.+le(
@<A a) snore$
-) lo,e .&sic
c) 9alke$ t%e $og t%ro&g% t%e +ark
$) -elie,e t%at $ogs are s.art
e) 9ante$ to lea,e
) 9ill slee+ so&n$ly
g) can lit 166 +o&n$s
%) are 9earing s&nglasses
i) go %o.e an$ %a,e a -ea&ty rest
All o t%ese can -e gro&+e$ to anot%er +%rasal category1
9%ic% is +ER$ !HRASES )+!* t%at consists o a single ' or
a ' +l&s ot%er 9or$s) /or e"a.+le( @A is ' I A2' an$ @c A is
' I NP I PP)
A 'P can -e &se$ as t%e +re$icate o a sentence N i)e) it
co.-ines 9it% a s&-=ect NP to or. a 9%ole !1 as s%o9n in
@8A(
@8A a) Pat loves .&sic)
-) Henry wanted to leave.
Anot%er +%rasal category is t%at o A,ECTI+E !HRASES
)A,!s*- s&c% as t%ose in @16A(
@16A a) s.art
-) ,ery e"+ensi,e
c) as tall as %is at%er
$) s.arter t%an t%e a,erage -ear
e) certain to 9in
note t%at eac% o t%ese co&l$ -e inserte$ into t%e syntactic
ra.e in @11A(
@11A Toli. is LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL)
A2:Ps are oten &se$ to .o$iy no&ns an$ t%&s oten
a++ear as ele.ents o no&n phrases( or instance1 a ver
e!pensive watch" anone as tall as his #ather.
A+ER$IAL !HRASES )A+!s* s&c% as t%ose in @15A are
oten &se$ to .o$iy ,er-s an$ a$=ecti,es an$ a$,er-s an$
t%&s a++ear as constit&ents o 'Ps an$ A2:Ps as in @1GA)
@15A a) so&n$ly
-) Oercely
c) as P&ently as a nati,e
$) al.ost certainly
@1GA a) s+eak /renc% as P&ently as nati,e @'PA
-) Oercely loyal @A2:PA
c) slee+ so&n$ly @'PA
Anot%er +%rasal syntactic category is t%at o
!RE!OSITIONAL !HRASES )!!s*) PP al9ays consist o a
+re+osition +l&s an NP(
@1>A a) ro. BraHil
-) 9it% Ho9ar$ an$ %is $og
c) or not%ing
$) to t%e %ea$ %onc%o
A PP can -e an constit&ent o a 9i$e range o +%rases(
@17A a) go to t%e .o,ies @'PA
-) .y rien$ ro. BraHil @NPA
c) angry 9it% Ho9ar$ an$ %is $og @A2:PA
$) se+arately ro. t%e ot%ers @A2'PA
SENTENCES )Ss* also or. a +%rasal syntactic category)
!entences are o co&rse1 oten &se$ -y t%e.sel,es(
@1MA a) It is raining)
-) I like a++le +ie)
B&t a sentence .ay also a++ear as an ele.ent o anot%er
e"+ression1 or e"a.+le1 eac% o t%e ollo9ing e"+ressions
contains a sentence(
@1;A a) t%e act t%at it is raining. @NPA
-) a st&$ent who met Susan last Thursda. @NPA

