C I V I L P R O C E D U R E : C A S E D O C T R I N E S | 1

GENERAL PRINCIPLES
BERNABE vs. ALEJO
A VESTED RIGHT is defined as one whih is a!so"#$e%
o&'"e$e and #nondi$iona"% $o $he e(e)ise of whih no
o!s$a"e e(is$s% and whih is i&&edia$e and 'e)fe$ in
i$se"f and no$ de'enden$ #'on a on$in*en+,-
Res'onden$ howe.e) on$ends $ha$ $he fi"in* of an a$ion
fo) )eo*ni$ion is ')oed#)a" in na$#)e and $ha$ as a
*ene)a" )#"e% no .es$ed )i*h$ &a+ a$$ah $o /o)0 a)ise f)o&
')oed#)a" "aws,-
SU1STANTIVE LA2 )ea$es SU1STANTIVE RIGHTS
and $he $wo $e)&s in $his )es'e$ &a+ !e said $o !e
s+non+&o#s, SU1STANTIVE RIGHTS is a $e)& whih
in"#des $hose )i*h$s whih one en3o+s #nde) $he "e*a"
s+s$e& ')io) $o $he dis$#)!ane of no)&a" )e"a$ions,
SU1STANTIVE LA2 is $ha$ 'a)$ of $he "aw whih
)ea$es% defines and )e*#"a$es )i*h$s% o) whih )e*#"a$es
$he )i*h$s and d#$ies whih *i.e )ise $o a a#se of a$ion4
$ha$ 'a)$ of $he "aw whih o#)$s a)e es$a!"ished $o
ad&inis$e)4 as o''osed $o ad3e$i.e o) )e&edia" "aw%
whih ')es)i!es $he &e$hod of enfo)in* )i*h$s o)
o!$ains )ed)ess fo) $hei) in.asion,
In de$e)&inin* whe$he) a )#"e ')es)i!ed !+ $he
S#')e&e Co#)$% fo) $he ')a$ie and ')oed#)e of $he
"owe) o#)$s% a!)id*es% en"a)*es% o) &odifies an+
s#!s$an$i.e )i*h$% $he $es$ is whe$he) $he )#"e )ea""+
)e*#"a$es ')oed#)e% $ha$ is% $he judicial process for
enforcing rights and duties recognized by substantive
law and fo) 3#s$"+ ad&inis$e)in* )e&ed+ and )ed)ess fo) a
dis)e*a)d o) inf)a$ion of $he&, If $he )#"e $a5es awa+ a
.es$ed )i*h$% i$ is no$ ')oed#)a", If $he )#"e )ea$es a
)i*h$ s#h as $he )i*h$ $o a''ea"% i$ &a+ !e "assified as a
s#!s$an$i.e &a$$e)4 !#$ if it operates as a means of
implementing an existing right then the rule deals merely
with procedure.
BERGONIA and CASTILLO vs. COURT OF APPEALS
P)oed#)a" )#"es a)e $oo"s desi*ned $o fai"i$a$e $he
ad3#dia$ion of ases, Co#)$s and "i$i*an$s a"i5e a)e%
$h#s% en3oined $o a!ide s$)i$"+ !+ $he )#"es, And whi"e $he
Co#)$% in so&e ins$anes% a""ows a )e"a(a$ion in $he
a''"ia$ion of $he )#"es% $his was ne.e) in$ended $o fo)*e
a !as$ion fo) e))in* "i$i*an$s $o .io"a$e $he )#"es wi$h
i&'#ni$+, The "i!e)a"i$+ in $he in$e)')e$a$ion and
a''"ia$ion of $he )#"es a''"ies on"+ in ')o'e) ases and
#nde) 3#s$ifia!"e a#ses and i)#&s$anes, 2hi"e i$ is
$)#e $ha$ "i$i*a$ion is no$ a *a&e of $ehnia"i$ies% i$ is
e6#a""+ $)#e $ha$ e.e)+ ase &#s$ !e ')ose#$ed in
ao)dane wi$h $he ')es)i!ed ')oed#)e $o ins#)e an
o)de)"+ and s'eed+ ad&inis$)a$ion of 3#s$ie,
The )i*h$ $o a''ea" is a s$a$#$o)+ )i*h$ and $he 'a)$+ who
see5s $o a.ai" of $he sa&e &#s$ o&'"+ wi$h $he
)e6#i)e&en$s of $he R#"es, 7ai"in* $o do so% $he )i*h$ $o
a''ea" is "os$,
BPI vs. COURT OF APPEALS
I$ is se$$"ed $ha$ "i!e)a" ons$)#$ion of $he )#"es &a+ !e
in.o5ed in si$#a$ions whe)e $he)e &a+ !e some
excusable o!mal de"c"enc# o! e!!o! "n a $lead"n% %
')o.ided $ha$ $he sa&e does no$ s#!.e)$ $he essene of
$he ')oeedin* and onno$es a& leas& a !easonable
a&&em$& a& com$l"ance '"&( &(e !ules, Af$e) a""% )#"es of
')oed#)e a)e no$ $o !e a''"ied in a .e)+ )i*id% $ehnia"
sense4 $he+ a)e #sed on"+ $o he"' se#)e s#!s$an$ia"
3#s$ie,
C)TC vs. B*AGIS INTERNATIONAL
2he)e s$)on* onside)a$ions of s#!s$an$i.e 3#s$ie a)e
&anifes$ in $he 'e$i$ion% $he s$)i$ a''"ia$ion of $he )#"es
of ')oed#)e &a+ !e )e"a(ed% in $he e(e)ise of i$s e6#i$+
3#)isdi$ion, Th#s% a )i*id a''"ia$ion of $he )#"es of
')oed#)e wi"" no$ !e en$e)$ained if i$ wi"" o!s$)#$ )a$he)
$han se).e $he !)oade) in$e)es$s of 3#s$ie in $he "i*h$ of
$he ')e.ai"in* i)#&s$anes in $he ase #nde)
onside)a$ion,
The )#"e% whih s$a$es $ha$ $he &is$a5es of o#nse" !inds
$he "ien$% &a+ no$ !e s$)i$"+ fo""owed whe)e o!se).ane
of i$ wo#"d )es#"$ in o#$)i*h$ de')i.a$ion of $he "ien$8s
"i!e)$+ o) ')o'e)$+% o) whe)e $he in$e)es$ of 3#s$ie so
)e6#i)es, In )ende)in* 3#s$ie% ')oed#)a" infi)&i$ies $a5e
a !a5sea$ a*ains$ s#!s$an$i.e )i*h$s of "i$i*an$s,
Co)o""a)i"+% if $he s$)i$ a''"ia$ion of $he )#"es wo#"d $end
$o f)#s$)a$e )a$he) $han ')o&o$e 3#s$ie% $his Co#)$ is no$
wi$ho#$ 'owe) $o e(e)ise i$s 3#diia" dis)e$ion in
)e"a(in* $he )#"es of ')oed#)e,
JURIS+ICTION
)A+RI,AN vs. )A+RI,AN
9:;!< of RA =>?@ )e.ea"s $ha$ fa&i"+ o#)$s a)e .es$ed
wi$h o)i*ina" e("#si.e 3#)isdi$ion in #s$od+ ases% no$
in ha!eas o)'#s ases, 2)i$s of ha!eas o)'#s whih
&a+ !e iss#ed e("#si.e"+ !+ fa&i"+ o#)$s #nde) 9:;!<
of RA =>?@ 'e)$ain $o $he ani""a)+ )e&ed+ $ha$ &a+ !e
a.ai"ed of in on3#n$ion wi$h a 'e$i$ion fo) #s$od+ of
&ino)s #nde) R#"e @@ of $he R#"es of Co#)$, The
iss#ane of $he w)i$ is &e)e"+ ani""a)+ $o $he #s$od+
ase 'endin* !efo)e $he fa&i"+ o#)$, The w)i$ &#s$ !e
iss#ed !+ $he sa&e o#)$ $o a.oid s'"i$$in* of 3#)isdi$ion%
onf"i$in* deisions% in$e)fe)ene !+ a oAe6#a" o#)$
and 3#diia" ins$a!i"i$+,
2hen !+ "aw 3#)isdi$ion is onfe))ed on a o#)$ o)
3#diia" offie)% a"" a#(i"ia)+ w)i$s% ')oesses and o$he)
&eans neessa)+ $o a))+ i$ in$o effe$ &a+ !e e&'"o+ed
!+ s#h o#)$ o) offie), One a o#)$ a6#i)es
3#)isdi$ion o.e) $he s#!3e$ &a$$e) of a ase% i$ does so
C I V I L P R O C E D U R E : C A S E D O C T R I N E S | B
$o $he e("#sion of a"" o$he) o#)$s% in"#din* )e"a$ed
iniden$s and ani""a)+ &a$$e)s,
CALLEJA vs. PAN+A-
The ase "ea)"+ in.o".es an in$)aAo)'o)a$e dis'#$e, The
o#)$ sho#"d ha.e !een awa)e $ha$ #nde) R,A, No, =C@@
$he RTCA1), := was ne.e) desi*na$ed as a S'eia"
Co&&e)ia" Co#)$, Hene% i$ was ne.e) .es$ed wi$h
3#)isdi$ion o.e) ases ')e.io#s"+ o*niDa!"e !+ $he
SEC,
S#h !ein* $he ase% RTCA1), := did no$ ha.e $he
)e6#isi$e a#$ho)i$+ o) 'owe) $o o)de) $he $)ansfe) of $he
ase $o ano$he) !)anh of $he Re*iona" T)ia" Co#)$, The
on"+ a$ion $ha$ RTCA1), := o#"d $a5e on $he &a$$e) was
$o dis&iss $he 'e$i$ion fo) "a5 of 3#)isdi$ion, The $)ia"
o#)$% ha.in* no 3#)isdi$ion o.e) $he s#!3e$ &a$$e) of
$he o&'"ain$% sho#"d dis&iss $he sa&e so $he iss#es
$he)ein o#"d !e e('edi$io#s"+ hea)d and )eso".ed !+ $he
$)i!#na" whih was "o$hed wi$h 3#)isdi$ion,
REPUBLIC vs. BANTIGUE POINT
The "a5 of 3#)isdi$ion o.e) $he s#!3e$ &a$$e) &a+ !e
)aised a$ an+ s$a*e of $he ')oeedin*s, E#)isdi$ion o.e)
$he s#!3e$ &a$$e) is onfe))ed on"+ !+ $he Cons$i$#$ion
o) $he "aw, I$ anno$ !e a6#i)ed $h)o#*h a wai.e) o)
en"a)*ed !+ $he o&ission of $he 'a)$ies o) onfe))ed !+
$he a6#iesene of $he o#)$, Conse6#en$"+% 6#es$ions
of 3#)isdi$ion &a+ !e o*niDa!"e e.en if )aised fo) $he
fi)s$ $i&e on a''ea", An e(e'$ion $o $his )#"e is !ased
on $he do$)ine of es$o''e" !+ "ahes% whih ')o.ides
$ha$% a 'a)$+ &a+ !e es$o''ed f)o& )aisin* s#h
3#)isdi$iona" 6#es$ion if he has a$i.e"+ $a5en 'a)$ in $he
.e)+ ')oeedin* whih he 6#es$ions% !e"a$ed"+ o!3e$in*
$o $he o#)$8s 3#)isdi$ion in $he e.en$ $ha$ $he 3#d*&en$
o) o)de) s#!se6#en$"+ )ende)ed is ad.e)se $o hi&,
+ELA CRU. vs. )O-A
One of $he essen$ia" )e6#isi$es of a .a"id o#)$
')oeedin* is $ha$ $he o#)$ hea)in* $he ase &#s$ ha.e
3#)isdi$ion o.e) $he s#!3e$ &a$$e) of $he ase, If $he
o#)$ is a$in* wi$ho#$ 3#)isdi$ion% $hen $he en$i)e
')oeedin*s a)e n#"" and .oid, E#)isdi$ion o.e) $he
s#!3e$ &a$$e) is de$e)&ined !+ $he s$a$#$e in fo)e a$ $he
$i&e of $he o&&ene&en$ of $he a$ion, And one
3#)isdi$ion is .es$ed in $he o#)$% i$ is )e$ained #' $o $he
end of $he "i$i*a$ion,
BOLE-LE- vs. /ILLANUE/A
E#)isdi$ion of $he o#)$ o.e) $he s#!3e$ &a$$e) of $he
a$ion is de$e)&ined !+ $he a""e*a$ions of $he o&'"ain$%
i))es'e$i.e of whe$he) o) no$ $he '"ain$iff is en$i$"ed $o
)eo.e) #'on a"" o) so&e of $he "ai&s asse)$ed $he)ein,
The 3#)isdi$ion of $he o#)$ anno$ !e &ade $o de'end
#'on $he defenses se$ #' in $he answe) o) #'on $he
&o$ion $o dis&iss% fo) o$he)wise% $he 6#es$ion of
3#)isdi$ion wo#"d a"&os$ en$i)e"+ de'end #'on $he
defendan$,
)EN+O.A vs. GER)INO
I$ is a !asi )#"e $ha$ 3#)isdi$ion o.e) $he s#!3e$ &a$$e)
is de$e)&ined !+ $he a""e*a$ions in $he o&'"ain$, I$ is
de$e)&ined e("#si.e"+ !+ $he Cons$i$#$ion and $he "aw, I$
anno$ !e onfe))ed !+ $he .o"#n$a)+ a$ o) a*)ee&en$ of
$he 'a)$ies% o) a6#i)ed $h)o#*h o) wai.ed% en"a)*ed o)
di&inished !+ $hei) a$ o) o&ission% no) onfe))ed !+ $he
a6#iesene of $he o#)$, I$ is nei$he) fo) $he o#)$ no)
$he 'a)$ies $o .io"a$e o) dis)e*a)d $he )#"e% $his &a$$e)
!ein* "e*is"a$i.e in ha)a$e),
The a""e*a$ions of $enan+ as an affi)&a$i.e andFo)
s'eia" defense in $he Answe)% does no$ a#$o&a$ia""+
di.es$ $he GTC of 3#)isdi$ion o.e) $he o&'"ain$, I$
on$in#ed $o ha.e $he a#$ho)i$+ $o hea) $he ase
')eise"+ $o de$e)&ine whe$he) i$ had 3#)isdi$ion $o
dis'ose of $he e3e$&en$ s#i$ on i$s &e)i$s, Af$e) a""%
3#)isdi$ion is no$ affe$ed !+ $he '"eas o) $he $heo)ies se$
#' !+ $he defendan$ in an answe) o) a &o$ion $o dis&iss,
O$he)wise% 3#)isdi$ion wo#"d !eo&e de'enden$ a"&os$
en$i)e"+ #'on $he whi&s of $he defendan$,
SANTE and RE-NAL+O vs. *ON. CLARA/ALL
The o&'"ain$ ')ini'a""+ so#*h$ an awa)d of &o)a" and
e(e&'"a)+ da&a*es% as we"" as a$$o)ne+8s fees and
"i$i*a$ion e('enses% fo) $he a""e*ed sha&e and in3#)+
s#ffe)ed !+ )es'onden$, I$ is se$$"ed $ha$ 3#)isdi$ion is
onfe))ed !+ "aw !ased on $he fa$s a""e*ed in $he
o&'"ain$ sine $he "a$$e) o&')ises a onise s$a$e&en$
of $he #"$i&a$e fa$s ons$i$#$in* $he '"ain$iff8s a#ses of
a$ion, 1ased on $he a""e*a$ions of $he o&'"ain$% $he
&ain a$ion is fo) da&a*es, Hene% $he o$he) fo)&s of
da&a*es !ein* "ai&ed ;e(e&'"a)+ da&a*es% a$$o)ne+8s
fees and "i$i*a$ion e('enses< a)e no$ &e)e"+ iniden$a" $o
o) onse6#enes of $he &ain a$ion !#$ ons$i$#$e $he
')i&a)+ )e"ief ')a+ed fo) in $he o&'"ain$,
In ases whe)e $he "ai& fo) da&a*es is $he &ain a#se
of a$ion% o) one of $he a#ses of a$ion% $he a&o#n$ of
s#h "ai& sha"" !e onside)ed in de$e)&inin* $he
3#)isdi$ion of $he o#)$,
BOSTON E0UIT- vs. COURT OF APPEALS
The one'$ of 3#)isdi$ion has se.e)a" as'e$s% na&e"+:
;1< 3#)isdi$ion o.e) $he s#!3e$ &a$$e)4 ;B< 3#)isdi$ion
o.e) $he 'a)$ies4 ;>< 3#)isdi$ion o.e) $he iss#es of $he
ase4 and ;H< in ases in.o".in* ')o'e)$+% 3#)isdi$ion
o.e) $he res o) $he $hin* whih is $he s#!3e$ of $he
"i$i*a$ion,
C I V I L P R O C E D U R E : C A S E D O C T R I N E S | >
The as'e$ of 3#)isdi$ion whih &a+ !e !a))ed f)o&
!ein* assai"ed as a )es#"$ of es$o''e" !+ "ahes is
3#)isdi$ion o.e) $he s#!3e$ &a$$e),
The defense of "a5 of 3#)isdi$ion o.e) $he 'e)son of a
'a)$+ $o a ase is no$ one of $hose defenses whih a)e
no$ dee&ed wai.ed #nde) 91 of R#"e @% s#h defense
&#s$ !e in.o5ed when an Answe) o) a Go$ion $o Dis&iss
is fi"ed in o)de) $o ')e.en$ a wai.e) of $he defense, If $he
o!3e$ion is no$ )aised ei$he) in a Go$ion $o Dis&iss o) in
$he Answe)% $he o!3e$ion $o $he 3#)isdi$ion o.e) $he
'e)son of $he '"ain$iff o) $he defendan$ is dee&ed
wai.ed,
PLANTERS +E/ELOP)ENT vs. C*AN+U)AL
E#)isdi$ion o.e) a defendan$ in a i.i" ase is a6#i)ed
ei$he) $h)o#*h se).ie of s#&&ons o) $h)o#*h .o"#n$a)+
a''ea)ane in o#)$ and s#!&ission $o i$s a#$ho)i$+, If a
defendan$ has no$ !een ')o'e)"+ s#&&oned% $he o#)$
a6#i)es no 3#)isdi$ion o.e) i$s 'e)son% and a 3#d*&en$
)ende)ed a*ains$ i$ is n#"" and .oid,
2he)e $he a$ion is in personam and $he defendan$ is in
$he Phi"i''ines% se).ie of s#&&ons &a+ !e &ade
$h)o#*h 'e)sona" se).ie% $ha$ is% s#&&ons sha"" !e
se).ed !+ handin* $o $he defendan$ in 'e)son a o'+
$he)eof% o) if he )ef#ses $o )eei.e and si*n fo) i$% !+
$ende)in* i$ $o hi&, If $he defendan$ anno$ !e 'e)sona""+
se).ed wi$h s#&&ons wi$hin a )easona!"e $i&e% i$ is $hen
$ha$ s#!s$i$#$ed se).ie &a+ !e &ade, Pe)sona" se).ie
of s#&&ons sho#"d and a"wa+s !e $he fi)s$ o'$ion% and i$
is on"+ when $he said s#&&ons anno$ !e se).ed wi$hin
a )easona!"e $i&e an $he ')oess se).e) )eso)$ $o
s#!s$i$#$ed se).ie,
PLATINU) TOURS vs. PANLILIO
E#)isdi$ion o.e) $he na$#)e of $he a$ion and s#!3e$
&a$$e) is onfe))ed !+ "aw, I$ is de$e)&ined !+ $he
a""e*a$ions of $he o&'"ain$% i))es'e$i.e of whe$he) o)
no$ $he '"ain$iff is en$i$"ed $o )eo.e) #'on a"" o) so&e of
$he "ai&s asse)$ed $he)ein, E#)isdi$ion o.e) $he 'e)son
of $he '"ain$iff is a6#i)ed f)o& $he $i&e he fi"es his
o&'"ain$4 whi"e 3#)isdi$ion o.e) $he 'e)son of $he
defendan$ is a6#i)ed !+ his .o"#n$a)+ a''ea)ane in
o#)$ and his s#!&ission $o i$s a#$ho)i$+% o) !+ $he
oe)i.e 'owe) of "e*a" ')oesses e(e)$ed o.e) his
'e)son,
Sine 3#)isdi$ion is $he 'owe) $o hea) and de$e)&ine a
'a)$i#"a) ase% i$ does no$ de'end #'on $he )e*#"a)i$+ of
$he e(e)ise !+ $he o#)$ of $ha$ 'owe) o) on $he
o))e$ness of i$s deisions,
1 JURIS+ICTION2 sho#"d !e dis$in*#ished f)o& $he
1E3ERCISE OF JURIS+ICTION.2 E#)isdi$ion )efe)s $o
$he a#$ho)i$+ $o deide a ase% no$ $he o)de)s o) $he
deision )ende)ed $he)ein, Ao)din*"+% whe)e a o#)$
has 3#)isdi$ion o.e) $he 'e)son and $he s#!3e$ &a$$e)%
as in $he ins$an$ ase% $he deision on a"" 6#es$ions
a)isin* f)o& $he ase is !#$ an e(e)ise of s#h
3#)isdi$ion, An+ e))o) $ha$ $he o#)$ &a+ o&&i$ in $he
e(e)ise of i$s 3#)isdi$ion is &e)e"+ an e))o) of 3#d*&en$
whih does no$ affe$ i$s a#$ho)i$+ $o deide $he ase%
&#h "ess di.es$ $he o#)$ of $he 3#)isdi$ion o.e) $he
ase,
+A/AO LIG*T vs. COURT OF APPEALS
Ven#e and 3#)isdi$ion a)e en$i)e"+ dis$in$ &a$$e)s,
JURIS+ICTION &a+ no$ !e onfe))ed !+ onsen$ o)
wai.e) #'on a o#)$ whih o$he)wise wo#"d ha.e no
3#)isdi$ion o.e) $he s#!3e$A&a$$e) of an a$ion4 !#$ $he
/ENUE of an a$ion as fi(ed !+ s$a$#$e &a+ !e han*ed
!+ $he onsen$ of $he 'a)$ies and an o!3e$ion $ha$ $he
'"ain$iff !)o#*h$ his s#i$ in $he w)on* o#n$+ &a+ !e
wai.ed !+ $he fai"#)e of $he defendan$ $o &a5e a $i&e"+
o!3e$ion, In ei$he) ase% $he o#)$ &a+ )ende) a .a"id
3#d*&en$, R#"es as $o 3#)isdi$ion an ne.e) !e "ef$ $o $he
onsen$ o) a*)ee&en$ of $he 'a)$ies% whe$he) o) no$ a
')ohi!i$ion e(is$s a*ains$ $hei) a"$e)a$ion,
Ven#e of 'e)sona" a$ions a*ains$ a o)'o)a$ion sho#"d
!e fi"ed in $he '"ae whe)e i$s ')ini'a" '"ae of !#siness
is "oa$ed% as 'e) i$s a)$i"es of ino)'o)a$ion and !+A
"aws,
NOCU) vs. TAN
I$ is e"e&en$a)+ $ha$ o!3e$ions $o .en#e in CIVIL
ACTIONS a)isin* f)o& "i!e" &a+ !e wai.ed sine $he+ do
no$ in.o".e a 6#es$ion of 3#)isdi$ion, The "a+in* of .en#e
is ')oed#)a" )a$he) $han s#!s$an$i.e% )e"a$in* as i$ does
$o 3#)isdi$ion of $he o#)$ o.e) $he 'e)son )a$he) $han $he
s#!3e$ &a$$e), Ven#e )e"a$es $o $)ia" and no$ $o
3#)isdi$ion, I$ is a ')oed#)a"% no$ a 3#)isdi$iona"% &a$$e),
I$ )e"a$es $o $he '"ae of $)ia" o) *eo*)a'hia" "oa$ion in
whih an a$ion o) ')oeedin* sho#"d !e !)o#*h$ and no$
$o $he 3#)isdi$ion of $he o#)$, I$ is &ean$ $o ')o.ide
on.eniene $o $he 'a)$ies% )a$he) $han )es$)i$ $hei)
aess $o $he o#)$s as i$ )e"a$es $o $he '"ae of $)ia", In
on$)as$% in )i&ina" a$ions% i$ is f#nda&en$a" $ha$ .en#e
is 3#)isdi$iona" i$ !ein* an essen$ia" e"e&en$ of
3#)isdi$ion,
)ANC*ESTER +E/4T vs. COURT OF APPEALS
A"" o&'"ain$s% 'e$i$ions% answe)s and o$he) si&i"a)
'"eadin*s sho#"d s'eif+ $he a&o#n$ of da&a*es !ein*
')a+ed fo) no$ on"+ in $he !od+ of $he '"eadin* !#$ a"so in
$he ')a+e)% and said da&a*es sha"" !e onside)ed in $he
assess&en$ of $he fi"in* fees in an+ ase, An+ '"eadin*
$ha$ fai"s $o o&'"+ wi$h $his )e6#i)e&en$ sha"" no$ !e
ae'$ed no) ad&i$$ed% o) sha"" o$he)wise !e e('#n*ed
f)o& $he )eo)d,
C I V I L P R O C E D U R E : C A S E D O C T R I N E S | H
The Co#)$ a6#i)es 3#)isdi$ion o.e) an+ ase on"+ #'on
$he 'a+&en$ of $he ')es)i!ed do5e$ fee, An
a&end&en$ of $he o&'"ain$ o) si&i"a) '"eadin* wi"" no$
$he)e!+ .es$ 3#)isdi$ion in $he Co#)$% &#h "ess $he
'a+&en$ of $he do5e$ fee !ased on $he a&o#n$s so#*h$
in $he a&ended '"eadin*,
*O)E GUARANT- vs. R5II BUIL+ERS INC.
