Annuity Derivations 4/4/2011

2004 Steven Freund 1

Derivation of Annuity and Perpetuity Formulae

A. Present Value of an Annuity (Deferred Payment or Ordinary Annuity)


We have in the shown in the lecture notes and in Compounding and Discounting that
the present value of a set of general cash flows is:


or

The cash flow diagram above shows a set of cash flows between t =1 and t =n where
each cash flow is identical. This is called an annuity. Since there is no cash flow at t =0
and the rest of the cash flows are identical, that is:

C
0

=0 and C
1
=C
2
=C
3
=.. C
n,

we can simplify a bit, and in particular, factor out the constant cash flow C:





We can also write this as follows:




The objective is to combine this set of finite terms into one compact equation. We will
make a substitution for the quantity 1/(1 +r) to simplify the notation that follows:

Let u =
r + 1
1
, then
n
Cu Cu Cu PV ........
2
+ + =



Multiply each side by u:


1 3 2
........
+
+ + + =
n n
Cu Cu Cu Cu uPV
0 2 4 3 n n 1 1
C C C C C C C

=
+
=
n
t
t
t
r
C
PV
0
) 1 (

=

+ =
n
t
t
t
r C PV
0
) 1 (
n
r
C
r
C
r
C
PV
) 1 (
.....
) 1 ( ) 1 (
2
+
+
+
+
+
=

+ =
n
t
t
r C PV
1
) 1 (
Annuity Derivations 4/4/2011
2004 Steven Freund 2


Subtract the second equation from the first:


n
Cu Cu Cu PV ........
2
+ + =

= uPV
1 2
........
+
+ +
n n
Cu Cu Cu
________________________________________________


1
. .......... .......... ..........
+
=
n
Cu Cu uPV PV

Notice that in the subtraction all the middle terms were eliminated, leaving us with only
two terms instead of n terms. Solving for PV:


1
) 1 (
+
=
n
Cu Cu u PV

u
u Cu
u
Cu Cu
PV
n n

=
+
1
1 (
1
) 1


Substitute back u =
r + 1
1
:

+
=
) 1 (
1
1
) 1 (
1
1
1
1
r
r r
C
PV
n


Multiply the numerator and the denominator by 1+r :

1 1
)} ) 1 ( 1 {
+
+
=

r
r C
PV
n
or

+
=

r
r
C PV
n
) 1 ( 1



The number in the brackets is called the annuity discount factor.

The derivation above has shown that the present value of an annuity can be calculated as:


or as

+
=

r
r
C PV
n
) 1 ( 1


But the first form has n terms, while the second is very compact and is the product of the
cash flow and the annuity discount function formula. From the derivation it is also very
clear that the annuity discount factor is the sum of the individual discount factors for each
cash flow. It should be easy to show that the annuity factor must be a number less than n.

+ =
n
t
t
r C PV
1
) 1 (
Annuity Derivations 4/4/2011
2004 Steven Freund 3

B. Future Value of an Annuity



Since the future value (FV) for an amount worth PV at the present time is:


FV PV r
n
n
= + ( ) 1


and for an annuity, the present value was just shown in Part A to be:

+
=

r
r
C PV
n
) 1 ( 1



Then we can combine these two formulas to give us the future value of an annuity:


n
n
n
r
r
r
C FV ) 1 (
) 1 ( 1
+

+
=




Simplifying:

+
+
+
=
r
r
r
r
C FV
n
n
n
n
) 1 (
) 1 (
) 1 (

+
=
r
r
C FV
n
n
1 ) 1 (

Annuity Derivations 4/4/2011
2004 Steven Freund 4

C. Present Value of a Perpetuity


An annuity which has infinite terms (n = ) is called a perpetuity.


To derive the formula for a perpetuity, we use the following property:


When r > 0


lim( )
n
n
r

+ = 1 0


We can demonstrate this using a calculator. Trying n = 100, and r =.10 we get
0.00007257. When we increase n to be 1000, we get 4.04892 x 10
-42
,
which is a very
small number. Try this yourself!