c) $isco,er t%at it is raining. @'PA
$) gla$ t%at it is raining. @A2:PA

Note t%at any e"+ression res&lting ro. t%e co.-ination
o t9o or .ore s.aller e"+ressions -y a con=&nction -elongs
to t%e sa.e category as s.aller ones $o)
CLAUSE is t%e +resence o a s&-=ect0,er- relations%i+)
I(de.e(de(t 'r Mai( Clauses cla&ses t%at can stan$
in$e+en$ently)
e.e(de(t 'r Sub'rdi(ate clause cla&ses t%at
cannot)
SENTENTIAL TERMINOLOG%
SIM!LE- COM!OUN a(d COM!LE& SENTENCES
A si.+le sentence contains at least one s&-=ect an$ one
,er- an$ can stan$ alone as an in$e+en$ent cla&se) @e)g) T%e
glass as%tray is $irty)A
T%ere are O,e -asic si.+le sentence +atterns in Englis%(
!&-=ect I ,er- T%e -&il$ing
colla+se$)
!&-=ect I ,er- I o-=ect T%ey -o&g%t a ne9
car)
!&-=ect I ,er- I in$irect o-=ect I
$irect o-=ect
!%e 9rote %i. a
letter
!&-=ect I ,er- I s&-=ect +re$icate :anet4s .y rien$
!&-=ect I 'er- I o-=ect I o-=ect
+re$icate
!%e .akes .e
%a++y
Co.+o&n$ sentence consists o t9o or .ore cla&ses o
e?&al gra..atical i.+ortance) @e)g) He 9ent to t%e +arty1
-&t I staye$ %o.e)A
Co.+le" !entence
One ty+e( contains a .ain cla&se an$ one or .ore
s&-or$inate cla&ses)
@e)g) Peggy re?&ently calls -eca&se s%e 9ants to stay in
to&c%)A
!econ$ ty+e( a $e+en$ent cla&se is e.-e$$e$ or
incl&$e$1 in an in$e+en$ent cla&se) E.-e$$e$ cla&ses can
take +lace o a s&-=ectK
That he didn$t want to go to the ballet was obvious. %&t
was obvious'
Or an o-=ect(
& argued that it would be a mistake. %& argued m
position.'
Or e,en o an a$=ecti,e(
The person who has responsible #or the accident (ed.
%The person responsible (ed.'
T%&s1 9%en 9e .o,e -eyon$ t%e si.+le or .onocla&sal
sentence1 t%ree +rocesses are at 9ork( c''rdi(ati'(1 or
=oining o t9o cla&ses o e?&al gra..atical stat&reK
sub'rdi(ati'( o one cla&se to anot%erK an$ e/beddi(01
9%en a $e+en$ent cla&se is incl&$e$ 9it%in a .ain or
in$e+en$ent cla&se)

SENTENCE consists o a !&-=ect @T%e.eA an$
Pre$icate@R%e.eA
SENTENCE MOOS
T1ree /ai( M''ds#
eclarative @in$icati,eA
I(terr'0ative
I/.erative
T2' /i('r M''ds#
E3cla/at'r4
Subju(ctive# can in$icate a s+eaker4s &ncertainty or
t%e %y+ot%eticality o t%e +ro+ositional content or .eaning o
t%e cla&seK signale$ -y t%e &se o t%e be ,er- rat%er t%an t%e
inPecte$ or. is)
&# that be so) &$ll leave now.
It can also in$icate t%at so.et%ing is contrary to act or
co&nter act&al1 %ere signale$ -y t%e &se o t%e be ,er- in its
t%ir$ +erson +l&ral +ast tense or.(
&# & were a bird) & wouldn$t eat worms.
/o&r o t%e O,e .oo$s %a,e sentence ty+e co&nter+arts1
-&t t%e s&-=&ncti,e in Englis% can -e .arke$ only -y &sing a
$iJerent or. o t%e ,er- ro. t%e or. or$inarily calle$ or)
#s&ally1 t%e s&-=&ncti,e &ses eit%er t%e &ninPecte$ -ase
or. or were)
2eclarati,e @state.ent sentence ty+eA( Toda is Tuesda.
Interrogati,e @?&estion sentence ty+eA( *hat are ou going
to wear to the part+
I.+erati,e @co..an$ sentence ty+eA( ,ass the milk)
please.
E"cla.atory @e"cla.ation sentence ty+eA( what a beauti#ul
autumn it is-
!&-=&ncti,e @%ere realiHe$ 9it% t%e were or.A( & wish &
were going with ou.
T1ree Mai( C'//u(icative Fu(cti'( '5 La(0ua0e#
@Allen an$ *i$$o9son 18;7A
Telling so.eone so.et%ing
Asking so.eone so.et%ing
Getting so.eone to $o so.et%ing