E#)isdi$ion o.e) an+ ase is a6#i)ed on"+ #'on $he
'a+&en$ of $he ')es)i!ed do5e$ fee% $he )e6#i)e&en$
!ein* !o$h &anda$o)+ and 3#)isdi$iona", The ')ini'"e in
Ganhes$e) ase and $he Ga*as'i ase i$ed $he)ein%
')o.ided $ha$ no "i!e)a" in$e)')e$a$ion o) )e"a(a$ion of
)#"es wi"" !e a""owed when $he)e is in$en$ $o def)a#d $he
*o.e)n&en$ and $ha$ $he o#)$ a 6#o did no$ a6#i)e
3#)isdi$ion o.e) $he ase and $ha$ $he a&ended
o&'"ain$ o#"d no$ ha.e !een ad&i$$ed inas&#h as
$he o)i*ina" o&'"ain$ was n#"" and .oid,
SUN INSURANCE vs. ASUNCION
P"ain"+% whi"e $he 'a+&en$ of ')es)i!ed do5e$ fee is a
3#)isdi$iona" )e6#i)e&en$% e.en i$s nonA'a+&en$ a$ $he
$i&e of fi"in* does no$ a#$o&a$ia""+ a#se $he
dis&issa" of $he ase% as "on* as $he fee is 'aid wi$hin
$he a''"ia!"e ')es)i'$i.e o) )e*"e&en$a)+ 'e)iod% &o)e
so when $he 'a)$+ in.o".ed de&ons$)a$es a wi""in*ness
$o a!ide !+ $he )#"es ')es)i!in* s#h 'a+&en$, Th#s%
when ins#ffiien$ fi"in* fees we)e ini$ia""+ 'aid !+ $he
'"ain$iffs I $he)e was no in$en$ion $o def)a#d $he
*o.e)n&en$ % $he Ganhes$e) )#"e does no$ a''"+,
Th#s% $he Co#)$ )#"es as fo""ows:
1, I$ is no$ si&'"+ $he fi"in* of $he o&'"ain$ o)
a'')o')ia$e ini$ia$o)+ '"eadin*% !#$ $he 'a+&en$ of $he
')es)i!ed do5e$ fee $ha$ .es$s a $)ia" o#)$ wi$h
3#)isdi$ion o.e) $he s#!3e$ &a$$e) o) na$#)e of $he
a$ion, 2he)e $he fi"in* of $he ini$ia$o)+ '"eadin* is no$
ao&'anied !+ 'a+&en$ of $he do5e$ fee% $he o#)$
&a+ a""ow 'a+&en$ of $he fee wi$hin a )easona!"e $i&e
!#$ in no ase !e+ond $he a''"ia!"e ')es)i'$i.e o)
)e*"e&en$a)+ 'e)iod,
B, The sa&e )#"e a''"ies $o 'e)&issi.e o#n$e)"ai&s%
$hi)d 'a)$+ "ai&s and si&i"a) '"eadin*s% whih sha"" no$
!e onside)ed fi"ed #n$i" and #n"ess $he fi"in* fee
')es)i!ed $he)efo) is 'aid, The o#)$ &a+ a"so a""ow
'a+&en$ of said fee wi$hin a )easona!"e $i&e !#$ a"so in
no ase !e+ond i$s a''"ia!"e ')es)i'$i.e o)
)e*"e&en$a)+ 'e)iod,
>, 2he)e $he $)ia" o#)$ a6#i)es 3#)isdi$ion o.e) a "ai&
!+ $he fi"in* of $he a'')o')ia$e '"eadin* and 'a+&en$ of
$he ')es)i!ed fi"in* fee 1UT% s#!se6#en$"+% $he
3#d*&en$ awa)ds a "ai& no$ s'eified in $he '"eadin*% o)
if s'eified $he sa&e has !een "ef$ fo) de$e)&ina$ion !+
$he o#)$% $he addi$iona" fi"in* fee $he)efo) sha"" ons$i$#$e
a "ien on $he 3#d*&en$, I$ sha"" !e $he )es'onsi!i"i$+ of $he
C"e)5 of Co#)$ o) his d#"+ a#$ho)iDed de'#$+ $o enfo)e
said "ien and assess and o""e$ $he addi$iona" fee,
)ETROBAN6 vs. PERE.
A"$ho#*h $he 'a+&en$ of $he ')o'e) do5e$ fees is a
3#)isdi$iona" )e6#i)e&en$% $he $)ia" o#)$ &a+ a""ow $he
'"ain$iff in an a$ion $o 'a+ $he sa&e wi$hin a )easona!"e
$i&e !efo)e $he e('i)a$ion of $he a''"ia!"e ')es)i'$i.e
o) )e*"e&en$a)+ 'e)iod, If $he '"ain$iff fai"s $o o&'"+ wi$h
$his )e6#i)e&en$% $he defendan$ sho#"d &"mel# !a"se $he
iss#e of 3#)isdi$ion o) e"se he wo#"d !e onside)ed in
es$o''e", In $he "a$$e) ase% $he !a"ane !e$ween $he
a'')o')ia$e do5e$ fees and $he a&o#n$ a$#a""+ 'aid !+
$he '"ain$iff wi"" !e onside)ed a "ien on an+ awa)d he
&a+ o!$ain in his fa.o),
Ge$)o!an5 )aised $he iss#e of 3#)isdi$ion on"+ !efo)e $he
a''e""a$e o#)$ af$e) i$ and i$s oA'e$i$ione) 'a)$ii'a$ed in
$he ')oeedin*s !efo)e $he $)ia" o#)$, 2hi"e "a5 of
3#)isdi$ion &a+ !e )aised a$ an+ $i&e% a 'a)$+ &a+ !e
he"d in es$o''e" if% as in $he ')esen$ ase% i$ has a$i.e"+
$a5en 'a)$ in $he ')oeedin*s !ein* 6#es$ioned,
BG-. PIAPI vs. TALIP
The na$#)e of an a$ion is no$ de$e)&ined !+ wha$ is
s$a$ed in $he a'$ion of $he o&'"ain$ !#$ !+ $he
a""e*a$ions of $he o&'"ain$ and $he )e"iefs ')a+ed fo),
2he)e $he #"$i&a$e o!3e$i.e is $o o!$ain $i$"e $o )ea"
')o'e)$+% i$ sho#"d !e fi"ed in $he ')o'e) o#)$ ha.in*
3#)isdi$ion o.e) $he assessed .a"#e of $he ')o'e)$+
s#!3e$ $he)eof,
PROTON PILIPINAS vs. BAN0UE NATIONALE
The a&o#n$ of an+ "ai& fo) da&a*es% a)isin* on o)
!efo)e $he fi"in* of $he o&'"ain$ o) an+ '"eadin* sho#"d
!e s'eified, 2hi"e i$ is $)#e $ha$ $he de$e)&ina$ion of
e)$ain da&a*es as e(e&'"a)+ o) o))e$i.e da&a*es is
"ef$ $o $he so#nd dis)e$ion of $he o#)$% i$ is $he d#$+ of
$he 'a)$ies "ai&in* s#h da&a*es $o s'eif+ $he a&o#n$
so#*h$ on $he !asis of whih $he o#)$ &a+ &a5e a
')o'e) de$e)&ina$ion% and fo) $he ')o'e) assess&en$ of
$he a'')o')ia$e do5e$ fees, The e(e'$ion
on$e&'"a$ed as $o "ai&s no$ s'eified o) $o "ai&s
a"$ho#*h s'eified a)e "ef$ fo) de$e)&ina$ion of $he o#)$
is "i&i$ed on"+ $o an+ da&a*es $ha$ &a+ a)ise af$e) $he
fi"in* of $he o&'"ain$ o) si&i"a) '"eadin* fo) $hen i$ wi""
no$ !e 'ossi!"e fo) $he "ai&an$ $o s'eif+ no) s'e#"a$e
as $o $he a&o#n$ $he)eof,
SPS. +E LEON vs. COURT OF APPEALS
In de$e)&inin* whe$he) an a$ion is one $he s#!3e$
&a$$e) of whih is no$ a'a!"e of 'e#nia)+ es$i&a$ion%
$he Co#)$ has ado'$ed $he )i$e)ion of fi)s$ ase)$ainin*
$he na$#)e of $he ')ini'a" a$ion o) )e&ed+ so#*h$, If i$ is
C I V I L P R O C E D U R E : C A S E D O C T R I N E S | :
')i&a)i"+ fo) $he )eo.e)+ of a s#& of &one+% $he "ai& is
onside)ed a'a!"e of 'e#nia)+ es$i&a$ion% and
whe$he) 3#)isdi$ion is in $he &#nii'a" o#)$s o) in $he
o#)$s of fi)s$ ins$ane wo#"d de'end on $he a&o#n$ of
$he "ai&, Howe.e)% whe)e $he !asi iss#e is so&e$hin*
o$he) $han $he )i*h$ $o )eo.e) a s#& of &one+% o) whe)e
$he &one+ "ai& is '#)e"+ iniden$a" $o% o) a
onse6#ene of% $he ')ini'a" )e"ief so#*h$% "i5e in s#i$s
$o ha.e $he defendan$ 'e)fo)& his 'a)$ of $he on$)a$
;s'eifi 'e)fo)&ane< and in a$ions fo) s#''o)$% o) fo)
ann#"&en$ of a 3#d*&en$ o) $o fo)e"ose a &o)$*a*e% $he
Co#)$ has onside)ed s#h a$ions as ases whe)e $he
s#!3e$ of $he "i$i*a$ion &a+ no$ !e es$i&a$ed in $e)&s of
&one+% and a)e o*niDa!"e e("#si.e"+ !+ o#)$s of fi)s$
ins$ane, The )a$iona"e of $he )#"e is '"ain"+ $ha$ $he
seond "ass ases% !esides $he de$e)&ina$ion of
da&a*es% de&and an in6#i)+ in$o o$he) fa$o)s whih $he
"aw has dee&ed $o !e &o)e wi$hin $he o&'e$ene of
o#)$s of fi)s$ ins$ane% whih we)e $he "owes$ o#)$s of
)eo)d a$ $he $i&e $ha$ $he fi)s$ o)*ani "aws of $he
E#diia)+ we)e ena$ed a""oa$in* 3#)isdi$ion
An a$ion fo) )esission of on$)a$ is one whih anno$
!e es$i&a$ed, Th#s% a"$ho#*h e.en$#a""+ $he )es#"$ &a+
!e $he )eo.e)+ of "and% i$ is $he na$#)e of $he a$ion as
one fo) )esission of on$)a$ whih is on$)o""in*,
TO6IO )ARINE vs. /AL+E.
The *#ide"ines fo) de$e)&inin* whe$he) a 'a)$+ 6#a"ifies
as an indi*en$ "i$i*an$ a)e ')o.ided fo) in 91@% R#"e 1H1%
: of $he Re.ised R#"es of Co#)$,
To !e en$i$"ed $o $he e(e&'$ion he)ein ')o.ided% $he
"i$i*an$ sha"" e(e#$e an affida.i$ $ha$ he and his
i&&edia$e fa&i"+ do no$ ea)n a *)oss ino&e
a!o.e&en$ioned no) $he+ own an+ )ea" ')o'e)$+ wi$h $he
fai) .a"#e afo)e&en$ioned% s#''o)$ed !+ an affida.i$ of a
disin$e)es$ed 'e)son a$$es$in* $o $he $)#$h of $he "i$i*an$Js
affida.i$, The #))en$ $a( de"a)a$ion% if an+% sha"" !e
a$$ahed $o $he "i$i*an$Js affida.i$,
An+ 7ALSITK in $he affida.i$ of $he "i$i*an$ o)
disin$e)es$ed 'e)son sha"" !e s#ffiien$ CAUSE TO
DISGISS THE COGPLAINT o) a$ion o) $o s$)i5e o#$ $he
'"eadin* of $ha$ 'a)$+% wi$ho#$ ')e3#die $o wha$e.e)
)i&ina" "ia!i"i$+ &a+ ha.e !een in#))ed,
LU vs. LU
;A''"ied $he Ganhes$e) R#"in*<
I$ is "ea) $ha$ a no$ie of lis pendens is a.ai"ed of &ain"+
in )ea" a$ions, Hene% when Da.id% e$ a",% so#*h$ $he
anno$a$ion of no$ies of lis pendens on $he $i$"es of
LLDC% $he+ a5now"ed*ed $ha$ $he o&'"ain$ $he+ had
fi"ed affe$ed a $i$"e $o o) a )i*h$ $o 'ossession of )ea"
')o'e)$ies, A$ $he .e)+ "eas$% $he+ &#s$ ha.e !een f#""+
awa)e $ha$ $he do5e$ fees wo#"d !e !ased on $he .a"#e
of $he )ea"$ies in.o".ed, Thei) si"ene o) ina$ion $o 'oin$
$his o#$ $o $he C"e)5 of Co#)$ who o&'#$ed $hei) do5e$
fees% $he)efo)e% !eo&es hi*h"+ s#s'e$% and $h#s%
s#ffiien$ fo) $he Co#)$ $o on"#de $ha$ $he+ ha.e
)ossed !e+ond $he $h)esho"d of *ood fai$h and in$o $he
a)ea of f)a#d, The)e was an effo)$ $o def)a#d $he
*o.e)n&en$ in a.oidin* $o 'a+ $he o))e$ do5e$ fees,
Conse6#en$"+% $he $)ia" o#)$ did no$ a6#i)e 3#)isdi$ion
o.e) $he ase,
SPS. GO vs. TONG
;A''"ied S#n Ins#)ane R#"in*<
As a )#"e% do5e$ fees sho#"d !e 'aid #'on $he fi"in* of
$he ini$ia$o)+ '"eadin*s, Howe.e)% fo) o*en$ )easons $o
!e de$e)&ined !+ $he $)ia" 3#d*e% s$a**e)ed 'a+&en$
$he)eof wi$hin a )easona!"e 'e)iod &a+ !e a""owed,
Un"ess *)a.e a!#se of dis)e$ion is de&ons$)a$ed% $he
dis)e$ion of $he $)ia" 3#d*e in *)an$in* s$a**e)ed
'a+&en$ sha"" no$ !e dis$#)!ed,
PACIFIC ACE vs. EIJI -ANAGISA7A
In ases of on#))en$ 3#)isdi$ion% i$ is a(io&a$i $ha$ $he
o#)$ fi)s$ a6#i)in* 3#)isdi$ion e("#des $he o$he) o#)$s,
2hen a o#)$ of o&'e$en$ 3#)isdi$ion a6#i)es
3#)isdi$ion o.e) $he s#!3e$ &a$$e) of a ase% i$s a#$ho)i$+
on$in#es% s#!3e$ on"+ $o $he a''e""a$e a#$ho)i$+% #n$i"
$he &a$$e) is fina""+ and o&'"e$e"+ dis'osed of% and $ha$
no o#)$ of oAo)dina$e a#$ho)i$+ is a$ "i!e)$+ $o in$e)fe)e
wi$h i$s a$ion, The ')ini'"e is essen$ia" $o $he ')o'e)
and o)de)"+ ad&inis$)a$ion of $he "aws4 and whi"e i$s
o!se).ane &i*h$ !e )e6#i)ed on $he *)o#nds of 3#diia"
o&i$+ and o#)$es+% i$ does no$ )es$ #'on s#h
onside)a$ions e("#si.e"+% !#$ is enfo)ed $o ')e.en$
#nsee&"+% e('ensi.e% and dan*e)o#s onf"i$s of
3#)isdi$ion and of $he ')oess,
The o&&i$&en$ no$ $o dis'ose of o) en#&!e) $he
')o'e)$+% is a5in $o an in3#n$ion o)de) a*ains$ $he
dis'osi$ion o) en#&!)ane of $he ')o'e)$+,
E#)is')#dene ho"ds $ha$ a"" a$s done in .io"a$ion of a
s$andin* in3#n$ion o)de) a)e .oida!"e as $o $he 'a)$+
en3oined and $hi)d 'a)$ies who a)e no$ in *ood fai$h,
An in3#n$ion o) )es$)ainin* o)de) &#s$ !e o!e+ed whi"e i$
)e&ains in f#"" fo)e and effe$ #n$i" $he in3#n$ion o)
)es$)ainin* o)de) has !een se$ aside% .aa$ed% o)
&odified !+ $he o#)$ whih *)an$ed i$% o) #n$i" $he o)de)
o) de)ee awa)din* i$ has !een )e.e)sed on a''ea", The
in3#n$ion &#s$ !e o!e+ed i))es'e$i.e of $he #"$i&a$e
.a"idi$+ of $he o)de)% and no &a$$e) how #n)easona!"e
and #n3#s$ $he in3#n$ion &a+ !e in i$s $e)&s,
/+A. +E BALLESTEROS vs. RURAL BAN6 OF
CANA)AN
The Co#)$ )eo*niDes $he do$)ine on adhe)ene of
3#)isdi$ion, Howe.e)% $he )#"e on adhe)ene of
C I V I L P R O C E D U R E : C A S E D O C T R I N E S | ?