Now go back to the present value formula for the annuity:

+
=

r
r
C PV
n
Annuity
) 1 ( 1


For a perpetuity, we use the same formula but n will approach infinity!

+
=


r
r
C PV
n
n
Perpetuity
) 1 ( 1
lim

Using the limit equation we have demonstrated above, the term with the negative n
exponent goes to zero as n goes to infinity, and our perpetuity equation is reduced to a
very simple:


PV
C
r
Perpetuity
=


Annuity Derivations 4/4/2011
2004 Steven Freund 5

D. Present Value of an Annuity with Growing Payments

Occasionally, we need to calculate the present value of a set of payments where C is not
constant. If C grows at a constant rate g, such that C C g
i i
= +
1
1 ( ) , we would call it a
growing payment annuity.

An example of this is if dividends at time t =0 are $10, and grow at a rate of 5% every
period. That is, D
0
= $10, D
1
= 10(1.05) = $10.50 and D
2
= 10(1.05)
2
= $11.025.

If this continues for n periods, we can get an expression for the present value, and it is
also very simple to calculate if n approaches infinity. To show this, we use some of the
results we obtained in our annuity derivation for a constant payment C.

Using the substitution u =
r + 1
1
,

we were able to show that

PV Cu Cu Cu
n
= + +
2
.......

and that:

PV
Cu u
u
n
=

( ) 1
1


If we have a growing payment annuity where C C g
i i
= +
1
1 ( ) , and g = rate of growth,
our present value will be:





Notice that our first cash flow is at t =1 although we use C
0
in our formula. That is,
C
1
=C
0
(1 +g), C
2
=C
1
(1 +g) or C
2
=C
0
(1 +g)
2

etc.

Our substitution for the growing payment annuity will be u
g
r
=
+
+
1
1
, which yields the
familiar equation:


n
u C u C C PV
0
2
0 0
........ + + =


n
r
g C
r
g C
r
g C
PV
) 1 (
) 1 (
.....
) 1 (
) 1 (
) 1 (
) 1 (
3
0
2
2
0 0
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
=
Annuity Derivations 4/4/2011
2004 Steven Freund 6

Since this equation is exactly what we had before, we can use our prior result that this
will equal:

u
u u C
PV
n

=
1
) 1 (
0


The only difference is that we need to substitute back our new definition for u:

u
g
r
=
+
+
1
1
.

The manipulation to simplify is a bit complicated, so I will provide the results and the
show the details:

+
+

g r
r
g
C PV
n
1
1
1
1

Details:


u
u u C
PV
n

=
1
) 1 (
0
u
g
r
=
+
+
1
1

+
+

+
+

+
+
=
r
g
r
g
r
g
C
PV
n
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0



Now multiply both the numerator and the denominator by 1 +r:

g r
r
g
g C
g r
r
g
g C
PV
n n

+
+
+
=
+ +

+
+
+
=
1
1
1 ) 1 (
) 1 ( ) 1 (
1
1
1 ) 1 (
0 0




Since C C g
1 0
1 = + ( )


Annuity Derivations 4/4/2011
2004 Steven Freund 7

g r
r
g
C
PV
n

+
+

=
1
1
1
1



One application for the constant growth annuity formula is when dividends grow at a
constant rate g for n periods. Even more popular is the assumption that dividends
continue to grow forever at this rate. It is assumed that your first dividend is at t =1.

You want to calculate the fair price for the stock at t =0, or P
0
. This is the present value
of all future dividends which will start to grow at t =0 using rate g, but your first
dividend is D
1
. Since stocks are risky, you will discount using a rate higher than the risk
free rate. It is common to use the expected rate of return for the stock for this discount
rate, and we will denote this rate here using k.

g k
k
g
D
P
n

+
+

=
1
1
1
1
0


If n approaches infinity, as long as the discount rate is greater than the growth rate or
g <k:
0
1
1
lim =

+
+

n
n
k
g


To show this try g =0.05, k =0.10, and n =10,000 on your calculator.


The above Dividend Discount Model will then reduce to the compact equation shown
below:



g k
D
P

=
1
0



This is also called the Gordon Growth Model.