It is +ossi-le to ask so.eone to $o so.et%ing &sing any o
t%e ollo9ing t%ree ty+es1 e,en t%o&g% t%e Orst is .ore
in$irect 9ay t%an t%e ot%er t9o(
!tate.ent( & am not thirst.
B&estion( .ould ou bring something #rom the re#rigerator
#or me to drink+
Co..an$( ,lease bring me something to drink #rom the
re#rigerator.
It s%o&l$ -e .entione$ t%at t%e t%ree .ain sentence ty+es
%a,e negati,e or.s as 9ell(
Negati,e state.ent( & am not thirst.
Negati,e ?&estion( .ouldn$t ou bring me something to
drink+
Negati,e co..an$( /on$t bring me something to drink.
TREE IAGRAMS
Tree $iagra.s are one 9ay o gra+%ically re+resenting t%e
str&ct&re o a sentence)
NOES or +oints 9%ic% in$icate a constit&ent)
@1<A My .ot%er likes %er cats)
*e can $eter.ine @9it% constit&ent testA t%at t%e +%rasal
constit&ents o t%is sentence are t%e ollo9ing(
@aA .y .ot%er @NPA
@-A likes %er cats @'PA
@CA %er cats @NPA
@$A .y .ot%er likes %er cats @!A

A tree $iagra. re+resenting t%e str&ct&re o t%is sentence
looks like(
Note t%at t%e tree $iagra. re+resents .any as+ect o t%e
str&ct&re o a sentence)
/irst1 t%e linear or$er is re+resente$ -eca&se t%e 9or$s
a++ear in so.e s+eciOc or$er @in t%e a-o,e case1 t%ey are in
t%e +ro+er or$erA
!econ$1 t%e categories to 9%ic% 9or$s an$ +%rases
-elong are in$icate$) @e)g) t%e no&n mother is la-ele$ as
-eing a N1 an$ t%e +%rase m mother is la-ele$ as NP) T%e
%ierarc%ical str&ct&re is re+resente$ -y t%e lines 9%ic%
in$icate 9%ic% 9or$s or gro&+ to or. constit&ents) @e)g) t%e
line ro. t%e 2ET a-o,e her an$ t%e line ro. t%e N a-o,e
cats at a no$e to in$icate t%at t%e 2ET I N or.s a
constit&ent)
!RACTICE#
2i,i$e t%e class into G gro&+s) #sing t%e -asics o synta"
t%e st&$ents @in$i,i$&allyA 9ill(
6( *rite a $escri+tion o yo&r a,orite +lace)
S
+!

N!
N!
ET N +
ET N
M4 /'t1er li7es
1er cats
8# *rite a rien$ly letter
9# *rite yo&r &norgetta-le .o.ents
!ROUCE#
I: Ide(ti;cati'( )6.t <*
irecti'(s# I$entiy t%e 9or$ -est $escri-es in eac%
state.ent)
THEME 6: It is also kno9n as s&-=ect)
TREE IAGRAM 8: It t%e gra+%ical re+resentation o t%e
str&ct&re o 9or$s)
!HRASAL CATEGOR% 9: It is a set o constit&ents 9%ic%
-e%a,e t%e sa.e or s%are t%e sa.e &nctions an$
$istri-&tion)
+ER$ =: The mothers love music is an e"a.+le
o 9%at +%rase)
SIM!LE >: It is a kin$ o sentence 9%ic% contains at least
one s&-=ect an$ one +re$icate)
II: Tree ia0ra/)>.ts <*
irecti'(s# ra2 t1e Tree ia0ra/s '5 t1e 5'll'2i(0
Se(te(ces#
6: Henry 9ante$ to lea,e)
8) T%e =oggers ran t%ro&g% t%e +ark)

ASSIGNMEN
T
Co.+ose 7 si.+le1 co.+o&n$ an$ co.+le" sentences an$
$ra9 t%e tree $iagra. o eac% sentence)
!re.ared b4# !re.ared 5'r#
2rio1 Lorena Ms) Leilani L)
Escala$a BTTE I'0E Englis%
Instr&ctor