3#)isdi$ion is no$ a!so"#$e and has e(e'$ions, One of
$he e(e'$ions is $ha$ when $he han*e in 3#)isdi$ion is
#)a$i.e in ha)a$e), 9>L of R,A, C?:> is #)a$i.e in
ha)a$e) when i$ de"a)ed $ha$ $he "i6#ida$ion o#)$ sha""
ha.e 3#)isdi$ion in $he sa&e ')oeedin*s $o assis$ in $he
ad3#dia$ion of $he dis'#$ed "ai&s a*ains$ $he 1an5,
UNION BAN6 vs. CONCEPCION
One 3#)isdi$ion a$$ahes% $he o#)$ anno$ !e o#s$ed
f)o& $he ase !+ an+ s#!se6#en$ e.en$s% s#h as a new
"e*is"a$ion '"ain* s#h ')oeedin*s #nde) $he
3#)isdi$ion of ano$he) !od+, The on"+ )eo*niDed
e(e'$ions $o $he )#"e a)ise when $he s$a$#$e e(')ess"+
so ')o.ides o) when $he s$a$#$e is "ea)"+ in$ended $o
a''"+ $o a$ions 'endin* !efo)e i$s ena$&en$,
LAN+ BAN6 vs. SPOUSES ORILLA
A .oid 3#d*&en$ is no$ en$i$"ed $o $he )es'e$ ao)ded $o
a .a"id 3#d*&en$% !#$ &a+ !e en$i)e"+ dis)e*a)ded o)
de"a)ed ino'e)a$i.e !+ an+ $)i!#na" in whih effe$ is
so#*h$ $o !e *i.en $o i$, I$ is a$$ended !+ none of $he
onse6#enes of a .a"id ad3#dia$ion, I$ has no "e*a" o)
!indin* effe$ o) effia+ fo) an+ '#)'ose o) a$ an+ '"ae,
I$ anno$ affe$% i&'ai) o) )ea$e )i*h$s, I$ is no$ en$i$"ed $o
enfo)e&en$ and is% o)dina)i"+% no ')o$e$ion $o $hose
who see5 $o enfo)e, A"" ')oeedin*s fo#nded on $he
.oid 3#d*&en$ a)e $he&se".es )e*a)ded as in.a"id, In
o$he) wo)ds% a .oid 3#d*&en$ is )e*a)ded as a n#""i$+%
and $he si$#a$ion is $he sa&e as i$ wo#"d !e if $he)e we)e
no 3#d*&en$s, I$% ao)din*"+% "ea.es $he 'a)$ies "i$i*an$s
in $he sa&e 'osi$ion $he+ we)e in !efo)e $he $)ia",
PA+RE vs. BA+ILLO
A deision of $he o#)$ wi$ho#$ 3#)isdi$ion is n#"" and
.oid, Hene% i$ o#"d ne.e) "o*ia""+ !eo&e fina" and
e(e#$o)+, S#h a 3#d*&en$ &a+ !e a$$a5ed di)e$"+ o)
o""a$e)a""+,
TIJA) vs. SIBONG*ANO-
A 'a)$+ anno$ in.o5e $he 3#)isdi$ion of a o#)$ $o s#)e
affi)&a$i.e )e"ief a*ains$ his o''onen$ and% af$e)
o!$ainin* o) fai"in* $o o!$ain s#h )e"ief% )e'#dia$e o)
6#es$ion $ha$ sa&e 3#)isdi$ion4 s#h ')a$ie anno$ !e
$o"e)a$ed fo) )easons of '#!"i 'o"i+,
The do$)ine of "ahes o) of Ms$a"e de&andsM is !ased
#'on *)o#nds of '#!"i 'o"i+ whih )e6#i)es% fo) $he
'eae of soie$+% $he diso#)a*e&en$ of s$a"e "ai&s
and% #n"i5e $he s$a$#$e of "i&i$a$ions% is no$ a &e)e
6#es$ion of $i&e !#$ is ')ini'a""+ a 6#es$ion of $he
ine6#i$+ o) #nfai)ness of 'e)&i$$in* a )i*h$ o) "ai& $o !e
enfo)ed o) asse)$ed,
PAL vs. 6URANG6ING
The )eason fo) s#s'endin* a$ions fo) "ai&s a*ains$ $he
o)'o)a$ion sho#"d no$ !e diffi#"$ $o diso.e), I$ is no$
)ea""+ $o ena!"e $he &ana*e&en$ o&&i$$ee o) $he
)eha!i"i$a$ion )eei.e) $o s#!s$i$#$e $he defendan$ in an+
'endin* a$ion a*ains$ i$ !efo)e an+ o#)$% $)i!#na"%
!oa)d o) !od+, O!.io#s"+% $he )ea" 3#s$ifia$ion is $o
ena!"e $he &ana*e&en$ o&&i$$ee o) )eha!i"i$a$ion
)eei.e) $o effe$i.e"+ e(e)ise i$sFhis 'owe)s f)ee f)o&
an+ 3#diia" o) e($)aA3#diia" in$e)fe)ene $ha$ &i*h$
#nd#"+ hinde) o) ')e.en$ $he N)es#e8 of $he de!$o)
o&'an+, To a""ow s#h o$he) a$ion $o on$in#e wo#"d
on"+ add $o $he !#)den of $he &ana*e&en$ o&&i$$ee o)
)eha!i"i$a$ion )eei.e)% whose $i&e% effo)$ and )eso#)es
wo#"d !e was$ed in defendin* "ai&s a*ains$ $he
o)'o)a$ion ins$ead of !ein* di)e$ed $owa)d i$s
)es$)#$#)in* and )eha!i"i$a$ion,
)EN+O.A vs. /ILLAS
The on#))ene of 3#)isdi$ion is no$% howe.e)% $o !e
$a5en as ao)din* $o 'a)$ies see5in* an+ of $he w)i$s an
a!so"#$e% #n)es$)ained f)eedo& of hoie of $he o#)$ $o
whih a''"ia$ion $he)efo) wi"" !e di)e$ed, The)e is af$e)
a"" a hie)a)h+ of o#)$s, Tha$ hie)a)h+ is de$e)&ina$i.e
of $he .en#e of a''ea"s% and a"so se).es as a *ene)a"
de$e)&inan$ of $he a'')o')ia$e fo)#& fo) 'e$i$ions fo) $he
e($)ao)dina)+ w)i$s, A !eo&in* )e*a)d fo) $ha$ 3#diia"
hie)a)h+ &os$ e)$ain"+ india$es $ha$ 'e$i$ions fo) $he
iss#ane of e($)ao)dina)+ w)i$s a*ains$ fi)s$ "e.e"
;infe)io)-< o#)$s sho#"d !e fi"ed wi$h $he RTC% and $hose
a*ains$ $he "a$$e)% wi$h $he CA, A di)e$ in.oa$ion of $he
SC8s o)i*ina" 3#)isdi$ion $o iss#e $hese w)i$s sho#"d !e
a""owed on"+ when $he)e a)e s'eia" and i&'o)$an$
)easons $he)efo)% "ea)"+ and s'eifia""+ se$ o#$ in $he
'e$i$ion, This is an es$a!"ished 'o"i+, I$ is a 'o"i+
neessa)+ $o ')e.en$ ino)dina$e de&ands #'on $he
Co#)$8s $i&e and a$$en$ion whih a)e !e$$e) de.o$ed $o
$hose &a$$e)s wi$hin i$s e("#si.e 3#)isdi$ion% and $o
')e.en$ f#)$he) o.e)A)owdin* of $he Co#)$8s do5e$,
Unde) $he ')ini'"e of $he hie)a)h+ of o#)$s% deisions%
fina" o)de)s o) )eso"#$ions of an GTC sho#"d !e a''ea"ed
$o $he RTC e(e)isin* $e))i$o)ia" 3#)isdi$ion o.e) $he
fo)&e), On $he o$he) hand% RTC 3#d*&en$s% fina" o)de)s
o) )eso"#$ions a)e a''ea"a!"e $o $he CA $h)o#*h ei$he) of
$he fo""owin*: an o)dina)+ a''ea" if $he ase was
o)i*ina""+ deided !+ $he RTC4 o) a 'e$i$ion fo) )e.iew
#nde) R#"e HB% if $he ase was deided #nde) $he RTCJs
a''e""a$e 3#)isdi$ion,

None$he"ess% a di)e$ )eo#)se $o $his Co#)$ an !e
$a5en fo) a )e.iew of $he deisions% fina" o)de)s o)
)eso"#$ions of $he RTC% !#$ on"+ on 6#es$ions of "aw
;R#"e H:<,
REPUBLIC vs. CAGUIOA
The ')ini'"e of hie)a)h+ of o#)$s does indeed )e6#i)e
$ha$ )eo#)ses sho#"d !e &ade $o $he "owe) o#)$s
C I V I L P R O C E D U R E : C A S E D O C T R I N E S | C
!efo)e $he+ a)e &ade $o $he hi*he) o#)$s, Howe.e)% $he
')ini'"e is no$ an a!so"#$e )#"e and ad&i$s of e(e'$ions
#nde) we""Adefined i)#&s$anes, In se.e)a" ases% $he
Co#)$ ha.e a""owed di)e$ in.oa$ion of $he Co#)$8s
o)i*ina" 3#)isdi$ion $o iss#e w)i$s of e)$io)a)i on $he
*)o#nd of s'eia" and i&'o)$an$ )easons "ea)"+ s$a$ed in
$he 'e$i$ion4 when di$a$ed !+ '#!"i we"fa)e and $he
ad.ane&en$ of '#!"i 'o"i+4 when de&anded !+ $he
!)oade) in$e)es$ of 3#s$ie4 when $he ha""en*ed o)de)s
we)e 'a$en$ n#""i$ies4 o) when ana"o*o#s e(e'$iona" and
o&'e""in* i)#&s$anes a""ed fo) and 3#s$ified o#)
i&&edia$e and di)e$ hand"in* of $he ase,
RULE 89 GENERAL PRO/ISIONS
RE+E,A vs. COURT OF APPEALS
The Co#)$ has of$en s$)essed $ha$ )#"es of ')oed#)e a)e
&e)e"+ $oo"s desi*ned $o fai"i$a$e $he a$$ain&en$ of
3#s$ie, Th#s% if $he a''"ia$ion of $he R#"es wo#"d $end
$o f)#s$)a$e )a$he) $han ')o&o$e 3#s$ie% i$ is a"wa+s wi$hin
$he Co#)$8s 'owe) $o s#s'end $he )#"es o) e(e'$ a
'a)$i#"a) ase f)o& i$s o'e)a$ion,
The R#"es i$se"f e(')ess"+ s$a$es in 9B of R#"e 1 $ha$ $he
)#"es sha"" !e "i!e)a""+ ons$)#ed in o)de) $o ')o&o$e $hei)
o!3e$ and $o assis$ $he 'a)$ies in o!$ainin* 3#s$% s'eed+
and ine('ensi.e de$e)&ina$ion of e.e)+ a$ion and
')oeedin*, The)efo)e% Co#)$s no$ on"+ ha.e $he 'owe)
!#$ $he d#$+ $o ons$)#e and a''"+ $ehnia" )#"es
"i!e)a""+ in fa.o) of s#!s$an$i.e "aw and s#!s$an$ia"
3#s$ie, 7#)$he)&o)e% $he Co#)$ has $he 'owe) no$ on"+ $o
"i!e)a""+ ons$)#e $he )#"es% !#$ a"so $o s#s'end $he&% in
fa.o) of s#!s$an$i.e "aw o) s#!s$an$ia" )i*h$s,
Howe.e)% i$ is e6#a""+ se$$"ed $ha$ $he Co#)$8s 'owe) $o
"i!e)a""+ ons$)#e and e.en $o s#s'end $he )#"es%
')es#''oses $he e(is$ene of s#!s$an$ia" )i*h$s in fa.o)
of whih% $he s$)i$ a''"ia$ion of $ehnia" )#"es &#s$
onede,
Ad&i$$ed"+% $his Co#)$ has )e"a(ed $he )#"e on $he !indin*
effe$ of o#nse"8s ne*"i*ene and a""owed a "i$i*an$
ano$he) hane $o ')esen$ his ase ;1< whe)e $he
)e5"ess o) *)oss ne*"i*ene of o#nse" de')i.es $he
"ien$ of d#e ')oess of "aw4 ;B< when a''"ia$ion of $he
)#"e wi"" )es#"$ in o#$)i*h$ de')i.a$ion of $he "ien$8s "i!e)$+
o) ')o'e)$+4 o) ;>< whe)e $he in$e)es$s of 3#s$ie so
)e6#i)e, None of $hese e(e'$ions o!$ains he)e,
The )e"ief affo)ded !+ R#"e >= wi"" no$ !e *)an$ed $o a
'a)$+ who see5s $o !e )e"ie.ed f)o& $he effe$s of $he
3#d*&en$ when $he "oss of $he )e&ed+ of "aw was d#e $o
his own ne*"i*ene% o) a &is$a5en &ode of ')oed#)e fo)
$ha$ &a$$e)4 o$he)wise% $he 'e$i$ion fo) )e"ief wi"" !e
$an$a&o#n$ $o )e.i.in* $he )i*h$ of a''ea" whih has
a")ead+ !een "os$% ei$he) !ea#se of ine(#sa!"e
ne*"i*ene o) d#e $o a &is$a5e of ')oed#)e !+ o#nse",
The R#"es a""ow a 'e$i$ion fo) )e"ief on"+ when $he)e is no
o$he) a.ai"a!"e )e&ed+% and no$ when "i$i*an$s "ose a
)e&ed+ !+ ne*"i*ene,
/+A. +E /ICTORIA vs. COURT OF APPEALS
I$ has !een said $ha$ "i$i*a$ion is no$ a *a&e of
$ehnia"i$ies% $ha$ e.e)+ ase &#s$ !e ')ose#$ed in
ao)dane wi$h $he ')es)i!ed ')oed#)e so $ha$ iss#es
&a+ !e ')o'e)"+ ')esen$ed and 3#s$"+ )eso".ed% !#$ $his
does no$ &ean $ha$ ')oed#)a" )#"es &a+ a"$o*e$he) !e
dis)e*a)ded, R#"es of ')oed#)e &#s$ !e fai$hf#""+
fo""owed e(e'$ on"+ when% fo) 'e)s#asi.e )easons% $he+
&a+ !e )e"a(ed $o )e"ie.e a "i$i*an$ of an in3#s$ie
o&&ens#)a$e wi$h his fai"#)e $o o&'"+ wi$h $he
')es)i!ed ')oed#)e, Cono&i$an$ $o a "i!e)a"
a''"ia$ion of $he )#"es of ')oed#)e sho#"d !e an effo)$
on $he 'a)$ of $he 'a)$+ in.o5in* "i!e)a"i$+ $o ade6#a$e"+
e('"ain his fai"#)e $o a!ide !+ $he )#"es,
*ERNAN+E. vs. RURAL BAN6 OF LUCENA
The a$ion is ')i&a)i"+ $o o&'e" $he &o)$*a*ee $o
ae'$ 'a+&en$ of $he &o)$*a*e de!$ and $o )e"ease $he
&o)$*a*e, Hene% $he .en#e of '"ain$iffsJ 'e)sona" a$ion
is $he '"ae whe)e $he defendan$ o) an+ of $he
defendan$s )esides o) &a+ !e fo#nd% o) whe)e $he
'"ain$iff o) an+ of $he '"ain$iffs )esides% a$ $he e"e$ion of
$he '"ain$iff
The fa$ $he inso".en$ !an5 is fo)!idden $o do !#siness%
$ha$ i$s asse$s a)e $#)n o.e) $o $he S#'e)in$enden$ of
1an5s% as a )eei.e)% fo) on.e)sa$ion in$o ash% and $ha$
i$s "i6#ida$ion is #nde)$a5en wi$h 3#diia" in$e).en$ion
&eans $ha$% as fa) as "awf#" and ')a$ia!"e% a"" "ai&s
a*ains$ $he inso".en$ !an5 and $ha$ $he "i6#ida$ion o#)$
sho#"d !e fi"ed in $he "i6#ida$ion ')oeedin*,
S#i$s !)o#*h$ a*ains$ a !an5 af$e) $he iss#ane of a
no$ie $ha$ $he finane o&&issione) has $a5en
'ossession of $he !an5 sho#"d !e dis&issed o) a)e
!a))ed fo) wan$ of 3#)isdi$ion,
)U,O. vs. ATT-. -ABUT
;head s'inne) aseOOO<
The )#"e is $ha$: ;1< a 3#d*&en$ in rem is !indin* #'on
$he who"e wo)"d% s#h as a 3#d*&en$ in a "and
)e*is$)a$ion ase o) ')o!a$e of a wi""4 and ;B< a 3#d*&en$
in personam is !indin* #'on $he 'a)$ies and $hei)
s#esso)sAinAin$e)es$ !#$ no$ #'on s$)an*e)s, A
3#d*&en$ di)e$in* a 'a)$+ $o de"i.e) 'ossession of a
')o'e)$+ $o ano$he) is in personam4 i$ is !indin* on"+
a*ains$ $he 'a)$ies and $hei) s#esso)sAinAin$e)es$ !+
$i$"e s#!se6#en$ $o $he o&&ene&en$ of $he a$ion, An
a$ion fo) de"a)a$ion of n#""i$+ of $i$"e and )eo.e)+ of
owne)shi' of )ea" ')o'e)$+% o) )eAon.e+ane% is a )ea"
a$ion !#$ i$ is an a$ion in personam% fo) i$ !inds a
'a)$i#"a) indi.id#a" on"+ a"$ho#*h i$ one)ns $he )i*h$ $o
C I V I L P R O C E D U R E : C A S E D O C T R I N E S | =
a $an*i!"e $hin*, An+ 3#d*&en$ $he)ein is !indin* on"+
#'on $he 'a)$ies ')o'e)"+ i&'"eaded,
A s#i$ fo) in3#n$ion 'a)$a5es of an a$ion in personam,
The ai& and o!3e$ of an a$ion de$e)&ine i$s ha)a$e),
2he$he) a ')oeedin* is in rem% o) in personam% o)
6#asi in rem fo) $ha$ &a$$e)% is de$e)&ined !+ i$s na$#)e
and '#)'ose% and !+ $hese on"+, A ')oeedin* in
personam is a ')oeedin* $o enfo)e 'e)sona" )i*h$s and
o!"i*a$ions !)o#*h$ a*ains$ $he 'e)son and is !ased on
$he 3#)isdi$ion of $he 'e)son% a"$ho#*h i$ &a+ in.o".e his
)i*h$ $o% o) $he e(e)ise of owne)shi' of% s'eifi
')o'e)$+% o) see5 $o o&'e" hi& $o on$)o" o) dis'ose of i$
in ao)dane wi$h $he &anda$e of $he o#)$, The
$u!$ose o a $!oceed"n% in personam is $o i&'ose%
$h)o#*h $he 3#d*&en$ of a o#)$% so&e )es'onsi!i"i$+ o)
"ia!i"i$+ di)e$"+ #'on $he 'e)son of $he defendan$, Of $his
ha)a$e) a)e s#i$s $o o&'e" a defendan$ $o s'eifia""+
'e)fo)& so&e a$ o) a$ions $o fas$en a 'e#nia)+
"ia!i"i$+ on hi&,
An ac&"on in personam is said $o !e one whih has fo)
i$s ob:ec& a 3#d*&en$ a*ains$ $he 'e)son% as
dis$in*#ished f)o& a 3#d*&en$ a*ains$ $he ')o')ie$+ $o
de$e)&ine i$s s$a$e, I$ has !een he"d $ha$ an a$ion in
personam is a ')oeedin* $o enfo)e 'e)sona" )i*h$s o)
o!"i*a$ions4 s#h a$ion is !)o#*h$ a*ains$ $he 'e)son,
As fa) as s#i$s fo) in3#n$i.e )e"ief a)e one)ned% i$ is
we""Ase$$"ed $ha$ i$ is an in3#n$i.e a$ in personam,
7#)$he)&o)e% ')oeedin*s $o enfo)e 'e)sona" )i*h$s and
o!"i*a$ions and in whih 'e)sona" 3#d*&en$s a)e
)ende)ed ad3#s$in* $he )i*h$s and o!"i*a$ions !e$ween
$he affe$ed 'a)$ies is in personam, A$ions fo) )eo.e)+
of )ea" ')o'e)$+ a)e in personam ,-
GO vs. UCPB
The a$ion fo) ane""a$ion of )ea" es$a$e &o)$*a*e fi"ed
!+ 'e$i$ione) was ')i&a)i"+ an a$ion $o o&'e" $he !an5
$o )e$#)n $o hi& $he ')o'e)$ies whih $he !an5 had
a")ead+ ini$ia$ed fo)e"os#)e ')oeedin*s,
The ane""a$ion of $he )ea" es$a$e &o)$*a*e is a )ea"
a$ion% onside)in* $ha$ a )ea" es$a$e &o)$*a*e is a )ea"
)i*h$ and a )ea" ')o'e)$+ !+ i$se"f, An a$ion fo)
ane""a$ion of )ea" es$a$e &o)$*a*e is necessa!"l# an
ac&"on aec&"n% &(e &"&le &o &(e $!o$e!&#, The)efo)e% i$
is a )ea" a$ion whih sho#"d !e o&&ened and $)ied in
$he '"ae whe)e $he s#!3e$ ')o'e)$+ "ies,
RULE ;9 CAUSE OF ACTION
C*INA BAN6 vs. COURT OF APPEALS
A a#se of a$ion has $h)ee ELEGENTS: ;1< a )i*h$ in
fa.o) of $he '"ain$iff !+ wha$e.e) &eans and #nde)
wha$e.e) "aw i$ a)ises o) is )ea$ed4 ;B< an o!"i*a$ion on
$he 'a)$ of $he na&ed defendan$ $o )es'e$ o) no$ $o
.io"a$e s#h )i*h$4 and ;>< an a$ o) o&ission on $he 'a)$
of s#h defendan$ .io"a$i.e of $he )i*h$ of $he '"ain$iff o)
ons$i$#$in* a !)eah of $he o!"i*a$ion of $he defendan$ $o
$he '"ain$iff,
I$ is on"+ when $he "as$ e"e&en$ o#)s $ha$ a a#se of
a$ion a)ises, Ao)din*"+% a a#se of a$ion on a w)i$$en
on$)a$ a)#es on"+ when an a$#a" !)eah o) .io"a$ion
$he)eof o#)s,
BPI vs. COSCOLLUELA
A 'a)$+ &a+ no$ ins$i$#$e &o)e $han one s#i$ fo) a sin*"e
a#se of a$ion and% if $wo o) &o)e s#i$s a)e ins$i$#$ed on
$he !asis of $he sa&e a#se of a$ion% $he fi"in* of one
on a 3#d*&en$ #'on $he &e)i$s in an+ one is a.ai"a!"e as
*)o#nd fo) $he dis&issa" of $he o$he) o) o$he)s, A 'a)$+
wi"" no$ !e 'e)&i$$ed $o s'"i$ #' a sin*"e a#se of a$ion
and &a5e i$ a !asis fo) se.e)a" s#i$s, A 'a)$+ see5in* $o
enfo)e a "ai& &#s$ ')esen$ $o $he o#)$ !+ $he
'"eadin*s o) ')oofs o) !o$h% a"" $he *)o#nds #'on whih
he e('e$s a 3#d*&en$ in his fa.o), The who"e a#se
&#s$ !e de$e)&ined in one a$ion,
The 6#es$ion &#s$ of$en !e de$e)&ined% no$ !+ $he
*ene)a" )#"es !#$ !+ )efe)ene $o $he fa$s and
i)#&s$anes of $he 'a)$i#"a) ase, 2he)e deeds
a)isin* o#$ of on$)a$ a)e dis$in$ and se'a)a$e% $he+
*i.e )ise $o se'a)a$e a#se of a$ion fo) whih se'a)a$e
a$ion &a+ !e &ain$ained4 !#$ i$ is a"so $)#e $ha$ $he
sa&e on$)a$ &a+ *i.e )ise $o diffe)en$ a#ses of a$ion
ei$he) !+ )eason of s#essi.e !)eahes o) !+ )eason of
diffe)en$ s$i'#"a$ions o) ')o.isions of $he on$)a$,
2he)e $he)e a)e en$i)e"+ dis$in$ and se'a)a$e on$)a$s%
$he+ *i.e )ise $o se'a)a$e a#ses of a$ion fo) whih
se'a)a$e a$ions &a+ !e ins$i$#$ed and ')esen$ed, 2hen
&one+ is 'a+a!"e !+ ins$a""&en$s% a dis$in$ a#se of
a$ion assai"s #'on $he fo""owin* d#e !+ eah ins$a""&en$
and $he+ &a+ !e )eo.e)ed in s#essi.e a$ion, On $he
o$he) hand% whe)e se.e)a" "ai&s 'a+a!"e a$ diffe)en$
$i&es a)ise o#$ of $he sa&e $)ansa$ions% se'a)a$e
a$ions &a+ !e !)o#*h$ as eah "ia!i"i$+ ao#n$s, 1#$
whe)e no a$ion is !)o#*h$ #n$i" &o)e $han one is d#e% a""
$ha$ a)e d#e &#s$ !e in"#ded in one a$ion4 and $ha$ if
an a$ion is !)o#*h$ $o )eo.e) #'on one o) &o)e $ha$
a)e d#e !#$ no$ #'on a"" $ha$ a)e d#e% a )eo.e)+ in s#h
a$ion wi"" !e a !a) $o a se.e)a" o) o$he) a$ions !)o#*h$
$o )eo.e) one o) &o)e "ai&s of $he o$he) "ai&s $ha$
we)e d#e a$ $he $i&e $he fi)s$ a$ion was !)o#*h$,
AGUSTIN vs. BACALAN
The o#)$ has no 3#)isdi$ion $o hea) and de$e)&ine a
se$Aoff o) o#n$e)"ai& in e(ess of i$s 3#)isdi$ion, A
o#n$e)"ai& !e+ond $he o#)$Js 3#)isdi$ion &a+ on"+ !e
'"eaded !+ wa+ of defense% $he '#)'ose of whih%
howe.e)% is on"+ $o defea$ o) wea5en '"ain$iffJs "ai&% no$
$o o!$ain affi)&a$i.e )e"ief,
C I V I L P R O C E D U R E : C A S E D O C T R I N E S | @
The a&o#n$ of 3#d*&en$ o!$ained !+ $he defendan$A
a''e""ee on a''ea" anno$ e(eed $he 3#)isdi$ion of $he
o#)$ in whih $he a$ion !e*an, Sine $he $)ia" o#)$ did
no$ a6#i)e 3#)isdi$ion o.e) $he defendan$Js o#n$e)"ai&
in e(ess of $he 3#)isdi$iona" a&o#n$% $he a''e""a$e
o#)$% "i5ewise% a6#i)ed no 3#)isdi$ion o.e) $he sa&e !+
i$s deisions o) o$he)wise, A''e""a$e 3#)isdi$ion !ein*
no$ on"+ a on$in#a$ion of $he e(e)ise of $he sa&e
3#diia" 'owe) whih has !een e(e#$ed in $he o#)$ of
o)i*ina" 3#)isdi$ion% a"so ')es#''oses $ha$ $he o)i*ina"
and a''e""a$e o#)$s a)e a'a!"e of 'a)$ii'a$in* in $he
e(e)ise of $he sa&e 3#diia" 'owe),
2hen o#)$ $)ansends $he "i&i$s ')es)i!ed fo) i$ !+ "aw
and ass#&es $o a$ whe)e i$ has no 3#)isdi$ion% i$s
ad3#dia$ions wi"" !e #$$e)"+ .oid and of no effe$ ei$he)
as an es$o''e" o) o$he)wise,
FLORES vs. )ALLARE5P*ILLIPS
In ases whe)e a '"ain$iff s#es a defendan$ on $wo o)
&o)e se'a)a$e a#ses of a$ion% $he a&o#n$ of $he
de&and sha"" !e $he $o$a"i$+ of $he "ai&s in a"" $he
a#ses of a$ion i))es'e$i.e of whe$he) $he a#ses of
a$ion a)ose o#$ of $he sa&e o) diffe)en$ $)ansa$ions, If
$he $o$a" de&and e(eeds PBL%LLL% $hen $he RTC has
3#)isdi$ion, If $he a#ses of a$ion a)e se'a)a$e and
inde'enden$% $hei) 3oinde) in one o&'"ain$ is
$e!m"ss"ve and no$ &anda$o)+% and an+ a#se of a$ion
whe)e $he a&o#n$ of $he de&and is PBL%LLL o) "ess &a+
!e $he s#!3e$ of a se'a)a$e o&'"ain$ fi"ed wi$h a GTC,
2he)e $wo o) &o)e '"ain$iffs ha.in* se'a)a$e a#ses of
a$ion a*ains$ a defendan$ 3oin in a sin*"e o&'"ain$% $he
TOTALITK RULE is a''"ia!"e% as we"" as $o ases
whe)e a '"ain$iff has se'a)a$e a#ses of a$ion a*ains$
$wo o) &o)e defendan$s 3oined in a sin*"e o&'"ain$,
Howe.e)% $he a#ses of a$ion in fa.o) of $he $wo o)
&o)e '"ain$iffs o) a*ains$ $he $wo o) &o)e defendan$s
sho#"d a)ise o#$ of $he sa&e $)ansa$ion o) se)ies of
$)ansa$ions and $he)e sho#"d !e a o&&on 6#es$ion of
"aw o) fa$% as ')o.ided in 9? of R#"e > /Co&'"iane wi$h
R#"es of Eoinde)0,
In ases of $e!m"ss"ve :o"nde! o $a!&"es% whe$he) as
'"ain$iffs o) as defendan$s% #nde) 9? of R#"e >% $he &o&al
o all &(e cla"ms sha"" now f#)nish $he 3#)isdi$iona" $es$,
Need"ess $o s$a$e a"so% if ins$ead of 3oinin* o) !ein*
3oined in one o&'"ain$ se'a)a$e a$ions a)e fi"ed !+ o)
a*ains$ $he 'a)$ies% $he a&o#n$ de&anded in eah
o&'"ain$ sha"" f#)nish $he 3#)isdi$iona" $es$,
PANTRANCO vs. BUNCAN
Pe)&issi.e 3oinde) of 'a)$ies )e6#i)es $ha$: ;a< $he )i*h$ $o
)e"ief a)ises o#$ of $he sa&e $)ansa$ion o) se)ies of
$)ansa$ions4 ;!< $he)e is a 6#es$ion of "aw o) fa$
o&&on $o a"" $he '"ain$iffs o) defendan$s4 and ;< s#h
3oinde) is no$ o$he)wise ')os)i!ed !+ $he ')o.isions of
$he R#"es on 3#)isdi$ion and .en#e,
In $he ase% $he)e is a sin*"e $)ansa$ion o&&on $o a"",
The)e is a"so a o&&on 6#es$ion of fa$% $ha$ is% whe$he)
'e$i$ione)s a)e ne*"i*en$, The)e !ein* a sin*"e
$)ansa$ion o&&on $o !o$h )es'onden$s% onse6#en$"+%
$he+ ha.e $he sa&e a#se of a$ion a*ains$ 'e$i$ione)s,
To de$e)&ine iden$i$+ of a#se of a$ion% i$ &#s$ !e
ase)$ained whe$he) $he sa&e e.idene whih is
neessa)+ $o s#s$ain $he seond a#se of a$ion wo#"d
ha.e !een s#ffiien$ $o a#$ho)iDe a )eo.e)+ in $he fi)s$,
SPS. +ECENA vs. PI0UERO
A a#se of a$ion is an a$ o) o&ission of one 'a)$+ in
.io"a$ion of $he "e*a" )i*h$ of $he o$he) whih a#ses $he
"a$$e) in3#)+, A a#se of a$ion sho#"d no$ !e onf#sed
wi$h $he )e&edies o) )e"iefs ')a+ed fo), A cause o
ac&"on "s &o be ound "n &(e ac&s alle%ed "n &(e
com$la"n& and no& "n &(e $!a#e! o! !el"e. I$ is $he
s#!s$ane and no$ $he fo)& $ha$ is on$)o""in*, A 'a)$+
&a+ ha.e $wo o) &o)e a#ses of a$ion a*ains$ ano$he)
'a)$+,
A :o"nde! o causes o ac&"on is $he #ni$in* of $wo o)
&o)e de&ands o) )i*h$ of a$ion in a o&'"ain$, The
6#es$ion of $he 3oinde) of a#ses of a$ion in.o".es in
'a)$i#"a) ases a ')e"i&ina)+ in6#i)+ as $o whe$he) $wo
o) &o)e a#ses of a$ion a)e a""e*ed, In de"a)in*
whe$he) &o)e $han one a#se of a$ion is a""e*ed% $he
&ain $h)#s$ is whe$he) &o)e $han one ')i&a)+ )i*h$ o)
s#!3e$ of on$)o.e)s+ is ')esen$, O$he) $es$s a)e
whe$he) )eo.e)+ on one *)o#nd wo#"d !a) )eo.e)+ on
$he o$he)% whe$he) $he sa&e e.idene wo#"d s#''o)$ $he
o$he) diffe)en$ o#n$s and whe$he) se'a)a$e a$ions
o#"d !e &ain$ained fo) se'a)a$e )e"ief4 o) whe$he) &o)e
$han one dis$in$ ')i&a)+ )i*h$ o) s#!3e$ of on$)o.e)s+
is a""e*ed fo) enfo)e&en$ o) ad3#dia$ion,
A a#se of a$ion &a+ !e sin*"e a"$ho#*h $he '"ain$iff
see5s a .a)ie$+ of )e&edies, The &e)e fa$ $ha$ $he
'"ain$iff ')a+s fo) &#"$i'"e )e"iefs does no$ india$e $ha$ he
has s$a$ed &o)e $han one a#se of a$ion, The ')a+e)
&a+ !e an aid in in$e)')e$in* $he 'e$i$ion and in
de$e)&inin* whe$he) o) no$ &o)e $han one a#se of
a$ion is '"eaded, If $he a""e*a$ions of $he o&'"ain$
show one ')i&a)+ )i*h$ and one w)on*% on"+ one a#se
of a$ion is a""e*ed e.en $ho#*h o$he) &a$$e)s a)e
iniden$a""+ in.o".ed% and a"$ho#*h diffe)en$ a$s%
&e$hods% e"e&en$s of in3#)+% i$e&s of "ai&s o) $heo)ies
of )eo.e)+ a)e se$ fo)$h, 2he)e $wo o) &o)e ')i&a)+
)i*h$s and w)on*s a''ea)% $he)e is a 3oinde) of a#ses of
a$ion,
UNI7I+E *OL+INGS vs. CRU.
