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Matrices: Definition. A

A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers arranged in rows and columns. It is defined by its size, with the number of rows and columns. The diagonal of a square matrix contains its main diagonal elements. A diagonal matrix has zeros everywhere except its main diagonal. A scalar matrix has all its off-diagonal elements equal to zero and all its diagonal elements equal. Matrix addition and subtraction are performed by adding or subtracting the corresponding elements. Matrix multiplication is non-commutative and defined by multiplying rows by columns.

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101 views

Matrices: Definition. A

A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers arranged in rows and columns. It is defined by its size, with the number of rows and columns. The diagonal of a square matrix contains its main diagonal elements. A diagonal matrix has zeros everywhere except its main diagonal. A scalar matrix has all its off-diagonal elements equal to zero and all its diagonal elements equal. Matrix addition and subtraction are performed by adding or subtracting the corresponding elements. Matrix multiplication is non-commutative and defined by multiplying rows by columns.

Uploaded by

Kery Dz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Matrices

Definition. A size matrix is a rectangular array of real (or


complex) numbers arranged in horizontal rows and vertical columns



[

()
j th column
We shall say that is by (written ). If , we say that is
a square matrix of order and the numbers

are elements of
the main diagonal of . We refer to the

, as th element of and we
often write (1) as
[

].
Example 1. Let [


], [


], [


], [



].
Then is a matrix with

=3

=1;
is a matrix with







;

is a matrix; is a matrix. In , the elements

form the main diagonal.



Any size matrix is called row-vector, any size matrix is called
column-vector or simply are called a vector.
Example 2. is 4-vector and [


] is 3-vector.
Definition. A square matrix [

] for which every term off the main


diagonal is zero, that is

for is called diagonal matrix.


Example 3. [


], [



] are diagonal matrix.

Definition. A diagonal matrix [

] for which

for and


for , is called a scalar matrix.

Example 4. The following are scalar matrices: [


],

[



] .

Definition. Two matrix [

] and [

] are said to be equal if

that is if corresponding elements are equal.


Example 5. The matrices: [



] and [



] are
equal if
Definition. If [

] and [

] are matrices, then the sum of


and is the matrix [

] , defined by


That is, C is obtained by adding the corresponding elements of A and B.
Example 6. Let [


] and [


].
Then [
()

] [


].

Definition. If [

] is matrix and is real number, then the scalar


multiple of by , , is matrix [

], where

.
That is obtained by multiplying each element of by .
If [

] and [

] are matrices, we write () as


and call this the difference of and .

Example 7. Let [


] and [


].
Then [


] [


].
Definition. If [

] is matrix, then matrix

], where


is called the transpose of .
Thus, the entries in each row of

are the entries in the corresponding column


of

Example 8. Let [


] then

[



],


then

].
Definition. If [

] is an matrix and [

] is matrix, then
the product of and , denoted , is the matrix [

], defined
by

.
j th column

[



Example 9. Let [


] and [



]. Then
[


] [



]
[
() () () ()
() ()
]=[


]

The Matrix Multiplication Is Not Commutative
Matrix multiplication is a noncommutative operationi.e., it is possible
for AB = BA, even when both products exist and have the same shape.

Example 10. Let [


] and [


]. Then [


] and
[


] [


] [


].
Thus

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