C I V I L P R O C E D U R E : C A S E D O C T R I N E S | 1L
E("#si.e .en#e s$i'#"a$ion e&!odied in a on$)a$
)es$)i$s o) onfines 'a)$ies $he)e$o when $he s#i$ )e"a$es
$o !)eah of said on$)a$, 1#$ whe)e $he e("#si.i$+
"a#se does no$ &a5e i$ neessa)i"+ eno&'assin*% s#h
$ha$ e.en $hose no$ )e"a$ed $o $he enfo)e&en$ of $he
on$)a$ sho#"d !e s#!3e$ $o $he e("#si.e .en#e% $he
s$i'#"a$ion desi*na$in* e("#si.e .en#es sho#"d !e
s$)i$"+ onfined $o $he s'eifi #nde)$a5in* o)
a*)ee&en$, O$he)wise% $he !asi ')ini'"es of f)eedo& $o
on$)a$ &i*h$ wo)5 $o $he *)ea$ disad.an$a*e of a wea5
'a)$+As#i$o) who o#*h$ $o !e a""owed f)ee aess $o
o#)$s of 3#s$ie,
Res$)i$i.e s$i'#"a$ions a)e in de)o*a$ion of $he *ene)a"
'o"i+ of &a5in* i$ &o)e on.enien$ fo) $he 'a)$ies $o
ins$i$#$e a$ions a)isin* f)o& o) in )e"a$ion $o $hei)
a*)ee&en$s, Th#s% $he )es$)i$ion sho#"d !e s$)i$"+
ons$)#ed as )e"a$in* so"e"+ $o $he a*)ee&en$ fo) whih
$he e("#si.e .en#e s$i'#"a$ion is e&!odied, E('andin*
$he so'e of s#h "i&i$a$ion on a on$)a$in* 'a)$+ wi""
)ea$e #nwa))an$ed )es$)i$ions whih $he 'a)$ies &i*h$
find #nin$ended o) wo)se% a)!i$)a)+ and o'')essi.e,
RULE <9 PARTIES TO CI/IL ACTIONS
IRON and STEEL vs. COURT OF APPEALS
2hen $he s$a$#$o)+ $e)& of a non5"nco!$o!a&ed a%enc#
e('i)es% $he 'owe)s% d#$ies and f#n$ions as we"" as $he
asse$s and "ia!i"i$ies of $ha$ a*en+ )e.e)$ !a5 $o% and
a)e )eAass#&ed !+% $he Re'#!"i of $he Phi"i''ines% in
$he a!sene of s'eia" ')o.isions of "aw s'eif+in* so&e
o$he) dis'osi$ion $he)eof s#h as% e,*,% de.o"#$ion o)
$)ans&ission of s#h 'owe)s% d#$ies% f#n$ions% e$, $o
so&e o$he) iden$ified s#esso) a*en+ o)
ins$)#&en$a"i$+ of $he Re'#!"i of $he Phi"i''ines, 2hen
$he e('i)in* a*en+ is an "nco!$o!a&ed one% $he
onse6#enes of s#h e('i)+ &#s$ !e "oo5ed fo)% in $he
fi)s$ ins$ane% in $he ha)$e) of $ha$ a*en+ and% !+ wa+
of s#''"e&en$a$ion% in $he ')o.isions of $he Co)'o)a$ion
Code,
RALLA vs. RALLA
The )ea" 'a)$+AinAin$e)es$ is $he 'a)$+ who s$ands $o !e
!enefi$ed o) in3#)ed !+ $he 3#d*&en$ o) $he 'a)$+ en$i$"ed
$o $he a.ai"s of $he s#i$, MIn$e)es$M wi$hin $he &eanin* of
$he )#"e &eans &a$e)ia" in$e)es$% an in$e)es$ in iss#e and
$o !e affe$ed !+ $he de)ee% as dis$in*#ished f)o& &e)e
in$e)es$ in $he 6#es$ion in.o".ed% o) a &e)e iniden$a"
in$e)es$, As a *ene)a" )#"e% one ha.in* no )i*h$ o) in$e)es$
$o ')o$e$ anno$ in.o5e $he 3#)isdi$ion of $he o#)$ as a
'a)$+A'"ain$iff in an a$ion,
As a .a"id"+ disinhe)i$ed hei) and no$ "ai&in* $o !e a
)edi$o) of his deeased fa$he)% Ped)o Ra""a had no "e*a"
'e)sona"i$+ $o 6#es$ion $he deed of sa"e !e$ween
Rosendo Ra""a and his son Pa!"o, Ped)o Ra""a was a
s$)an*e) $o $he $)ansa$ion as he did no$ s$and $o !enefi$
f)o& i$s ann#"&en$,
TA)PINGCO vs. IAC
A dona$ion% as a &ode of a6#i)in* owne)shi'% )es#"$s in
an effe$i.e $)ansfe) of $i$"e o.e) $he ')o'e)$+ f)o& $he
dono) $o $he donee and one a dona$ion is ae'$ed% $he
donee !eo&es $he a!so"#$e owne) of $he ')o'e)$+
dona$ed,
OCO vs. LI)BARING
9B of R#"e > has $wo )e6#i)e&en$s: 1< $o ins$i$#$e
an a$ion% $he '"ain$iff &#s$ !e $he )ea" 'a)$+ in in$e)es$4
and B< $he a$ion &#s$ !e ')ose#$ed in $he na&e of $he
)ea" 'a)$+ in in$e)es$, The '#)'oses of $his ')o.ision a)e
1< $o ')e.en$ $he ')ose#$ion of a$ions !+ 'e)sons
wi$ho#$ an+ )i*h$% $i$"e o) in$e)es$ in $he ase4 B< $o )e6#i)e
$ha$ $he a$#a" 'a)$+ en$i$"ed $o "e*a" )e"ief !e $he one $o
')ose#$e $he a$ion4 >< $o a.oid a &#"$i'"ii$+ of s#i$s4
and H< $o diso#)a*e "i$i*a$ion and 5ee' i$ wi$hin e)$ain
!o#nds% '#)s#an$ $o so#nd '#!"i 'o"i+,

In$e)es$ wi$hin $he &eanin* of $he R#"es &eans &a$e)ia"
in$e)es$ o) an in$e)es$ in iss#e $o !e affe$ed !+ $he
de)ee o) 3#d*&en$ of $he ase% as dis$in*#ished f)o&
&e)e #)iosi$+ a!o#$ $he 6#es$ion in.o".ed, One ha.in*
no &a$e)ia" in$e)es$ $o ')o$e$ anno$ in.o5e $he
3#)isdi$ion of $he o#)$ as $he '"ain$iff in an a$ion,
2hen $he '"ain$iff is no$ $he )ea" 'a)$+ in in$e)es$% $he
ase is dis&issi!"e on $he *)o#nd of "a5 of a#se of
a$ion,
PASCUAL vs. PASCUAL
2he)e $he 'a)$ies a)e no$ a$#a" )esiden$s in $he sa&e
i$+ o) &#nii'a"i$+ o) ad3oinin* !a)an*a+s% $he)e is no
)e6#i)e&en$ fo) $he& $o s#!&i$ $hei) dis'#$e $o $he lupon
as ')o.ided fo) in 9? .isAPA.is 9B and 9> of P,D, 1:L=,
To ons$)#e $he e(')ess s$a$#$o)+ )e6#i)e&en$ of a$#a"
)esiden+ as a''"ia!"e $o $he a$$o)ne+AinAfa$ of $he
'a)$+A'"ain$iff wo#"d a!)o*a$e $he &eanin* of a )ea"
'a)$+ in in$e)es$-,
GOLANGCO vs. FUNG
The Peo'"e of $he Phi"i''ines we)e indis'ensa!"e 'a)$ies
in a"" )i&ina" ')oeedin*s, The o&ission was fa$a" and
eno#*h a#se fo) $he s#&&a)+ )e3e$ion of $he 'e$i$ion
fo) e)$io)a)i,
Consen$ of $he OSG $o $he 'e$i$ion fo) e)$io)a)i is
needed ')io) $o $he fi"in* $he)eof, The Ad&inis$)a$i.e
Code of 1@=C &anda$es $he OSG $o )e')esen$ $he
Go.e)n&en$ in $he SC and $he CA in a"" )i&ina"
')oeedin*s4 )e')esen$ $he Go.e)n&en$ and i$s offie)s
in $he SC% $he CA% and a"" o$he) o#)$s o) $)i!#na"s in a""
C I V I L P R O C E D U R E : C A S E D O C T R I N E S | 11
i.i" a$ions and s'eia" ')oeedin*s in whih $he
Go.e)n&en$ o) an+ offie) $he)eof in his offiia" a'ai$+
is a 'a)$+,-
A"$ho#*h $he 'e$i$ion fo) e)$io)a)i !o)e $he onfo)&i$+ of
$he '#!"i ')ose#$o)% $ha$ onfo)&i$+ a"one did no$
s#ffie, The a#$ho)i$+ of $he Ci$+ P)ose#$o) o) his
assis$an$ $o a''ea) fo) and )e')esen$ $he Peo'"e of $he
Phi"i''ines was onfined on"+ $o $he ')oeedin*s in $he
$)ia" o#)$,
E0UITABLE vs. *EIRS OF TUI
2he)e $he a$ion is a""owed $o !e ')ose#$ed o)
defended !+ a )e')esen$a$i.e o) so&eone a$in* in a
fid#ia)+ a'ai$+% &(e BENEFICIAR- sha"" !e
INCLU+E+ IN T*E TITLE OF T*E CASE and sha"" !e
dee&ed $o !e &(e !eal $a!&# "n "n&e!es&, A
)e')esen$a$i.e &a+ !e a $)#s$ee of an e(')ess $)#s$% a
*#a)dian% an e(e#$o) o) ad&inis$)a$o)% o) a 'a)$+
a#$ho)iDed !+ "aw o) $hese R#"es, An a*en$ a$in* in his
own na&e and fo) $he !enefi$ of an #ndis"osed ')ini'a"
&a+ s#e o) !e s#ed wi$ho#$ 3oinin* $he ')ini'a" e(e'$
when $he on$)a$ in.o".es $hin*s !e"on*in* $o $he
')ini'a",
+EP4T OF *EALT* vs. P*IL P*AR)A
The s$a$e &a+ no$ !e s#ed wi$ho#$ i$s onsen$, Li5ewise%
'#!"i offiia"s &a+ no$ !e s#ed fo) a$s done in $he
'e)fo)&ane of $hei) offiia" f#n$ions o) wi$hin $he so'e
of $hei) a#$ho)i$+,
An un"nco!$o!a&ed %ove!nmen& a%enc# wi$ho#$ an+
se'a)a$e 3#)idia" 'e)sona"i$+ of i$s own en3o+s i&&#ni$+
f)o& s#i$ !ea#se i$ is in.es$ed wi$h an inhe)en$ 'owe) of
so.e)ei*n$+, Ao)din*"+% a "ai& fo) da&a*es a*ains$
$he a*en+ anno$ ')os'e)4 o$he)wise% $he do$)ine of
so.e)ei*n i&&#ni$+ is .io"a$ed, Howe.e)% $he need $o
dis$in*#ish !e$ween an #nino)'o)a$ed *o.e)n&en$
a*en+ 'e)fo)&in* %ove!nmen&al unc&"on and one
'e)fo)&in* $!o$!"e&a!# unc&"ons has a)isen, The
i&&#ni$+ has !een #'he"d in fa.o) of $he fo)&e)
!ea#se i$s f#n$ion is *o.e)n&en$a" o) iniden$a" $o
s#h f#n$ion4 i$ has no$ !een #'he"d in fa.o) of $he "a$$e)
whose f#n$ion was no$ in '#)s#i$ of a neessa)+
f#n$ion of *o.e)n&en$ !#$ was essen$ia""+ a !#siness,
The do$)ine of s$a$e i&&#ni$+ e($ends i$s ')o$e$i.e
&an$"e a"so $o o&'"ain$s fi"ed a*ains$ s$a$e offiia"s fo)
a$s done in $he disha)*e and 'e)fo)&ane of $hei)
d#$ies, MThe s#a!i"i$+ of a *o.e)n&en$ offiia" de'ends
on whe$he) $he offiia" one)ned was a$in* wi$hin his
offiia" o) 3#)isdi$iona" a'ai$+% and whe$he) $he a$s
done in $he 'e)fo)&ane of offiia" f#n$ions wi"" )es#"$ in
a ha)*e o) finania" "ia!i"i$+ a*ains$ $he *o.e)n&en$,M
O$he)wise s$a$ed% M'#!"i offiia"s an !e he"d 'e)sona""+
ao#n$a!"e fo) a$s "ai&ed $o ha.e !een 'e)fo)&ed in
onne$ion wi$h offiia" d#$ies whe)e $he+ ha.e a$ed
#"$)a .i)es o) whe)e $he)e is showin* of !ad fai$h,M
AIR TRANSPORTATION vs. SPS. RA)OS
No$ a"" *o.e)n&en$ en$i$ies% whe$he) o)'o)a$e o) nonA
o)'o)a$e% a)e i&&#ne f)o& s#i$s, I&&#ni$+ f)o& s#i$s is
de$e)&ined !+ $he ha)a$e) of $he o!3e$s fo) whih $he
en$i$+ was o)*aniDed, S#i$s a*ains$ S$a$e a*enies wi$h
)e"a$ion $o &a$$e)s in whih $he+ ha.e ass#&ed $o a$ in
')i.a$e o) nonA*o.e)n&en$a" a'ai$+% and .a)io#s s#i$s
a*ains$ e)$ain o)'o)a$ions )ea$ed !+ $he s$a$e fo)
'#!"i '#)'oses% !#$ $o en*a*e in &a$$e)s 'a)$a5in*
&o)e of $he na$#)e of o)dina)+ !#siness )a$he) $han
f#n$ions of a *o.e)n&en$a" o) 'o"i$ia" ha)a$e)% a)e no$
)e*a)ded as s#i$s a*ains$ $he s$a$e,
ATO% as an a*en+ of $he Go.e)n&en$ no$ 'e)fo)&in* a
'#)e"+ *o.e)n&en$a" o) so.e)ei*n f#n$ion% !#$ was
ins$ead in.o".ed in $he &ana*e&en$ and &ain$enane of
$he Loa5an Ai)'o)$% an a$i.i$+ $ha$ was no$ $he e("#si.e
')e)o*a$i.e of $he S$a$e in i$s so.e)ei*n a'ai$+, Hene%
$he ATO had no "ai& $o $he S$a$eJs i&&#ni$+ f)o& s#i$,
A)ERICAN E3PRESS vs. SANTIAGO
ARON vs. REALON
E.e)+ a$ion &#s$ !e ')ose#$ed o) defended in $he
na&e of $he )ea" 'a)$+AinAin$e)es$, 2he)e $he a$ion is
a""owed $o !e ')ose#$ed o) defended !+ a
)e')esen$a$i.e a$in* in a fid#ia)+ a'ai$+% $he
!enefiia)+ &#s$ !e in"#ded in $he $i$"e of $he ase and
sha"" !e dee&ed $o !e $he )ea" 'a)$+AinAin$e)es$, The
na&e of s#h !enefiia)ies sha""% "i5ewise% !e in"#ded in
$he o&'"ain$,
7a$s showin* $he a'ai$+ of a 'a)$+ $o s#e o) !e s#ed%
o) $he a#$ho)i$+ of a 'a)$+ $o s#e o) !e s#ed in a
)e')esen$a$i.e a'ai$+ &#s$ !e a.e))ed in $he
o&'"ain$, In o)de) $o &ain$ain an a$ion in a o#)$ of
3#s$ie% $he '"ain$iff &#s$ ha.e an a$#a" "e*a" e(is$ene%
$ha$ is% he o) she o) i$ &#s$ !e a 'e)son in "aw and
'ossessed of a "e*a" en$i$+ as ei$he) a na$#)a" o) an
a)$ifiia" 'e)son% and no s#i$ an "awf#""+ !e ')ose#$ed
in $he na&e of $ha$ 'e)son, The 'a)$+ !)in*in* s#i$ has
$he !#)den of ')o.in* $he s#ffiien+ of $he
)e')esen$a$i.e ha)a$e) $ha$ he "ai&s,
If a o&'"ain$ is fi"ed !+ one who "ai&s $o )e')esen$ a
'a)$+ as '"ain$iff !#$ who is no$ a#$ho)iDed $o do so% s#h
o&'"ain$ is no$ dee&ed fi"ed and $he o#)$ does no$
a6#i)e 3#)isdi$ion o.e) $he o&'"ain$, An #na#$ho)iDed
o&'"ain$ does no$ ')od#e an+ "e*a" effe$, Co)o""a)+%
$he defendan$ an assai" $he fa$s a""e*ed $he)ein
$h)o#*h a GTD on $he *)o#nd $ha$ $he '"ain$iff has no
a'ai$+ $o s#e #nde) 91;d< of R#"e 1?% $ha$ is% he does
no$ ha.e $he )e')esen$a$i.e he "ai&s,
C I V I L P R O C E D U R E : C A S E D O C T R I N E S | 1B
Th#s% $he ')esene of a"" IN+ISPENSABLE PARTIES is
a ondi$ion sine 6#a non fo) $he e(e)ise of 3#diia"
'owe), I$ is ')eise"+ when an indis'ensa!"e 'a)$+ is no$
!efo)e $he o#)$ $ha$ $he a$ion sho#"d !e dis&issed, The
'"ain$iff is &anda$ed $o i&'"ead a"" indis'ensa!"e 'a)$ies%
and $he a!sene of one )ende)s a"" s#!se6#en$ a$ions
of $he o#)$ n#"" and .oid fo) wan$ of a#$ho)i$+ $o a$% no$
on"+ as $o $he a!sen$ 'a)$ies% !#$ e.en as $o $hose
')esen$, One who is a 'a)$+ $o a ase is no$ !o#nd !+
an+ deision of $he o#)$4 o$he)wise% he wi"" !e de')i.ed
of his )i*h$ $o d#e ')oess,
LOTTE P*ILIPPINES vs. +ELA CRU.
An indis'ensa!"e 'a)$+ is a 'a)$+ in in$e)es$ wi$ho#$
who& no fina" de$e)&ina$ion an !e had of an a$ion%
and who sha"" !e 3oined ei$he) as '"ain$iffs o) defendan$s,
The 3oinde) of indis'ensa!"e 'a)$ies is &anda$o)+, The
')esene of indis'ensa!"e 'a)$ies is neessa)+ $o .es$
$he o#)$ wi$h 3#)isdi$ion% whih is M$he a#$ho)i$+ $o hea)
and de$e)&ine a a#se% $he )i*h$ $o a$ in a aseM, Th#s%
wi$ho#$ $he ')esene of indis'ensa!"e 'a)$ies $o a s#i$ o)
')oeedin*% 3#d*&en$ of a o#)$ anno$ a$$ain )ea"
fina"i$+, The a!sene of an indis'ensa!"e 'a)$+ )ende)s
a"" s#!se6#en$ a$ions of $he o#)$ n#"" and .oid fo) wan$
of a#$ho)i$+ $o a$% no$ on"+ as $o $he a!sen$ 'a)$ies !#$
e.en as $o $hose ')esen$,
+AEL vs. TE/ES
2hene.e) a 'a)$+ $o a 'endin* ase dies% !eo&es
ina'ai$a$ed% o) ino&'e$en$% i$ sha"" !e $he d#$+ of his
a$$o)ne+ $o info)& $he o#)$ ')o&'$"+ of s#h dea$h%
ina'ai$+ o) ino&'e$en+ and $o *i.e $he na&e and
)esidene of his e(e#$o)% ad&inis$)a$o)% *#a)dian o)
o$he) "e*a" )e')esen$a$i.e,
R#"e >% 91? of $he R#"es a''"ies $o a si$#a$ion whe)e a
'a)$+ ;whe$he) '"ain$iff o) defendan$< dies af$e) $he fi"in*
of $he o&'"ain$ and d#)in* $he 'enden+ of $he ase, In
$he ase a$ !a)% sine $he $wo defendan$s% whose hei)s
a)e $o !e i&'"eaded died e.en !efo)e $he fi"in* of $he
o&'"ain$,
2he)e $he Co#)$ o)de)s $he '"ain$iff $o a&end i$s
o&'"ain$ wi$hin a e)$ain 'e)iod of $i&e in o)de) $o
i&'"ead as 'a)$+ defendan$s one who is no$ a 'a)$+ $o
$he ase !#$ who is an indis'ensa!"e 'a)$+% '"ain$iffJs
)ef#sa" $o o&'"+ wi$h s#h o)de) is a *)o#nd fo) $he
dis&issa" of $he o&'"ain$,
SENO vs. )ANGUBAT
Unde) 9C% indis'ensa!"e 'a)$ies &#s$ a"wa+s !e 3oined
ei$he) as '"ain$iffs o) defendan$s% fo) $he o#)$ anno$
')oeed wi$ho#$ $he&, NECESSAR- PARTIES &#s$ !e
3oined% #nde) 9=% in o)de) $o ad3#dia$e $he who"e
on$)o.e)s+ and a.oid &#"$i'"ii$+ of s#i$s,
Indis'ensa!"e 'a)$ies a)e $hose wi$h s#h an in$e)es$ in
$he on$)o.e)s+ $ha$ a fina" de)ee wo#"d neessa)i"+
affe$ $hei) )i*h$s% so $ha$ $he o#)$s anno$ ')oeed
wi$ho#$ $hei) ')esene, NECESSAR- PARTIES a)e
$hose whose ')esene is neessa)+ $o ad3#dia$e $he
who"e on$)o.e)s+% !#$ whose in$e)es$s a)e so fa)
se'a)a!"e $ha$ a fina" de)ee an !e &ade in $hei)
a!sene wi$ho#$ affe$in* $he&,
0UIO)BING vs. COURT OF APPEALS
The essene of a$i.e so"ida)i$+ onsis$s in $he a#$ho)i$+
of eah )edi$o) $o "ai& and enfo)e $he )i*h$s of a""%
wi$h $he )es#"$in* o!"i*a$ion of 'a+in* e.e)+one wha$
!e"on*s $o hi&4 $he)e is no &e)*e)% &#h "ess a
)en#nia$ion of )i*h$s% !#$ on"+ &#$#a" )e')esen$a$ion,
2he)e $he o!"i*a$ion of $he 'a)$ies is so"ida)+% ei$he) one
of $he 'a)$ies is indis'ensa!"e% and $he o$he) is no$ e.en
neessa)+ ;now ')o'e)< !ea#se o&'"e$e )e"ief &a+ !e
o!$ained f)o& ei$he),
+O)INGO vs. SC*EER
The NON5JOIN+ER OF IN+ISPENSABLE PARTIES is
no$ a *)o#nd fo) $he dis&issa" of an a$ion and $he
)e&ed+ is $o i&'"ead $he nonA'a)$+ "ai&ed $o !e
indis'ensa!"e, Pa)$ies &a+ !e added !+ o)de) of $he
o#)$ on &o$ion of $he 'a)$+ o) on i$s own ini$ia$i.e a$ an+
s$a*e of $he a$ion andFo) s#h $i&es as a)e 3#s$, If $he
'e$i$ione) )ef#ses $o i&'"ead an indis'ensa!"e 'a)$+
des'i$e $he o)de) of $he o#)$% $he "a$$e) &a+ dis&iss $he
o&'"ain$F'e$i$ion fo) $he 'e$i$ione)F'"ain$iff8s fai"#)e $o
o&'"+ $he)efo),
C*UA vs. TORRES
Gis3oinde) of 'a)$ies is no$ fa$a" $o $he o&'"ain$, The
)#"e ')ohi!i$s dis&issa" of a s#i$ on $he *)o#nd of nonA
3oinde) o) &is3oinde) of 'a)$ies, Go)eo.e)% $he d)o''in*
of &is3oined 'a)$ies f)o& $he o&'"ain$ &a+ !e done
motu proprio !+ $he o#)$% a$ an+ s$a*e% wi$ho#$ need fo)
a &o$ion $o s#h effe$ f)o& $he ad.e)se 'a)$+, 911 of
R#"e > india$es $ha$ $he &is3oinde) of 'a)$ies% whi"e
e))oneo#s% &a+ !e o))e$ed wi$h ease $h)o#*h
a&end&en$% wi$ho#$ f#)$he) hind)ane $o $he ')ose#$ion
of $he s#i$,

An+ a$ o) o&ission o&&i$$ed !+ a &is3oined 'a)$+
'"ain$iff sho#"d no$ !e a#se fo) i&'edi&en$ $o $he
')ose#$ion of $he ase% &#h "ess fo) $he dis&issa" of
$he s#i$,
REPUBLIC vs. CA)POS
)ALAGARTE vs. COURT OF APPEALS
C I V I L P R O C E D U R E : C A S E D O C T R I N E S | 1>
An+ one of $he oAowne)s &a+ !)in* an a$ion fo)
e3e$&en$, The a)$i"e o.e)s a"" 5inds of a$ions fo) $he
)eo.e)+ of 'ossession% in"#din* an accion publiciana
and a )ei.india$o)+ a$ion, A oAowne) &a+ fi"e s#i$
wi$ho#$ neessa)i"+ 3oinin* a"" $he o$he) oAowne)s as oA
'"ain$iffs !ea#se $he s#i$ is dee&ed $o !e ins$i$#$ed fo)
$he !enefi$ of a"", An+ 3#d*&en$ of $he o#)$ in fa.o) of
$he '"ain$iff wi"" !enefi$ $he o$he) oAowne)s% !#$ if $he
3#d*&en$ is ad.e)se% $he sa&e anno$ ')e3#die $he
)i*h$s of $he #ni&'"eaded oAowne)s,
Th#s% 'e$i$ione)s do no$ ha.e $o i&'"ead $hei) oAowne)s
as 'a)$ies, The on"+ EQCEPTION TO THIS RULE is
when $he a$ion is fo) $he !enefi$ of $he '"ain$iff a"one
who "ai&s $o !e $he so"e owne) and is% $h#s% en$i$"ed $o
$he 'ossession $he)eof, In s#h a ase% $he a$ion wi""
no$ ')os'e) #n"ess $he '"ain$iff i&'"eads $he o$he) oA
owne)s who a)e indis'ensa!"e 'a)$ies,
OFFICE OF T*E CIT- )A-OR vs. EBIO
A)$, H:C of $he Ci.i" ode ')o.ides $ha$ a""#.ia" de'osi$s
a"on* $he !an5s of a )ee5 do no$ fo)& 'a)$ of $he '#!"i
do&ain as $he a""#.ia" ')o'e)$+ a#$o&a$ia""+ !e"on*s $o
$he owne) of $he es$a$e $o whih i$ &a+ ha.e !een
added, The on"+ )es$)i$ion ')o.ided fo) !+ "aw is $ha$
$he owne) of $he ad3oinin* ')o'e)$+ &#s$ )e*is$e) $he
sa&e #nde) $he To))ens s+s$e&4 o$he)wise% $he a""#.ia"
')o'e)$+ &a+ !e s#!3e$ $o a6#isi$ion $h)o#*h
')es)i'$ion !+ $hi)d 'e)sons,
The a$ion fo) ')ohi!i$ion see5s $o en3oin $he i$+
*o.e)n&en$ of Pa)aRa6#e f)o& ')oeedin* wi$h i$s
i&'"e&en$a$ion of $he )oad ons$)#$ion ')o3e$, The
S$a$e is nei$he) a neessa)+ no) an indis'ensa!"e 'a)$+
$o an a$ion whe)e no 'osi$i.e a$ sha"" !e )e6#i)ed f)o&
i$ o) whe)e no o!"i*a$ion sha"" !e i&'osed #'on i$% s#h
as in $he ase a$ !a), Nei$he) wo#"d i$ !e an
indis'ensa!"e 'a)$+ if none of i$s ')o'e)$ies sha"" !e
di.es$ed no) an+ of i$s )i*h$s inf)in*ed,
CARAN+ANG vs. +E GU.)AN
La5 of 3#)isdi$ion o.e) $he 'e)son% !ein* s#!3e$ $o
wai.e)% is a 'e)sona" defense whih an on"+ !e
asse)$ed !+ $he 'a)$+ who an $he)e!+ wai.e i$ !+
si"ene,
The #nde)"+in* ')ini'"e !ehind $he 7ORGAL
SU1STITUTION O7 HEIRS is no$ )ea""+ !ea#se
s#!s$i$#$ion of hei)s is a 3#)isdi$iona" )e6#i)e&en$% !#$
!ea#se nonAo&'"iane )es#"$s in $he #ndenia!"e
.io"a$ion of $he )i*h$ $o d#e ')oess of $hose who% $ho#*h
no$ d#"+ no$ified of $he ')oeedin*s% a)e s#!s$an$ia""+
affe$ed !+ $he deision )ende)ed $he)ein, S#h .io"a$ion
of d#e ')oess an on"+ !e asse)$ed !+ $he 'e)sons
whose )i*h$s a)e "ai&ed $o ha.e !een .io"a$ed% na&e"+
$he hei)s $o who& $he ad.e)se 3#d*&en$ is so#*h$ $o !e
enfo)ed,
7#)$he)% ')oeedin*s $ha$ $oo5 '"ae af$e) $he dea$h of
$he 'a)$+ a)e .oid% we *a.e ano$he) )eason fo) s#h
n#""i$+: $he a$$o)ne+s fo) $he offended 'a)$+ eased $o !e
$he a$$o)ne+s fo) $he deeased #'on $he dea$h of $he
"a$$e)% $he ')ini'a",
PROA7ORGA PARTIES an ei$he) !e indis'ensa!"e%
neessa)+ o) nei$he) indis'ensa!"e no) neessa)+, The
$hi)d ase o#)s if% fo) e(a&'"e% a h#s!and fi"es an
a$ion $o )eo.e) a ')o'e)$+ whih he "ai&s $o !e 'a)$ of
his e("#si.e ')o'e)$+, The wife &a+ ha.e no "e*a"
in$e)es$ in s#h ')o'e)$+% !#$ $he )#"es ne.e)$he"ess
)e6#i)e $ha$ she !e 3oined as a 'a)$+,

In ases of ')oAfo)&a 'a)$ies who a)e nei$he)
indis'ensa!"e no) neessa)+% $he *ene)a" )#"e #nde)
Se$ion 11% R#"e > &#s$ !e fo""owed: s#h nonA3oinde) is
no$ a *)o#nd fo) dis&issa", Hene% in a ase one)nin*
an a$ion $o )eo.e) a s#& of &one+% we he"d $ha$ $he
fai"#)e $o 3oin $he s'o#se in $ha$ ase was no$ a
3#)isdi$iona" defe$, The nonA3oinde) of a s'o#se does
no$ wa))an$ dis&issa" as i$ is &e)e"+ a fo)&a"
)e6#i)e&en$ whih &a+ !e #)ed !+ a&end&en$,

Con.e)se"+% in $he ins$anes $ha$ $he ')oAfo)&a 'a)$ies
a)e a"so indis'ensa!"e o) neessa)+ 'a)$ies% $he )#"es
one)nin* indis'ensa!"e o) neessa)+ 'a)$ies% as $he
ase &a+ !e% sho#"d !e a''"ied, Th#s% dis&issa" is
wa))an$ed on"+ if $he ')oAfo)&a 'a)$+ no$ 3oined in $he
o&'"ain$ is an indis'ensa!"e 'a)$+,
BULA7AN vs. A0UEN+ER
A 'e)son who was no$ i&'"eaded in $he o&'"ain$
anno$ !e !o#nd !+ $he deision )ende)ed $he)ein% fo) no
&an sha"" !e affe$ed !+ a ')oeedin* in whih he is a
s$)an*e),
In a 'e$i$ion fo) ANNULGENT O7 EUDGGENT% $he
3#d*&en$ &a+ !e ann#""ed on $he *)o#nds of e($)insi
f)a#d and "a5 of 3#)isdi$ion, 7)a#d is e($)insi whe)e i$
')e.en$s a 'a)$+ f)o& ha.in* a $)ia" o) f)o& ')esen$in*
his en$i)e ase $o $he o#)$% o) whe)e i$ o'e)a$es #'on
&a$$e)s 'e)$ainin* no$ $o $he 3#d*&en$ i$se"f !#$ $o $he
&anne) in whih i$ is ')o#)ed,
Ann#"&en$ of 3#d*&en$ is a )e&ed+ in "aw inde'enden$
of $he ase whe)e $he 3#d*&en$ so#*h$ $o !e ann#""ed
was )ende)ed, Conse6#en$"+% an a$ion fo) ann#"&en$ of
3#d*&en$ &a+ !e a.ai"ed of e.en if $he 3#d*&en$ $o !e
ann#""ed had a")ead+ !een f#""+ e(e#$ed o)
i&'"e&en$ed,
C*IANG 6AI S*E6 vs. COURT OF APPEALS
Ha.in* on$)a$ed wi$h $he ')i.a$e )es'onden$ e.e)+
+ea) fo) >B +ea)s and $h#s )e')esen$ed i$se"f as
'ossessed of 3#)idia" 'e)sona"i$+ $o do so% $he 'e$i$ione)
C I V I L P R O C E D U R E : C A S E D O C T R I N E S | 1H
is now es$o''ed f)o& den+in* s#h 'e)sona"i$+ $o defea$
he) "ai& a*ains$ i$, Ao)din* $o A)$i"e 1H>1 of $he Ci.i"
Code% M$h)o#*h es$o''e" an ad&ission o) )e')esen$a$ion
is )ende)ed on"#si.e #'on $he 'e)son &a5in* i$ and
anno$ !e denied o) dis')o.ed as a*ains$ $he 'e)son
)e"+in* on i$,M
As $he shoo" i$se"f &a+ !e s#ed in i$s own na&e% $he)e
is no need $o a''"+ R#"e >% 91:% #nde) whih $he
'e)sons 3oined in an assoia$ion wi$ho#$ an+ 3#)idia"
'e)sona"i$+ &a+ !e s#ed wi$h s#h assoia$ion, 1esides%
i$ has !een shown $ha$ $he indi.id#a" &e&!e)s of $he
!oa)d of $)#s$ees a)e no$ "ia!"e% ha.in* !een a''oin$ed
on"+ af$e) $he ')i.a$e )es'onden$Js dis&issa",
NUGUI+ /+A. +E *ABERER vs. CA= )ARTINE.
In $he a!sene of a )e$aine) f)o& $he hei)s o) a#$ho)iDed
)e')esen$a$i.es of his deeased "ien$% $he a$$o)ne+
wo#"d $he)eaf$e) ha.e no f#)$he) 'owe) o) a#$ho)i$+ $o
a''ea) o) $a5e an+ f#)$he) a$ion in $he ase% sa.e $o
info)& $he o#)$ of $he "ien$Js dea$h and $a5e $he
neessa)+ s$e's $o safe*#a)d $he deeasedJs )i*h$s in
$he ase,
2hen a 'a)$+ dies in an a$ion $ha$ s#).i.es% and no
o)de) is iss#ed !+ $he o#)$ fo) $he a''ea)ane of $he
"e*a" )e')esen$a$i.e o) of $he hei)s of $he deeased in
s#!s$i$#$ion of $he deeased% and as a &a$$e) of fa$ no
s#h s#!s$i$#$ion has e.e) !een effe$ed% $he $)ia" he"d
!+ $he o#)$ wi$ho#$ s#h "e*a" )e')esen$a$i.es o) hei)s
and $he 3#d*&en$ )ende)ed af$e) s#h $)ia" a)e n#"" and
.oid !ea#se $he o#)$ a6#i)ed no 3#)isdi$ion o.e) $he
'e)sons of $he "e*a" )e')esen$a$i.es o) of $he hei)s #'on
who& $he $)ia" and $he 3#d*&en$ wo#"d !e !indin*,
/+A. +E SALA.AR vs. CA= NEPO)UCENO
7o)&a" s#!s$i$#$ion of hei)s is no$ neessa)+ when $he
hei)s $he&se".es .o"#n$a)i"+ a''ea)ed% 'a)$ii'a$ed in
$he ase and ')esen$ed e.idene in defense of
deeased defendan$,
GOC*AN vs. -OUNG
The R#"es% whi"e 'e)&i$$in* an e(e#$o) o) ad&inis$)a$o)
$o )e')esen$ o) $o !)in* s#i$s on !eha"f of $he deeased%
do no$ ')ohi!i$ $he hei)s f)o& )e')esen$in* $he deeased,
The )#"es a)e easi"+ a''"ia!"e $o ases in whih an
ad&inis$)a$o) has a")ead+ !een a''oin$ed, 1#$ no )#"e
a$e*o)ia""+ add)esses $he si$#a$ion in whih s'eia"
')oeedin*s fo) $he se$$"e&en$ of an es$a$e ha.e a")ead+
!een ins$i$#$ed% +e$ no ad&inis$)a$o) has !een a''oin$ed,
In s#h ins$anes% $he hei)s anno$ !e e('e$ed $o wai$
fo) $he a''oin$&en$ of an ad&inis$)a$o)4 $hen wai$ f#)$he)
$o see if $he ad&inis$)a$o) a''oin$ed wo#"d a)e eno#*h
$o fi"e a s#i$ $o ')o$e$ $he )i*h$s and $he in$e)es$s of $he
deeased4 and in $he &ean$i&e do no$hin* whi"e $he
)i*h$s and $he ')o'e)$ies of $he deeden$ a)e .io"a$ed o)
dissi'a$ed,
7o) $he ')o$e$ion of $he in$e)es$s of $he deeden$% $his
Co#)$ has )eo*niDed $he hei)s as ')o'e)
)e')esen$a$i.es of $he deeden$% e.en when $he)e is
a")ead+ an ad&inis$)a$o) a''oin$ed !+ $he o#)$, 2hen
no ad&inis$)a$o) has !een a''oin$ed% $he)e is a"" $he
&o)e )eason $o )eo*niDe $he hei)s as $he ')o'e)
)e')esen$a$i.es of $he deeased, The hei)s anno$ !e
e('e$ed $o wai$ fo) $he a''oin$&en$ of an ad&inis$)a$o)4
$hen wai$ f#)$he) $o see if $he ad&inis$)a$o) a''oin$ed
wo#"d a)e eno#*h $o fi"e a s#i$ $o ')o$e$ $he )i*h$s and
$he in$e)es$s of $he deeased4 and in $he &ean$i&e do
no$hin* whi"e $he )i*h$s and $he ')o'e)$ies of $he
deeden$ a)e .io"a$ed o) dissi'a$ed,
JU+GE SU)ALJAG vs. SPOUSES LITERATO and
RO+RIGO
The M"e*a" )e')esen$a$i.esM $ha$ $he ')o.ision s'ea5s of%
)efe) $o $hose a#$ho)iDed !+ "aw A $he ad&inis$)a$o)%
e(e#$o) o) *#a)dian who% #nde) $he )#"e on se$$"e&en$
of es$a$e of deeased 'e)sons% is ons$i$#$ed $o $a5e
o.e) $he es$a$e of $he deeased,
The )eason fo) $he R#"e is $o ')o$e$ a"" one)ned who
&a+ !e affe$ed !+ $he in$e).enin* dea$h% 'a)$i#"a)"+ $he
deeased and he) es$a$e,
/ENTANILLA ENTERPRISES vs. TAN and S*ERIFF
/ELAS0UE.
I$ is $he 'a)$+Js d#$+ $o info)& $he o#)$ of i$s o#nse"Js
de&ise% and fai"#)e $o a'')ise $he o#)$ of s#h fa$ sha""
!e onside)ed ne*"i*ene on $he 'a)$ of said 'a)$+,
I$ is no$ $he d#$+ of $he o#)$s $o in6#i)e% d#)in* $he
')o*)ess of a ase, The+ anno$ 'ass $he !"a&e $o $he
o#)$% whih is no$ $as5ed $o &oni$o) $he han*es in $he
i)#&s$anes of $he 'a)$ies and $hei) o#nse",
Li$i*an$s who a)e )e')esen$ed !+ o#nse" sho#"d no$
e('e$ $ha$ a"" $he+ need $o do is si$ !a5% )e"a( and
awai$ $he o#$o&e of $hei) ases, Re"ief wi"" no$ !e
*)an$ed $o a 'a)$+ who see5s a.oidane f)o& $he effe$s
of $he 3#d*&en$ when $he "oss of $he )e&ed+ a$ "aw was
d#e $o his own ne*"i*ene,
ATT-. SARSABA vs. FE /+A. +E TE
The )#"e on s#!s$i$#$ion !+ hei)s is no$ a &a$$e) of
3#)isdi$ion% !#$ a )e6#i)e&en$ of d#e ')oess, The )#"e
on s#!s$i$#$ion was )af$ed $o ')o$e$ e.e)+ 'a)$+Js )i*h$
$o d#e ')oess, I$ was desi*ned $o ens#)e $ha$ $he
deeased 'a)$+ wo#"d on$in#e $o !e ')o'e)"+
)e')esen$ed in $he s#i$ $h)o#*h his hei)s o) $he d#"+
a''oin$ed "e*a" )e')esen$a$i.e of his es$a$e, Go)eo.e)%
nonAo&'"iane wi$h $he R#"es )es#"$s in $he denia" of
C I V I L P R O C E D U R E : C A S E D O C T R I N E S | 1:
$he )i*h$ $o d#e ')oess fo) $he hei)s who% $ho#*h no$
d#"+ no$ified of $he ')oeedin*s% wo#"d !e s#!s$an$ia""+
affe$ed !+ $he deision )ende)ed $he)ein, Th#s% i$ is on"+
when $he)e is a denia" of d#e ')oess% as when $he
deeased is no$ )e')esen$ed !+ an+ "e*a" )e')esen$a$i.e
o) hei)% $ha$ $he o#)$ n#""ifies $he $)ia" ')oeedin*s and
$he )es#"$in* 3#d*&en$ $he)ein,
7ai"#)e of $he o#nse" $o o&'"+ wi$h his d#$+ $o info)&
$he o#)$ of $he dea$h of his "ien$% s#h $ha$ no
s#!s$i$#$ion is effe$ed% wi"" no$ in.a"ida$e $he
')oeedin*s and $he 3#d*&en$ )ende)ed $he)eon if $he
a$ion s#).i.es $he dea$h of s#h 'a)$+,

C)i$e)ia fo) de$e)&inin* whe$he) an a$ion s#).i.es $he
dea$h of a '"ain$iff: The 6#es$ion as $o whe$he) an a$ion
s#).i.es o) no$ de'ends on $he na$#)e of $he a$ion and
$he da&a*e s#ed fo), If $he a#ses of a$ion whih
s#).i.e $he w)on* o&'"ained /of0 affe$s ')i&a)i"+ and
')ini'a""+ ')o'e)$+ and ')o'e)$+ )i*h$s% $he in3#)ies $o $he
'e)son !ein* &e)e"+ iniden$a"% whi"e in $he a#ses of
a$ion whih do no$ s#).i.e $he in3#)+ o&'"ained of is $o
$he 'e)son $he ')o'e)$+ and )i*h$s of ')o'e)$+ affe$ed
!ein* iniden$a",
+AGA+AG vs. TONGNA7A and GA))O+
2he)e $he 'e$i$ione) ;a '#!"i offie)< eases $o !e
&a+o)% $he a''ea" andFo) a$ion he ini$ia$ed &a+ !e
on$in#ed and &ain$ained !+ his s#esso) if $he)e is
s#!s$an$ia" need $o do so, If $he s#esso) fai"ed $o
'#)s#e $he a''ea" andFo) a$ion% $he sa&e sho#"d !e
dis&issed,
CARAN+ANG vs. *EIRS OF +E GU.)AN
TORRES vs. RO+ELLAS
91?% R#"e > of $he Re.ised R#"es of Co#)$% a o#nse"%
wi$hin >L da+s f)o& his "ien$8s dea$h% is d#$+A!o#nd $o
info)& $he o#)$ of s#h fa$% and $o s#!&i$ $he na&es
and add)esses of $he deeased "ien$8s "e*a"
)e')esen$a$i.es, The)eaf$e)% $he o#)$ sha"" o)de)%
fo)$hwi$h% $he a''ea)ane of and s#!s$i$#$ion !+ $he
deeased 'a)$+8s "e*a" )e')esen$a$i.es wi$hin ano$he)
'e)iod of >L da+s f)o& no$ie,
The hei)s &#s$ !e a""owed $o on$in#e an+ "i$i*a$ion $o
')o$e$ said ')o'e)$+ o) ')o'e)$+ )i*h$s and $o s#!s$i$#$e
$he&se".es fo) $he deeased 'a)$+ in ao)dane wi$h
a'')o')ia$e )#"es,
The deision o#"d no$ ha.e a$$ained fina"i$+ !ea#se of
$he nonAs#!s$i$#$ion of $he hei)s fo) $he deeased, The
hei)s &#s$ !e *i.en $he o''o)$#ni$+ $o on$es$ $he
ad.e)se 3#d*&en$ $ha$ affe$s $he ')o'e)$+ and ')o'e)$+
)i*h$s $o whih $he+ s#eeded, A )#"e in$ended $o
')o$e$ d#e ')oess anno$ !e in.o5ed $o defea$ $he
sa&e,
AGUAS vs. LLE)OS
ACTIONS THAT SURVIVE DEATH /a*ains$ a deeden$Js
e(e#$o)s o) ad&inis$)a$o)s0: ;1< a$ions $o )eo.e) )ea"
and 'e)sona" ')o'e)$+ f)o& $he es$a$e4 ;B< a$ions $o
enfo)e a "ien $he)eon4 and ;>< a$ions $o )eo.e)
da&a*es fo) an in3#)+ $o 'e)son o) ')o'e)$+,
RULE >9 /ENUE OF ACTIONS
)ARCOS5ARANETA vs. CA= BENE+ICTO
Ven#e essen$ia""+ one)ns a )#"e of ')oed#)e whih% in
'e)sona" a$ions% is fi(ed fo) $he *)ea$es$ on.eniene
'ossi!"e of $he '"ain$iff and his wi$nesses, The *)o#nd of
i&')o'e)"+ "aid .en#e &#s$ !e )aised seasona!"+% e"se i$
is dee&ed wai.ed, 2he)e $he defendan$ fai"ed $o ei$he)
fi"e a &o$ion $o dis&iss on $he *)o#nd of i&')o'e) .en#e
o) in"#de $he sa&e as an affi)&a$i.e defense% he is
dee&ed $o ha.e wai.ed his )i*h$ $o o!3e$ $o i&')o'e)
.en#e,
2hen $he)e is &o)e $han one '"ain$iff in a 'e)sona"
a$ion ase% $he )esidenes of $he ')ini'a" 'a)$ies
sho#"d !e $he !asis fo) de$e)&inin* ')o'e) .en#e,
ANG and ACERON vs. SPOUSES ALAN ANG
The R#"es *i.e $he '"ain$iff $he o'$ion of hoosin* whe)e
$o fi"e his o&'"ain$, He an fi"e i$ in $he '"ae ;1< whe)e
he hi&se"f o) an+ of $he& )esides% o) ;B< whe)e $he
defendan$ o) an+ of $he defendan$s )esides o) &a+ !e
fo#nd, The '"ain$iff o) $he defendan$ &#s$ !e )esiden$s of
$he '"ae whe)e $he a$ion has !een ins$i$#$ed a$ $he
$i&e $he a$ion is o&&ened, Howe.e)% if $he '"ain$iff
does no$ )eside in $he Phi"i''ines% $he o&'"ain$ in s#h
ase &a+ on"+ !e fi"ed in $he o#)$ of $he '"ae whe)e
$he defendan$ )esides,
The si$#s fo) !)in*in* )ea" and 'e)sona" i.i" a$ions is
fi(ed !+ $he R#"es of Co#)$ $o a$$ain $he *)ea$es$
on.eniene 'ossi!"e $o $he "i$i*an$s and $hei) wi$nesses
!+ affo)din* $he& &a(i&#& aessi!i"i$+ $o $he o#)$s,
And e.en as $he )e*#"a$ion of .en#e is ')i&a)i"+ fo) $he
on.eniene of $he '"ain$iff% as a$$es$ed !+ $he fa$ $ha$
$he hoie of .en#e is *i.en $o hi&% i$ sho#"d no$ !e
ons$)#ed $o #nd#"+ de')i.e a )esiden$ defendan$ of $he
)i*h$s onfe))ed #'on hi& !+ $he R#"es of Co#)$,
UNI/ERSAL ROBINA vs. LI)
The )#"es s$a$es $ha$ defenses and o!3e$ions no$
'"eaded ei$he) in a &o$ion $o dis&iss o) in $he answe)
a)e dee&ed wai.ed, The o#)$ &a+ on"+ dis&iss an
a$ion motu proprio in ase of "a5 of 3#)isdi$ion o.e) $he
C I V I L P R O C E D U R E : C A S E D O C T R I N E S | 1?
s#!3e$ &a$$e)% litis pendentia% )es 3#dia$a and
')es)i'$ion,
I&')o'e) .en#e no$ i&'"eaded in $he &o$ion $o dis&iss
o) in $he answe) is dee&ed wai.ed, Th#s% a o#)$ &a+
no$ dis&iss an a$ion motu proprio on $he *)o#nd of
i&')o'e) .en#e as i$ is no$ one of $he *)o#nds whe)ein
$he o#)$ &a+ dis&iss an a$ion motu proprio on $he
!asis of $he '"eadin*s,
GO vs. UCPB
The on$)o""in* fa$o) in de$e)&inin* .en#e is $he ')i&a)+
o!3e$i.e fo) whih $he ase is fi"ed, The ane""a$ion of
$he )ea" es$a$e &o)$*a*e is a )ea" a$ion% onside)in* $ha$
a )ea" es$a$e &o)$*a*e is a )ea" )i*h$ and a )ea" ')o'e)$+
!+ i$se"f, An a$ion fo) ane""a$ion of )ea" es$a$e
&o)$*a*e is neessa)i"+ an a$ion affe$in* $he $i$"e $o $he
')o'e)$+, I$ is% $he)efo)e% a )ea" a$ion whih sho#"d !e
o&&ened and $)ied in $he '"ae whe)e $he s#!3e$
')o'e)$+ "ies,
*OEC*ST P*ILIPPINES vs. TORRES and +ONATO
Chan*e o) $)ansfe) of .en#e f)o& $ha$ fi(ed in $he )#"es
&a+ !e effe$ed #'on w)i$$en a*)ee&en$ of $he 'a)$ies
no$ on"+ !efo)e $he a$#a" fi"in* of $he a$ion !#$ e.en
af$e) $he sa&e has !een fi"ed, I$ is no$ on"+ !indin*
!e$ween $he 'a)$ies !#$ a"so enfo)ea!"e !+ $he o#)$s,
I$ is on"+ af$e) $he a$ion has !een fi"ed a")ead+ $ha$
han*e o) $)ansfe) of .en#e !+ a*)ee&en$ of $he 'a)$ies
is #nde)s$anda!"+ on$)o""a!"e in $he dis)e$ion of $he
o#)$,
On $he o$he) hand% $he Co#)$ &a+ de"a)e $he a*)ee&en$
as $o .en#e $o !e in effe$ on$)a)+ $o '#!"i 'o"i+%
whene.e) i$ is shown $ha$ a s$i'#"a$ion as $o .en#e wo)5s
in3#s$ie !+ ')a$ia""+ den+in* $o $he 'a)$+ one)ned a
fai) o''o)$#ni$+ $o fi"e s#i$ in $he '"ae desi*na$ed !+ $he
)#"es,
P*ILIPPINE BAN6ING CORP. vs. *ON. TENSUAN
Ven#e s$i'#"a$ions in a on$)a$% whi"e onside)ed .a"id
and enfo)ea!"e% do no$ as )#"e s#'e)sede $he *ene)a"
)#"e se$ fo)$h in R#"e H of $he Re.ised R#"es of Co#)$, In
$he a!sene of 6#a"if+in* o) )es$)i$i.e wo)ds% $he+
sho#"d !e onside)ed &e)e"+ as an a*)ee&en$ on
addi$iona" fo)#&% no$ as "i&i$in* .en#e $o $he s'eified
'"ae, The+ a)e no$ e("#si.e !#$% )a$he) 'e)&issi.e, 7o)%
$o )es$)i$ .en#e on"+ $o $ha$ '"ae s$i'#"a$ed in $he
a*)ee&en$ is a ons$)#$ion '#)e"+ !ased on $ehnia"i$+
whih% on $he on$)a)+% sho#"d !e "i!e)a""+ ons$)#ed,
PBCom vs. LI)= CAL+ERON and TRI5ORO
A )es$)i$i.e s$i'#"a$ion on $he .en#e of a$ions on$ained
in a ')o&isso)+ no$e a''"ies $o $he s#)e$+ a*)ee&en$
s#''o)$in* i$% !ea#se $he na$#)e of $he $wo on$)a$s
and $he fa$#a" i)#&s$anes s#))o#ndin* $hei)
e(e#$ion a)e in$e)$wined o) in$e)onne$ed, The s#)e$+
a*)ee&en$ is &e)e"+ an aesso)+ $o $he ')ini'a" "oan
a*)ee&en$ e&!odied in $he ')o&isso)+ no$e, Hene% $he
enfo)e&en$ of $he fo)&e) de'ends #'on $he "a$$e),
-OUNG AUTO SUPPL- vs. CA= C*IONG RO3AS
The Co)'o)a$ion Code ')eise"+ )e6#i)es eah
o)'o)a$ion $o s'eif+ in i$s a)$i"es of ino)'o)a$ion $he
M'"ae whe)e $he ')ini'a" offie of $he o)'o)a$ion is $o
!e "oa$ed whih &#s$ !e wi$hin $he Phi"i''inesM, The
'#)'ose of $his )e6#i)e&en$ is $o fi( $he )esidene of a
o)'o)a$ion in a defini$e '"ae% ins$ead of a""owin* i$ $o !e
a&!#"a$o)+,
To a""ow an a$ion $o !e ins$i$#$ed in an+ '"ae whe)e $he
o)'o)a$ion has !)anh offies% wo#"d )ea$e onf#sion
and wo)5 #n$o"d inon.eniene $o said en$i$+, 1+ $he
sa&e $o5en% a o)'o)a$ion anno$ !e a""owed $o fi"e
'e)sona" a$ions in a '"ae o$he) $han i$s ')ini'a" '"ae
of !#siness #n"ess s#h a '"ae is a"so $he )esidene of
a oA'"ain$iff o) a defendan$,
SALU+O vs. A)ERICAN E3PRESS INT4L
7o) '#)'oses of .en#e% $he "ess $ehnia" defini$ion of
M)esideneM is ado'$ed, Th#s% i$ is #nde)s$ood $o &ean
as M$he 'e)sona"% a$#a" o) 'h+sia" ha!i$a$ion of a
'e)son% a$#a" )esidene o) '"ae of a!ode, I$ si*nifies
'h+sia" ')esene in a '"ae and a$#a" s$a+ $he)ea$,
The $e)& &eans &e)e"+ )esidene% $ha$ is% 'e)sona"
)esidene% no$ "e*a" )esidene o) do&ii"e, Residene
si&'"+ )e6#i)es !odi"+ ')esene as an inha!i$an$ in a
*i.en '"ae% whi"e do&ii"e )e6#i)es !odi"+ ')esene in
$ha$ '"ae and a"so an in$en$ion $o &a5e i$ oneJs
do&ii"e,M
R. SAN LUIS vs. F. SAGALONGOS a.?.a. SAN LUIS
MResidesM sho#"d !e .iewed o) #nde)s$ood in i$s 'o'#"a)
sense% &eanin*% $he 'e)sona"% a$#a" o) 'h+sia"
ha!i$a$ion of a 'e)son% a$#a" )esidene o) '"ae of
a!ode, I$ si*nifies 'h+sia" ')esene in a '"ae and
a$#a" s$a+ $he)ea$, In $his 'o'#"a) sense% $he $e)&
&eans &e)e"+ )esidene% $ha$ is% 'e)sona" )esidene% no$
"e*a" )esidene o) do&ii"e, Residene si&'"+ )e6#i)es
!odi"+ ')esene as an inha!i$an$ in a *i.en '"ae% whi"e
do&ii"e )e6#i)es !odi"+ ')esene in $ha$ '"ae and a"so
an in$en$ion $o &a5e i$ one8s do&ii"e, No 'a)$i#"a)
"en*$h of $i&e of )esidene is )e6#i)ed $ho#*h4 howe.e)%
$he )esidene &#s$ !e &o)e $han $e&'o)a)+,
UNITE+ O/ERSEAS BAN6 @7EST)ONTA vs.
ROSE)OORE )INING and PASCUAL
The .en#e of )ea" a$ions affe$in* ')o'e)$ies fo#nd in
diffe)en$ ')o.ines is de$e)&ined !+ $he sin*#"a)i$+ o)
'"#)a"i$+ of $he $)ansa$ions in.o".in* said 'a)e"s of
C I V I L P R O C E D U R E : C A S E D O C T R I N E S | 1C
"and, 2he)e said 'a)e"s a)e $he o!3e$ of one and $he
sa&e $)ansa$ion% $he .en#e is in $he o#)$ of ANK of $he
')o.ines whe)ein a 'a)e" of "and is si$#a$ed,
In $he ase% $he)e is on"+ one ')oeedin* so#*h$ $o !e
n#""ified and $ha$ is $he e($)aA3#diia" &o)$*a*e
fo)e"os#)e sa"e, And $he)e is on"+ one ini$ia" $)ansa$ion
whih se).ed as $he !asis of $he fo)e"os#)e sa"e and
$ha$ is $he GORTGAGE CONTRACT,
RULE B9 UNIFOR) PROCE+URE IN TRIAL COURTS
BA-UBA- vs. CA= BIG )A6 BURGER
R#"es of ')oed#)e a)e in$ended $o ens#)e $he o)de)"+
ad&inis$)a$ion of 3#s$ie and $he ')o$e$ion of s#!s$an$i.e
)i*h$s in 3#diia" and e($)aA3#diia" ')oeedin*s, I$ is a
&is$a5e $o s#''ose $ha$ s#!s$an$i.e "aw and ad3e$i.e
"aw a)e on$)adi$o)+ $o eah o$he) o)% as has !een of$en
s#**es$ed% $ha$ enfo)e&en$ of ')oed#)a" )#"es sho#"d
ne.e) !e 'e)&i$$ed if i$ wi"" )es#"$ in ')e3#die $o $he
s#!s$an$i.e )i*h$s of $he "i$i*an$s, This is no$ e(a$"+ $)#e4
$he one'$ is &#h &is#nde)s$ood, As a &a$$e) of fa$
$he 'o"i+ of $he o#)$s is $o *i.e effe$ $o !o$h 5inds of
"aw% as o&'"e&en$in* eah o$he)% in $he 3#s$ and
s'eed+ )eso"#$ion of $he dis'#$e !e$ween $he
'a)$ies, Observance of both substantive and procedural
rights is equally guaranteed by due process, whatever
the source of such rights, be it the Constitution itself or
only a statute or a rule of court,
LUCAS vs. FABROS
Se, 1@ ;< of $he Re.ised R#"es on S#&&a)+ P)oed#)e
effe$i.e No.e&!e) 1:% 1@@1: MThe &o$ion ')ohi!i$ed !+
$his Se$ion is $ha$ whih see5s )eonside)a$ion of $he
3#d*&en$ )ende)ed !+ $he o#)$ af$e) $)ia" on $he &e)i$s
of $he ase,M
BONGATO vs. SPOUSES )AL/AR
An a$ion fo) fo)i!"e en$)+ is a 6#ie$in* ')oess $ha$ is
s#&&a)+ in na$#)e, I$ is desi*ned $o )eo.e) 'h+sia"
'ossession in s'eed+ ')oeedin*s $ha$ a)e )es$)i$i.e in
na$#)e% so'e and $i&e "i&i$s, The oneA+ea) !a) wi$hin
whih $o !)in* $he s#i$ is ')es)i!ed $o o&'"e&en$ i$s
s#&&a)+ na$#)e, Th#s% af$e) $he oneA+ea) 'e)iod has
"a'sed% '"ain$iffs an no "on*e) a.ai" $he&se".es of $he
s#&&a)+ ')oeedin*s in $he &#nii'a" $)ia" o#)$ !#$
&#s$ "i$i*a$e% in $he no)&a" o#)se% in $he )e*iona" $)ia"
o#)$ in an o)dina)+ a$ion $o )eo.e) 'ossession% o) $o
)eo.e) !o$h owne)shi' and 'ossession,
PASCUAL vs. JU+GE JO/ELLANOS
G#nii'a" $)ia" o#)$ 3#d*es o#*h$ $o !e fa&i"ia) wi$h $he
R#"es on S#&&a)+ P)oed#)e *o.e)nin* e3e$&en$
ases, 7ai"#)e $o o!se).e $he& ons$i$#$es *)oss
i*no)ane of $he "aw,
LUNA vs. )IRAFUENTE
Li!e)a" in$e)')e$a$ion o) ons$)#$ion of $he "aw o) )#"es%
howe.e)% is no$ a f)ee o&&odi$+ $ha$ &a+ !e a.ai"ed of
in a"" ins$anes #nde) $he "oa5 of )ende)in* 3#s$ie,
Li!e)a"i$+ in $he in$e)')e$a$ion and a''"ia$ion of R#"es
a''"ies on"+ in ')o'e) ases and #nde) 3#s$ifia!"e a#ses
and i)#&s$anes, 2hi"e i$ is $)#e $ha$ "i$i*a$ion is no$ a
*a&e of $ehnia"i$ies% i$ is e6#a""+ $)#e $ha$ e.e)+ ase
&#s$ !e ')ose#$ed in ao)dane wi$h $he ')es)i!ed
')oed#)e $o ins#)e an o)de)"+ and s'eed+
ad&inis$)a$ion of 3#s$ie,
GO vs. CA and STAR GROUP RESOURCES
P)i.a$e )es'onden$ anno$ a''ea" $he o)de)% !ein*
in$e)"o#$o)+, 1#$ nei$he) an i$ fi"e a 'e$i$ion fo)
e)$io)a)i% !ea#se e3e$&en$ s#i$s fa"" #nde) $he Re.ised
R#"es on S#&&a)+ P)oed#)e,
2he)e $he $)ia" o#)$ a!#ses i$s dis)e$ion !+ indefini$e"+
s#s'endin* s#&&a)+ ')oeedin* in.o".in* e3e$&en$
ases% a 'e$i$ion fo) e)$io)a)i &a+ !e en$e)$ained !+ $he
')o'e) o#)$ $o o))e$ $he !"#nde), In $he in$e)es$ of
3#s$ie and in .iew of $he ')oed#)a" .oid on $he s#!3e$%
an a''ea" &a+ !e $)ea$ed as a 'e$i$ion fo) e)$io)a)i fo)
$his '#)'ose and on"+ in $his ins$ane% pro hac vice,
SEC. LI)A vs. GAT+ULA
S#&&a)+ ')oed#)e on"+ a''"ies $o "owe) o#)$s
;GTCFGTCCFGCTCs<, I$ is &indA!o**"in* how $his )#"e
o#"d 'ossi!"+ a''"+ $o ')oeedin*s in an RTC, Aside
f)o& $ha$% $his Co#)$ "i&i$ed $he a''"ia$ion of s#&&a)+
')oed#)e $o e)$ain i.i" and )i&ina" ases, A w)i$ of
A&'a)o is a s'eia" ')oeedin*, I$ is a )e&ed+ !+ whih
a 'a)$+ see5s $o es$a!"ish a s$a$#s% a )i*h$ o) 'a)$i#"a)
fa$, I$ is no$ a i.i" no) a )i&ina" a$ion, Hene% $he
a''"ia$ion of $he Re.ised R#"e on S#&&a)+ P)oed#)e
is se)io#s"+ &is'"aed,
The Re$#)n in A&'a)o ases a""ows $he )es'onden$s $o
f)a&e $he iss#es s#!3e$ $o a hea)in*, Hene% i$ sho#"d
!e done ')io) $o $he hea)in*% no$ af$e), A &e&o)and#&%
on $he o$he) hand% is a s+n$hesis of $he "ai&s of $he
'a)$+ "i$i*an$s and is a fina" '"eadin* #s#a""+ )e6#i)ed
!efo)e $he ase is s#!&i$$ed fo) deision, One anno$
s#!s$i$#$e fo) $he o$he) sine $hese s#!&issions ha.e
diffe)en$ f#n$ions in fai"i$a$in* $he s#i$,
Go)e i&'o)$an$"+% a &e&o)and#& is a ')ohi!i$ed
'"eadin* #nde) $he R#"e on $he 2)i$ of A&'a)o,
The ')i.i"e*e of $he 2)i$ of A&'a)o sho#"d !e
dis$in*#ished f)o& $he a$#a" o)de) a""ed $he 2)i$ of
A&'a)o, The ')i.i"e*e in"#des a.ai"&en$ of $he en$i)e
')oed#)e o#$"ined in A,G, No, LCA@A1BASC% $he R#"e on
$he 2)i$ of A&'a)o, Af$e) e(a&inin* $he 'e$i$ion and i$s
C I V I L P R O C E D U R E : C A S E D O C T R I N E S | 1=
a$$ahed affida.i$s% $he Re$#)n and $he e.idene
')esen$ed in $he s#&&a)+ hea)in*% $he 3#d*&en$ sho#"d
de$ai" $he )e6#i)ed a$s f)o& $he )es'onden$s $ha$ wi""
&i$i*a$e% if no$ $o$a""+ e)adia$e% $he .io"a$ion of o) $he
$h)ea$ $o $he 'e$i$ione)Js "ife% "i!e)$+ o) se#)i$+,
A 3#d*&en$ whih si&'"+ *)an$s M$he ')i.i"e*e of $he w)i$M
anno$ !e e(e#$ed, I$ is $an$a&o#n$ $o a fai"#)e of $he
3#d*e $o in$e).ene and *)an$ 3#diia" s#o) $o $he
'e$i$ione), Pe$i$ions fi"ed $o a.ai" of $he ')i.i"e*e of $he
2)i$ of A&'a)o a)ise o#$ of .e)+ )ea" and on)e$e
i)#&s$anes, E#diia" )es'onses anno$ !e as
$)a*ia""+ s+&!o"i o) )i$#a"is$i as M*)an$in* $he ')i.i"e*e
of $he 2)i$ of A&'a)o,M
RULE C9 6IN+S OF PLEA+INGS
/ICTORINA vs. BRE7)ASTER INT4L
A COGPLAINT &#s$ &a5e a '"ain% onise% and di)e$
s$a$e&en$ of $he #"$i&a$e fa$s on whih $he '"ain$iff
)e"ies fo) his "ai&, ULTIGATE 7ACTS &ean $he
i&'o)$an$ and s#!s$an$ia" fa$s whih ei$he) di)e$"+ fo)&
$he !asis of $he '"ain$iffJs ')i&a)+ )i*h$ and d#$+ o)
di)e$"+ &a5e #' $he w)on*f#" a$s o) o&issions of $he
defendan$, The+ )efe) $o $he ')ini'a"% de$e)&ina$i.e%
ons$i$#$i.e fa$s #'on $he e(is$ene of whih $he a#se
of a$ion )es$s, The $e)& does no$ )efe) $o de$ai"s of
')o!a$i.e &a$$e) o) 'a)$i#"a)s of e.idene whih
es$a!"ish $he &a$e)ia" e"e&en$s,
The TEST O7 SU77ICIENCK of $he fa$s a""e*ed in a
o&'"ain$ $o ons$i$#$e a a#se of a$ion is whe$he)%
ad&i$$in* $he fa$s a""e*ed% $he o#)$ o#"d )ende) a .a"id
3#d*&en$ #'on $he sa&e in ao)dane wi$h $he ')a+e)
of $he 'e$i$ion o) o&'"ain$,
)ONGAO vs. PR-CE PROPERTIES
2he)e an answe) fai"s $o $ende) an iss#e% o) o$he)wise
ad&i$s $he &a$e)ia" a""e*a$ions of $he ad.e)se 'a)$+Js
'"eadin*% $he o#)$ &a+% on &o$ion of $ha$ 'a)$+% di)e$
3#d*&en$ on s#h '"eadin*,- The answe) wo#"d fai" $o
$ende) an iss#e% of o#)se% if i$ does no$ o&'"+ wi$h $he
)e6#i)e&en$s fo) a s'eifi denia" se$ o#$ in 91L ;o) 9=<
of R#"e =4 and i$ wo#"d ad&i$ $he &a$e)ia" a""e*a$ions of
$he ad.e)se 'a)$+Js '"eadin*s no$ on"+ whe)e i$ e(')ess"+
onfesses $he $)#$hf#"ness $he)eof !#$ a"so if i$ o&i$s $o
dea" wi$h $he& a$ a"",
If an answe) does in fa$ s'eifia""+ den+ $he &a$e)ia"
a.e)&en$s of $he o&'"ain$ in $he &anne) india$ed !+
said 91L of R#"e =% andFo) asse)$s affi)&a$i.e defenses
;a""e*a$ions of new &a$$e) whih% whi"e ad&i$$in* $he
&a$e)ia" a""e*a$ions of $he o&'"ain$ e(')ess"+ o)
i&'"ied"+% wo#"d ne.e)$he"ess ')e.en$ o) !a) )eo.e)+ !+
$he '"ain$iff< in ao)dane wi$h 9H and 9: of R#"e ?% a
3#d*&en$ on $he '"eadin*s wo#"d na$#)a""+ no$ !e ')o'e),
The)e is EOINDER O7 ISSUES when $he answe) &a5es
a s'eifi denia" of $he &a$e)ia" a""e*a$ions in $he
o&'"ain$ o) asse)$s affi)&a$i.e defenses whih wo#"d
!a) )eo.e)+ !+ $he '"ain$iff, 2he)e $he)e is ')o'e)
3oinde) of iss#es% $he $)ia" o#)$ is !a))ed f)o& )ende)in*
3#d*&en$ !ased on"+ on $he '"eadin*s fi"ed !+ $he
'a)$ies and &#s$ ond#$ ')oeedin*s fo) $he )ee'$ion
of e.idene, On $he o$he) hand% an answe) fai"s $o $ende)
an iss#e whe)e $he a""e*a$ions ad&i$ $he a""e*a$ions in
s#''o)$ of $he '"ain$iff8s a#se of a$ion o) fai" $o add)ess
$he& a$ a"", In ei$he) ase% $he)e is no *en#ine iss#e and
3#d*&en$ on $he '"eadin*s is ')o'e),
An answe) &a+ a""e*e affi)&a$i.e defenses whih &a+
s$)i5e down $he '"ain$iff8s a#se of a$ion, An
A77IRGATIVE DE7ENSE is one whih is no$ a denia" of
an essen$ia" in*)edien$ in $he '"ain$iff8s a#se of a$ion%
!#$ one whih% if es$a!"ished% wi"" !e a *ood defenseS
i,e, an Ma.oidaneM of $he "ai&, Affi)&a$i.e defenses
in"#de f)a#d% s$a$#$e of "i&i$a$ions% )e"ease 'a+&en$%
i""e*a"i$+% s$a$#$e of f)a#ds% es$o''e"% fo)&e) )eo.e)+%
disha)*e in !an5)#'$+% and an+ o$he) &a$$e) !+ wa+ of
onfession and a.oidane, 2hen $he answe) asse)$s
affi)&a$i.e defenses% $he)e is ')o'e) 3oinde) of iss#es
whih &#s$ !e .en$i"a$ed in a f#""A!"own $)ia" on $he
&e)i$s and anno$ !e )eso".ed !+ a &e)e 3#d*&en$ on
$he '"eadin*s,
BUNCA-AO vs. FORT ILOCAN+IA PROPERTIES
A COGPULSORK COUNTERCLAIG is an+ "ai& fo)
&one+ o) an+ )e"ief% whih a defendin* 'a)$+ &a+ ha.e
a*ains$ an o''osin* 'a)$+% whih a$ $he $i&e of s#i$
a)ises o#$ of% o) is neessa)i"+ onne$ed wi$h% $he sa&e
$)ansa$ion o) o#))ene $ha$ is $he s#!3e$ &a$$e) of
$he '"ain$iffJs o&'"ain$, I$ is o&'#"so)+ in $he sense $ha$
i$ is wi$hin $he 3#)isdi$ion of $he o#)$% does no$ )e6#i)e
fo) i$s ad3#dia$ion $he ')esene of $hi)d 'a)$ies o.e)
who& $he o#)$ anno$ a6#i)e 3#)isdi$ion% and wi"" !e
!a))ed in $he f#$#)e if no$ se$ #' in $he answe) $o $he
o&'"ain$ in $he sa&e ase, An+ o$he) o#n$e)"ai& is
'e)&issi.e,
The o&'e""in* $es$ of o&'#"so)iness ha)a$e)iDes a
o#n$e)"ai& as o&'#"so)+ if $he)e sho#"d e(is$ a
"o*ia" )e"a$ionshi' !e$ween $he &ain "ai& and $he
o#n$e)"ai&,
The CRITERIA TO DETERGINE whe$he) $he
o#n$e)"ai& is o&'#"so)+ o) 'e)&issi.e a)e as fo""ows:
a< A)e iss#es of fa$ and "aw )aised !+ $he "ai& and !+
$he o#n$e)"ai& "a)*e"+ $he sa&eT
!< 2o#"d )es 3#dia$a !a) a s#!se6#en$ s#i$ on
defendan$Js "ai&% a!sen$ $he o&'#"so)+ )#"eT
C I V I L P R O C E D U R E : C A S E D O C T R I N E S | 1@
< 2i"" s#!s$an$ia""+ $he sa&e e.idene s#''o)$ o)
)ef#$e '"ain$iffJs "ai& as we"" as defendan$Js
o#n$e)"ai&T
d< Is $he)e an+ "o*ia" )e"a$ions !e$ween $he "ai& and
$he o#n$e)"ai&T
GSIS vs. *EIRS OF CABALLERO
TESTS: ;a< A)e $he iss#es of fa$ and "aw )aised !+ $he
"ai& and !+ $he o#n$e)"ai& "a)*e"+ $he sa&eT ;!<
2o#"d )es 3#dia$a !a) a s#!se6#en$ s#i$ on defendan$s
"ai&s% a!sen$ $he o&'#"so)+ o#n$e)"ai& )#"eT ;<
2i"" s#!s$an$ia""+ $he sa&e e.idene s#''o)$ o) )ef#$e
'"ain$iffs "ai& as we"" as $he defendan$s o#n$e)"ai&T
and ;d< Is $he)e an+ "o*ia" )e"a$ion !e$ween $he "ai&
and $he o#n$e)"ai&T A 'osi$i.e answe) $o a"" fo#)
6#es$ions wo#"d india$e $ha$ $he o#n$e)"ai& is
o&'#"so)+,
The )#"e in PERGISSIVE COUNTERCLAIGS is $ha$ fo)
$he $)ia" o#)$ $o a6#i)e 3#)isdi$ion% $he o#n$e)"ai&an$
is !o#nd $o 'a+ $he ')es)i!ed do5e$ fees,
CALO vs. AJA3
A o&'#"so)+ o#n$e)"ai& no$ se$ #' is !a))ed% when
a''"ied $o $he &#nii'a" o#)$% ')es#''oses $ha$ $he
a&o#n$ in.o".ed is wi$hin $he said o#)$Js 3#)isdi$ion,
7o)% e.en if $he o#n$e)"ai& in e(ess of $he a&o#n$
o*niDa!"e !+ $he infe)io) o#)$ is se$ #'% $he defendan$
anno$ o!$ain 'osi$i.e )e"ief, The R#"es a""ow $his on"+ fo)
$he defendan$ $o ')e.en$ '"ain$iff f)o& )eo.e)in* f)o&
hi&, This &eans $ha$ sho#"d $he o#)$ find !o$h '"ain$iffJs
o&'"ain$ and defendan$Js o#n$e)"ai& ;fo) an a&o#n$
e(eedin* said o#)$Js 3#)isdi$ion< &e)i$o)io#s% i$ wi""
si&'"+ dis&iss $he o&'"ain$ on $he *)o#nd $ha$
defendan$ has a !i**e) )edi$, Sine defendan$ s$i"" has
$o ins$i$#$e a se'a)a$e a$ion fo) $he )e&ainin* !a"ane of
his o#n$e)"ai&% $he ')e.io#s "i$i*a$ion did no$ )ea""+
se$$"e a"" )e"a$ed on$)o.e)sies,
ICTSI vs. COURT OF APPEALS
R#"e 1C% Se, B Mif a o#n$e)"ai& has !een '"eaded !+ a
defendan$ ')io) $o $he se).ie #'on hi& of a &o$ion $o
dis&iss% $he a$ion sha"" no$ !e dis&issed a*ains$ $he
defendan$8s o!3e$ion #n"ess $he o#n$e)"ai& an
)e&ain 'endin* fo) inde'enden$ ad3#dia$ion !+ $he
Co#)$,M
A o#n$e)"ai& is 'e)&issi.e if i$ does no$ a)ise o#$ of
no) is i$ neessa)i"+ onne$ed wi$h $he s#!3e$ &a$$e) of
$he o''osin* 'a)$+8s "ai&, I$ is no$ !a))ed e.en if no$ se$
#' in $he a$ion,
)ETALS ENGINEERING vs. COURT OF APPEALS
COGPULSORK COUNTERCLAIG anno$ !e &ade $he
s#!3e$ of a se'a)a$e a$ion !#$ sho#"d !e asse)$ed in
$he sa&e s#i$ in.o".in* $he sa&e $)ansa$ion o)
o#))ene *i.in* )ise $o i$, 2he)e $he o#n$e)"ai& is
&ade $he s#!3e$ of a se'a)a$e s#i$% i$ &a+ !e a!a$ed
#'on a '"ea of a#$e) a$ion 'endan$ o) "i$is 'enden$ia%
and o) dis&issed on $he *)o#nd of )es 3#dia$a,
A o&'#"so)+ o#n$e)"ai& is a#(i"ia)+ $o $he ')oeedin*
in $he o)i*ina" s#i$ and de)i.es i$s 3#)isdi$iona" s#''o)$
$he)ef)o&% inas&#h as i$ a)ises o#$ of o) is neessa)i"+
onne$ed wi$h $he $)ansa$ion o) o#))ene $ha$ is $he
s#!3e$ &a$$e) of $he o&'"ain$, I$ fo""ows $ha$ if $he o#)$
does no$ ha.e 3#)isdi$ion $o en$e)$ain $he &ain a$ion of
$he ase and dis&isses $he sa&e% $hen $he o&'#"so)+
o#n$e)"ai&% !ein* ani""a)+ $o $he ')ini'a" on$)o.e)s+%
&#s$ "i5ewise !e dis&issed sine no 3#)isdi$ion
)e&ained fo) an+ *)an$ of )e"ief #nde) $he o#n$e)"ai&,
A o#n$e)"ai& ')es#''oses $he e(is$ene of a "ai&
a*ains$ $he 'a)$+ fi"in* $he o#n$e)"ai&, 2he)e $he)e is
no "ai& a*ains$ $he o#n$e)"ai&an$% $hen $he
o#n$e)"ai& is i&')o'e) and sho#"d !e dis&issed,
COJUANGCO vs. /ILLEGAS
A o#n$e)"ai& o) )ossA"ai& no$ se$ #' sha"" !e !a))ed
if i$ a)ises o#$ of o) is neessa)i"+ onne$ed wi$h% $he
$)ansa$ion o) o#))ene $ha$ is $he s#!3e$A&a$$e) of
$he o''osin* 'a)$+Js o) oA'a)$+Js "ai& and does no$
)e6#i)e fo) i$s ad3#dia$ion $he ')esene of $hi)d 'a)$ies
of who& $he o#)$ anno$ a6#i)e 3#)isdi$ion,
Vi""e*as fai"ed $o se$ #' s#h a"$e)na$i.e defense ;i,e, a
!#i"de) in *ood fai$h is en$i$"ed $o )eo.e) $he .a"#e of
i&')o.e&en$s< and ins$ead )e"ied on $he so"e defense
$ha$ she inhe)i$ed $he "and f)o& he) 'a)en$s% $he )e3e$ion
$he)eof was a o&'"e$e )eso"#$ion of $he on$)o.e)s+
!e$ween $he 'a)$ies whih !a)s a "a$e) ase !ased #'on
$he #n'"eaded defense, The ad3#dia$ion of $he iss#e
3oined !+ $he 'a)$ies in $he ea)"ie) ase ons$i$#$es )es
3#dia$a% $he $heo)+ !ein* $ha$ wha$ is !a))ed !+ ')io)
3#d*&en$ a)e no$ on"+ $he &a$$e)s a$#a""+ )aised and
"i$i*a$ed #'on% !#$ a"so s#h o$he) &a$$e)s as o#"d ha.e
!een )aised !#$ we)e no$,
AGANA vs. LAG)AN
Ad&inis$)a$i.e Ci)#"a) No, LHA@H does no$ a''"+ $o
o&'#"so)+ o#n$e)"ai&s, The i)#"a) a''"ies $o
ini$ia$o)+ and si&i"a) '"eadin*s, A o&'#"so)+
o#n$e)"ai& se$ #' in $he answe) is no$ an Mini$ia$o)+M o)
si&i"a) '"eadin*, The ini$ia$o)+ '"eadin* is $he '"ain$iffJs
o&'"ain$, A )es'onden$ has no hoie !#$ $o )aise a
o&'#"so)+ o#n$e)"ai& $he &o&en$ $he '"ain$iff fi"es
$he o&'"ain$, O$he)wise% )es'onden$ wai.es $he
o&'#"so)+ o#n$e)"ai&, The o&'#"so)+ o#n$e)"ai&
is a )ea$ion o) )es'onse% &anda$o)+ #'on 'ain of
wai.e)% $o an ini$ia$o)+ '"eadin* whih is $he o&'"ain$,
C I V I L P R O C E D U R E : C A S E D O C T R I N E S | BL
If i$ is a 'e)&issi.e o#n$e)"ai&% $he "a5 of a e)$ifia$e
of nonAfo)#& sho''in* is fa$a", If i$ is a o&'#"so)+
o#n$e)"ai&% $he "a5 of a e)$ifia$e of nonAfo)#&
sho''in* is i&&a$e)ia",
P*ILTRANCO vs. PARAS and INLAN+ TRAIL7A-S
In an a$ion fo) !)eah of on$)a$ of a))ia*e
o&&ened !+ a 'assen*e) a*ains$ his o&&on a))ie)%
$he '"ain$iff an )eo.e) da&a*es f)o& a $hi)dA'a)$+
defendan$ !)o#*h$ in$o $he s#i$ !+ $he o&&on a))ie)
#'on a "ai& !ased on $o)$ o) 6#asiAde"i$, The "ia!i"i$+ of
$he $hi)dA'a)$+ defendan$ is inde'enden$ f)o& $he "ia!i"i$+
of $he o&&on a))ie) $o $he 'assen*e),
A THIRDAPARTK COGPLAINT is a "ai& $ha$ a
defendin* 'a)$+ &a+% wi$h "ea.e of o#)$% fi"e a*ains$ a
'e)son no$ a 'a)$+ $o $he a$ion% a""ed $he $hi)dA'a)$+
defendan$% fo) on$)i!#$ion% inde&ni$+% s#!)o*a$ion o)
an+ o$he) )e"ief% in )es'e$ of his o''onen$8s "ai&,
The i&'"eade) of new 'a)$ies #nde) $his )#"e is ')o'e)
on"+ when a )i*h$ $o )e"ief e(is$s #nde) $he a''"ia!"e
s#!s$an$i.e "aw, This )#"e is &e)e"+ a ')oed#)a"
&ehanis&% and anno$ !e #$i"iDed #n"ess $he)e is so&e
s#!s$an$i.e !asis #nde) a''"ia!"e "aw,
The RE0UISITES fo) a $hi)dA'a)$+ a$ion a)e% firstly%
$ha$ $he 'a)$+ $o !e i&'"eaded &#s$ no$ +e$ !e a 'a)$+ $o
$he a$ion4 secondly% $ha$ $he "ai& a*ains$ $he $hi)dA
'a)$+ defendan$ &#s$ !e"on* $o $he o)i*ina" defendan$4
thirdly% $he "ai& of $he o)i*ina" defendan$ a*ains$ $he
$hi)dA'a)$+ defendan$ &#s$ !e !ased #'on $he '"ain$iff8s
"ai& a*ains$ $he o)i*ina" defendan$4 and% fourthly% $he
defendan$ is a$$e&'$in* $o $)ansfe) $o $he $hi)dA'a)$+
defendan$ $he "ia!i"i$+ asse)$ed a*ains$ hi& !+ $he
o)i*ina" '"ain$iff,
The $hi)dA'a)$+ "ai& need no$ !e !ased on $he sa&e
$heo)+ as $he &ain "ai&, 7o) e(a&'"e% $he)e a)e ases
in whih $he $hi)dA'a)$+ "ai& is !ased on an e(')ess
inde&ni$+ on$)a$ and $he o)i*ina" o&'"ain$ is f)a&ed
in $e)&s of ne*"i*ene, Si&i"a)"+% $he)e need no$ !e an+
"e*a" )e"a$ionshi' !e$ween $he $hi)dA'a)$+ defendan$ and
an+ of $he o$he) 'a)$ies $o $he a$ion, I&'"eade) a"so is
')o'e) e.en $ho#*h $he $hi)d 'a)$+8s "ia!i"i$+ is
on$in*en$% and $ehnia""+ does no$ o&e in$o e(is$ene
#n$i" $he o)i*ina" defendan$8s "ia!i"i$+ has !een
es$a!"ished, In addi$ion% $he wo)ds Nis o) &a+ !e "ia!"e8 in
R#"e 1H;a< &a5e i$ "ea) $ha$ i&'"eade) is ')o'e) e.en
$ho#*h $he $hi)dA'a)$+ defendan$8s "ia!i"i$+ is no$
a#$o&a$ia""+ es$a!"ished one $he $hi)dA'a)$+ '"ain$iff8s
"ia!i"i$+ $o $he o)i*ina" '"ain$iff has !een de$e)&ined,
SINGAPORE AIRLINES vs. COURT OF APPEALS
The $hi)dA'a)$+ o&'"ain$ is a$#a""+ inde'enden$ of and
se'a)a$e and dis$in$ f)o& $he '"ain$iffJs o&'"ain$, , , ,
2hen "ea.e $o fi"e $he $hi)dA'a)$+ o&'"ain$ is ')o'e)"+
*)an$ed% $he Co#)$ )ende)s in effe$ $wo 3#d*&en$s in $he
sa&e ase% one on $he '"ain$iffJs o&'"ain$ and $he o$he)
on $he $hi)dA'a)$+ o&'"ain$, 2hen he finds fa.o)a!"+ on
!o$h o&'"ain$s% as in $his ase% he )ende)s 3#d*&en$ on
$he ')ini'a" o&'"ain$ in fa.o) of '"ain$iff a*ains$
defendan$ and )ende)s ano$he) 3#d*&en$ on $he $hi)dA
'a)$+ o&'"ain$ in fa.o) of defendan$ as $hi)dA'a)$+
'"ain$iff% o)de)in* $he $hi)dA'a)$+ defendan$ $o )ei&!#)se
$he defendan$ wha$e.e) a&o#n$ said defendan$ is
o)de)ed $o 'a+ '"ain$iff in $he ase, 7ai"#)e of an+ of said
'a)$ies in s#h a ase $o a''ea" $he 3#d*&en$ as a*ains$
hi& &a5es s#h 3#d*&en$ fina" and e(e#$o)+, 1+ $he
sa&e $o5en% an a''ea" !+ one 'a)$+ f)o& s#h 3#d*&en$
does NOT in#)e $o $he !enefi$ of $he o$he) 'a)$+ who has
no$ a''ea"ed no) an i$ !e dee&ed $o !e an a''ea" of
s#h o$he) 'a)$+ f)o& $he 3#d*&en$ a*ains$ hi&,
The)e is no 6#es$ion $ha$ a $hi)dA'a)$+ defendan$ is
a""owed $o se$ #' in his answe) $he defenses whih $he
$hi)dA'a)$+ '"ain$iff ;o)i*ina" defendan$< has o) &a+ ha.e
$o $he '"ain$iffJs "ai&,
2hi"e $he $hi)dA'a)$+ defendan$4 wo#"d !enefi$ f)o& a
.i$o)+ !+ $he $hi)dA'a)$+ '"ain$iff a*ains$ $he '"ain$iff% $his
is $)#e on"+ when $he $hi)dA'a)$+ '"ain$iff and $hi)dA'a)$+
defendan$ ha.e NONACONTRADICTORK DE7ENSES,
RULE D9 PARTS OF A PLEA+ING
0UI)PO vs. +ELA /ICTORIA
2he)e $he '"ain$iff s$a$ed $ha$ $he a""e*a$ions in $he
o&'"ain$ a)e $)#e and o))e$% !#$ o&i$$ed $o s$a$e $ha$
said on"#sion was )eahed of his own 5now"ed*e% i$ is
"o*ia""+ infe)a!"e $ha$ his s$a$e&en$ is of his own
5now"ed*e sine he was a 'a)$+ and i$ does no$ a''ea)
$ha$ he was .e)if+in* #'on info)&a$ion and !e"ief, If
'e$i$ione) en$e)$ained do#!$ a!o#$ $he $)#e ha)a$e) of
$he .e)ifia$ion% he sho#"d ha.e as5ed $ha$ i$ !e &ade
&o)e defini$e, Go)eo.e)% e.en if $he .e)ifia$ion is
ins#ffiien$% $ha$ ins#ffiien+ wo#"d no$ )ende) $he
o&'"ain$% o) $he who"e ')oeedin*s in $he o#)$ !e"ow%
.oid, Re6#i)e&en$ )e*a)din* .e)ifia$ion is no$
3#)isdi$iona"% !#$ &e)e"+ fo)&a",
In o)de) $ha$ $he *)o#nd of 'enden+ of ano$he) a$ion
!e$ween $he sa&e 'a)$ies fo) $he sa&e a#se &a+ !e
a.ai"ed of in a &o$ion $o dis&iss $he)e &#s$ !e% !e$ween
$he a$ion #nde) onside)a$ion and $he o$he) a$ion% ;I<
iden$i$+ of 'a)$ies% o) a$ "eas$ s#h as )e')esen$in* $he
sa&e in$e)es$ in !o$h a$ions4 ;B< iden$i$+ of )i*h$s
asse)$ed and )e"ief ')a+ed fo)% $he )e"ief !ein* fo#nded
on $he sa&e fa$s4 and ;>< $he iden$i$+ on $he $wo
')eedin* 'a)$i#"a)s sho#"d !e s#h $ha$ an+ 3#d*&en$
whih &a+ !e )ende)ed on $he o$he) a$ion wi""
)e*a)d"ess of whih 'a)$+ is s#essf#"% a&o#n$ $o res
adjudicata in $he a$ion #nde) onside)a$ion,
C I V I L P R O C E D U R E : C A S E D O C T R I N E S | B1
SA)EER O/ERSEAS vs. SANTOS= ET AL.
An UNSIGNED PLEADING ')od#es no "e*a" effe$,
Howe.e)% $he o#)$ a+% in i$s dis)e$ion% a""ow s#h
defiien+ $o !e )e&edied if i$ sha"" a''ea) $ha$ $he sa&e
was d#e $o &e)e inad.e)$ene and no$ in$ended fo)
de"a+, Co#nse" who de"i!e)a$e"+ fi"es an #nsi*ned
'"eadin*% o) si*ns a '"eadin* in .io"a$ion of $his R#"e% o)
a""e*es sanda"o#s o) indeen$ &a$$e) $he)ein% o) fai"s $o
')o&'$"+ )e'o)$ $o $he o#)$ a han*e of his add)ess%
sha"" !e s#!3e$ $o a'')o')ia$e disi'"ina)+ a$ion,
7ORUG SHOPPING is defined as an a$ of a 'a)$+%
a*ains$ who& an ad.e)se 3#d*&en$ o) o)de) has !een
)ende)ed in one fo)#&% of see5in* and 'ossi!"+ *e$$in* a
fa.o)a!"e o'inion in ano$he) fo)#&% o$he) $han !+ a''ea"
o) s'eia" i.i" a$ion fo) e)$io)a)i, I$ &a+ a"so !e $he
ins$i$#$ion of $wo o) &o)e a$ions o) ')oeedin*s
*)o#nded on $he sa&e a#se on $he s#''osi$ion $ha$
one o) $he o$he) o#)$ wo#"d &a5e a fa.o)a!"e
dis'osi$ion,
The)e is fo)#& sho''in* whe)e $he e"e&en$s of litis
pendentia a)e ')esen$% na&e"+: ;a< $he)e is iden$i$+ of
'a)$ies% o) a$ "eas$ s#h 'a)$ies as )e')esen$ $he sa&e
in$e)es$ in !o$h a$ions4 ;!< $he)e is iden$i$+ of )i*h$s
asse)$ed and )e"ief ')a+ed fo)% $he )e"ief !ein* fo#nded
on $he sa&e se$ of fa$s4 and ;< $he iden$i$+ of $he $wo
')eedin* 'a)$i#"a)s is s#h $ha$ an+ 3#d*&en$ )ende)ed
in $he 'endin* ase% )e*a)d"ess of whih 'a)$+ is
s#essf#"% wo#"d a&o#n$ $o )es 3#dia$a in $he o$he),
AN+ERSON vs. *O
A Me)$ifia$ion is a 'e#"ia) 'e)sona" )e')esen$a$ion on
$he 'a)$ of $he ')ini'a" 'a)$+% an ass#)ane *i.en $o $he
o#)$ o) o$he) $)i!#na" $ha$ $he)e a)e no o$he) 'endin*
ases in.o".in* !asia""+ $he sa&e 'a)$ies% iss#es and
a#ses of a$ion,M MO!.io#s"+% i$ is $he 'e$i$ione)% and no$
a"wa+s $he o#nse" whose ')ofessiona" se).ies ha.e
!een )e$ained fo) a 'a)$i#"a) ase% who is in $he !es$
'osi$ion $o 5now whe$he) she a$#a""+ fi"ed o) a#sed $he
fi"in* of a 'e$i$ion in $ha$ ase,M Pe) $he a!o.e *#ide"ines%
howe.e)% if a 'e$i$ione) is #na!"e $o si*n a e)$ifia$ion fo)
)easona!"e o) 3#s$ifia!"e )easons% she &#s$ e(e#$e an
SPA desi*na$in* he) o#nse" of )eo)d $o si*n on he)
!eha"f, MA e)$ifia$ion whih had !een si*ned !+ o#nse"
wi$ho#$ $he ')o'e) a#$ho)iDa$ion is defe$i.e and
ons$i$#$es a .a"id a#se fo) $he dis&issa" of $he
'e$i$ion,M
BUAN vs. LOPE.
The)e $h#s e(is$s !e$ween $he a$ion !efo)e $his Co#)$
and RTC Case I+ENTIT- OF PARTIES% o) a$ "eas$ s#h
'a)$ies as )e')esen$ $he sa&e in$e)es$s in !o$h a$ions%
as we"" as Iden$i$+ of )i*h$s asse)$ed and )e"ief ')a+ed
fo)% $he )e"ief !ein* fo#nded on $he sa&e fa$s% and $he
Iden$i$+ on $he $wo ')eedin* 'a)$i#"a)s is s#h $ha$ an+
3#d*&en$ )ende)ed in $he o$he) a$ion% wi"" )e*a)d"ess of
whih 'a)$+ is s#essf#"% a&o#n$ $o res adjudicata in
$he a$ion #nde) onside)a$ion: a"" $he )e6#isi$es% in fine%
of auter action pendant,
LO0UIAS vs. OFFICE OF T*E O)BU+S)AN
I$ is $he '"ain$iff o) ')ini'a" 'a)$+ who sha"" e)$if+ #nde)
oa$h $ha$ he has no$ o&&ened an+ a$ion in.o".in*
$he sa&e iss#es in an+ o#)$, The a$$es$a$ion on$ained
in $he e)$ifia$ion on nonAfo)#& sho''in* )e6#i)es
'e)sona" 5now"ed*e !+ $he 'a)$+ who e(e#$ed $he
sa&e, U$$e) dis)e*a)d of $he )#"es anno$ 3#s$"+ !e
)a$iona"iDed !+ ha)5in* on $he 'o"i+ of "i!e)a"
ons$)#$ion,
+OCENA vs. LAPESURA
Unde) $he 7a&i"+ Code% $he ad&inis$)a$ion of $he
on3#*a" ')o'e)$+ !e"on*s $o $he h#s!and and $he wife
3oin$"+, Howe.e)% #n"i5e an a$ of a"iena$ion o)
en#&!)ane whe)e $he onsen$ of !o$h s'o#ses is
)e6#i)ed% 3oin$ &ana*e&en$ o) ad&inis$)a$ion does no$
)e6#i)e $ha$ $he h#s!and and wife a"wa+s a$ $o*e$he),
Eah s'o#se &a+ .a"id"+ e(e)ise f#"" 'owe) of
&ana*e&en$ a"one% s#!3e$ $o $he in$e).en$ion of $he
o#)$ in ')o'e) ases as ')o.ided #nde) A)$i"e 1BH of
$he 7a&i"+ Code, I$ is !e"ie.ed $ha$ e.en #nde) $he
')o.isions of $he 7a&i"+ Code% $he h#s!and a"one o#"d
ha.e fi"ed $he 'e$i$ion fo) e)$io)a)i and ')ohi!i$ion $o
on$es$ $he w)i$s of de&o"i$ion iss#ed a*ains$ $he
on3#*a" ')o'e)$+ wi$h $he Co#)$ of A''ea"s wi$ho#$
!ein* 3oined !+ his wife, The si*nin* of $he a$$ahed
e)$ifia$e of nonAfo)#& sho''in* on"+ !+ $he h#s!and is
no$ a fa$a" defe$ and sho#"d !e dee&ed $o ons$i$#$e
s#!s$an$ia" o&'"iane wi$h $he )#"es,
FUENTABELLA vs. CASTRO
The 'e$i$ione) o) $he ')ini'a" 'a)$+ &#s$ e(e#$e $he
e)$ifia$ion a*ains$ fo)#& sho''in*, The )eason fo) $his
is $ha$ $he ')ini'a" 'a)$+ has a$#a" 5now"ed*e whe$he)
a 'e$i$ion has ')e.io#s"+ !een fi"ed in.o".in* $he sa&e
ase o) s#!s$an$ia""+ $he sa&e iss#es, If% fo) an+ )eason%
$he ')ini'a" 'a)$+ anno$ si*n $he 'e$i$ion% $he one
si*nin* on his !eha"f &#s$ ha.e !een d#"+ a#$ho)iDed,
This )e6#i)e&en$ is in$ended $o a''"+ $o !o$h na$#)a" and
3#)idia" 'e)sons, 2he)e $he 'e$i$ione) is a o)'o)a$ion%
$he e)$ifia$ion a*ains$ fo)#& sho''in* sho#"d !e
si*ned !+ i$s d#"+ a#$ho)iDed di)e$o) o) )e')esen$a$i.e,
2he)e $he)e a)e se.e)a" 'e$i$ione)s% i$ is ins#ffiien$ $ha$
on"+ one of $he& e(e#$es $he e)$ifia$ion% a!sen$ a
showin* $ha$ he was so a#$ho)iDed !+ $he o$he)s, Tha$
e)$ifia$ion )e6#i)es 'e)sona" 5now"ed*e and i$ anno$
!e ')es#&ed $ha$ $he si*na$o)+ 5new $ha$ his oA
'e$i$ione)s had $he sa&e o) si&i"a) a$ions fi"ed o)
'endin*,
C I V I L P R O C E D U R E : C A S E D O C T R I N E S | BB
An o&ission in $he e)$ifia$e of nonAfo)#& sho''in*
a!o#$ an+ e.en$ $ha$ wo#"d no$ ons$i$#$e res judicata
and litis pendentia% as in $he ')esen$ ase% is no$ fa$a" as
$o &e)i$ $he dis&issa" and n#""ifia$ion of $he en$i)e
')oeedin*s onside)in* $ha$ $he e.i"s so#*h$ $o !e
')e.en$ed !+ $he said e)$ifia$e a)e no$ ')esen$,
STO. TO)AS UNI/ERSIT- vs. SURLA
The )ea" offie of Ad&inis$)a$i.e Ci)#"a) No, LHA@H is $o
#)! $he &a"')a$ie o&&on"+ )efe))ed $o a"so as
fo)#&Asho''in*, I$ is an a$ of a 'a)$+ a*ains$ who& an
ad.e)se 3#d*&en$ has !een )ende)ed in one fo)#& of
see5in* and 'ossi!"+ *e$$in* a fa.o)a!"e o'inion in
ano$he) fo)#&% o$he) $han !+ a''ea" o) $he s'eia" i.i"
a$ion of e)$io)a)i% o) $he ins$i$#$ion of $wo o) &o)e
a$ions o) ')oeedin*s *)o#nded on $he sa&e a#se on
$he s#''osi$ion $ha$ one o) $he o$he) o#)$ wo#"d &a5e a
fa.o)a!"e dis'osi$ion, The "an*#a*e of $he i)#"a)
dis$in$"+ s#**es$s $ha$ i$ is ')i&a)i"+ in$ended $o o.e)
an ini$ia$o)+ '"eadin* o) an ini'ien$ a''"ia$ion of a 'a)$+
asse)$in* a "ai& fo) )e"ief,
The fo)e*oin* )a$iona"e of $he i)#"a) a'$"+ $a5en% $o
s#s$ain $he .iew $ha$ $he i)#"a) in 6#es$ion has no$% in
fa$% !een on$e&'"a$ed $o in"#de a 5ind of "ai& whih%
!+ i$s .e)+ na$#)e as !ein* a#(i"ia)+ $o $he ')oeedin*s in
$he s#i$ and as de)i.in* i$s s#!s$an$i.e and 3#)isdi$iona"
s#''o)$ $he)ef)o&% an on"+ !e a'')o')ia$e"+ '"eaded in
$he answe) and no$ )e&ain o#$s$andin* fo) inde'enden$
)eso"#$ion e(e'$ !+ $he o#)$ whe)e $he &ain ase
'ends,
CAGA-AN /ALLE- vs. CIR
The fo""owin* offiia"s o) e&'"o+ees of $he o&'an+ an
si*n $he .e)ifia$ion and e)$ifia$ion wi$ho#$ need of a
!oa)d )eso"#$ion: ;1< $he Chai)'e)son of $he 1oa)d of
Di)e$o)s% ;B< $he P)esiden$ of a o)'o)a$ion% ;>< $he
Gene)a" Gana*e) o) A$in* Gene)a" Gana*e)% ;H<
Pe)sonne" Offie)% and ;:< an E&'"o+&en$ S'eia"is$ in a
"a!o) ase,
2hi"e $he a!o.e ases do no$ ')o.ide a o&'"e$e "is$in*
of a#$ho)iDed si*na$o)ies $o $he .e)ifia$ion and
e)$ifia$ion )e6#i)ed !+ $he )#"es% $he de$e)&ina$ion of
$he s#ffiien+ of $he a#$ho)i$+ was done on a ase $o
ase !asis, The )a$iona"e a''"ied in $he fo)e*oin* ases
is $o 3#s$if+ $he a#$ho)i$+ of o)'o)a$e offie)s o)
)e')esen$a$i.es of $he o)'o)a$ion $o si*n $he .e)ifia$ion
o) e)$ifia$e a*ains$ fo)#& sho''in*% !ein* in a 'osi$ion
$o .e)if+ $he $)#$hf#"ness and o))e$ness of $he
a""e*a$ions in $he 'e$i$ion,-
Howe.e)% a''endin* $he !oa)d )eso"#$ion $o $he
o&'"ain$ o) 'e$i$ion is $he !e$$e) ')oed#)e $o o!.ia$e
an+ 6#es$ion on $he a#$ho)i$+ of $he si*na$o)+ $o $he
.e)ifia$ion and e)$ifia$ion, The )e6#i)ed s#!&ission of
$he !oa)d )eso"#$ion is *)o#nded on $he !asi ')ee'$
$ha$ o)'o)a$e 'owe)s a)e e(e)ised !+ $he !oa)d of
di)e$o)s% and no$ so"e"+ !+ an offie) of $he o)'o)a$ion,
Hene% $he 'owe) $o s#e and !e s#ed in an+ o#)$ o)
6#asiA3#diia" $)i!#na" is neessa)i"+ "od*ed wi$h $he said
!oa)d,
C*UA vs. )ETROBAN6
7o)#& sho''in* e(is$s when a 'a)$+ )e'ea$ed"+ a.ai"s
hi&se"f of se.e)a" 3#diia" )e&edies in diffe)en$ o#)$s%
si&#"$aneo#s"+ o) s#essi.e"+% a"" s#!s$an$ia""+ fo#nded
on $he sa&e $)ansa$ions and $he sa&e essen$ia" fa$s
and i)#&s$anes% and a"" )aisin* s#!s$an$ia""+ $he
sa&e iss#es ei$he) 'endin* in o) a")ead+ )eso".ed
ad.e)se"+ !+ so&e o$he) o#)$,

U"$i&a$e"+% wha$ is $)#"+ i&'o)$an$ in de$e)&inin* whe$he)
fo)#& sho''in* e(is$s o) no$ is $he .e(a$ion a#sed $he
o#)$s and 'a)$+A"i$i*an$ !+ a 'a)$+ who as5s diffe)en$
o#)$s $o )#"e on $he sa&e o) )e"a$ed a#ses andFo) $o
*)an$ $he sa&e o) s#!s$an$ia""+ $he sa&e )e"iefs% in $he
')oess )ea$in* $he 'ossi!i"i$+ of onf"i$in* deisions
!ein* )ende)ed !+ $he diffe)en$ fo)a #'on $he sa&e
iss#e,
7o)#& sho''in* an !e o&&i$$ed in $h)ee wa+s: ;1<
fi"in* &#"$i'"e ases !ased on $he sa&e a#se of a$ion
and wi$h $he sa&e ')a+e)% $he ')e.io#s ase no$ ha.in*
!een )eso".ed +e$ ;whe)e $he *)o#nd fo) dis&issa" is "i$is
'enden$ia<4 ;B< fi"in* &#"$i'"e ases !ased on $he sa&e
a#se of a$ion and $he sa&e ')a+e)% $he ')e.io#s ase
ha.in* !een fina""+ )eso".ed ;whe)e $he *)o#nd fo)
dis&issa" is )es 3#dia$a<4 and ;>< fi"in* &#"$i'"e ases
!ased on $he sa&e a#se of a$ion% !#$ wi$h diffe)en$
')a+e)s ;s'"i$$in* of a#ses of a$ion% whe)e $he *)o#nd
fo) dis&issa" is a"so ei$he) "i$is 'enden$ia o) )es 3#dia$a<,
RULE E9 )ANNER OF )A6ING ALLEGATIONS IN
PLEA+INGS
/+A. +E +AFFON vs. COURT OF APPEALS
In $he de$e)&ina$ion of whe$he) a o&'"ain$ fai"s $o s$a$e
a a#se of a$ion% on"+ $he s$a$e&en$s in $he o&'"ain$
&a+ !e ')o'e)"+ onside)ed,@ Go)eo.e)% a defendan$
who &o.es $o dis&iss $he o&'"ain$ on $he *)o#nd of
"a5 of a#se of a$ion h+'o$he$ia""+ ad&i$s a"" $he
a.e)&en$s $he)eof, The TEST O7 SU77ICIENCK of $he
fa$s fo#nd in a o&'"ain$ as ons$i$#$in* a a#se of
a$ion is whe$he) o) no$ ad&i$$in* $he fa$s a""e*ed $he
o#)$ an )ende) a .a"id 3#d*&en$ #'on $he sa&e in
ao)dane wi$h $he ')a+e) $he)eof, The h+'o$he$ia"
ad&ission e($ends $o $he )e"e.an$ and &a$e)ia" fa$s we""
'"eaded in $he o&'"ain$ and infe)enes fai)"+ ded#i!"e
$he)ef)o&, Hene% if $he a""e*a$ions in $he o&'"ain$
f#)nish s#ffiien$ !asis !+ whih $he o&'"ain$ an !e
&ain$ained% $he sa&e sho#"d no$ !e dis&issed
C I V I L P R O C E D U R E : C A S E D O C T R I N E S | B>
)e*a)d"ess of $he defense $ha$ &a+ !e assessed !+ $he
defendan$s,
The)e is no need fo) $he o&'"ain$ $o s'eifia""+ a""e*e
)es'onden$sJ "ai& of oAowne)shi' of $he ')o'e)$ies,
The o&'"ain$ needs on"+ $o a""e*e $he #"$i&a$e fa$s on
whih $he '"ain$iffs )e"+ fo) $hei) "ai&,
The )#"es of ')oed#)e )e6#i)e $ha$ $he o&'"ain$ &#s$
&a5e a onise s$a$e&en$ of $he #"$i&a$e fa$s o) $he
essen$ia" fa$s ons$i$#$in* $he '"ain$iffJs a#se of a$ion,
A 7ACT IS ESSENTIAL if i$ anno$ !e s$)i5en o#$
wi$ho#$ "ea.in* $he s$a$e&en$ of $he a#se of a$ion
inade6#a$e, A COGPLAINT STATES A CAUSE O7
ACTION on"+ when i$ has i$s $h)ee indis'ensa!"e
e"e&en$s,
TORIBIO vs. BI+IN
DEEDS O7 SALE a)e a$iona!"e do#&en$s, The R#"e
o.e)s !o$h an a$ion o) a defense !ased on do#&en$s,
The PURPOSE fo) $he )#"e on on$es$in* a$iona!"e
do#&en$s is: Reasona!"+ ons$)#ed% $he '#)'ose of $he
ena$&en$ a''ea)s $o ha.e !een $o )e"ie.e a 'a)$+ of $he
$)o#!"e and e('ense of ')o.in* in $he fi)s$ ins$ane an
a""e*ed fa$% $he e(is$ene o) none(is$ene of whih is
neessa)i"+ wi$hin $he 5now"ed*e of $he ad.e)se 'a)$+%
and of $he neessi$+ ;$o his o''onen$Js ase< of
es$a!"ishin* whih s#h ad.e)se 'a)$+ is no$ified !+ his
o''onen$Js '"eadin*,
The fo""owin* 6#es$ion f#)nishes an A1SOLUTE TEST
AS TO THE ESSENTIALITK O7 ANK ALLEGATION:
Can i$ !e &ade $he s#!3e$ of a &a$e)ia" iss#eT In o$he)
wo)ds% if i$ !e denied% win $he fai"#)e $o ')o.e i$ deide
$he ase in who"e o) in 'a)$T If i$ wi"" no$% $he fa$ is no$
essen$ia", I$ is no$ one of $hose whih ons$i$#$e $he
a#se of a$ion% defense% o) )e'"+, A fa$ is essen$ia" if i$
anno$ !e s$)i5en o#$ wi$ho#$ "ea.in* $he s$a$e&en$ of
$he a#se of a$ion o) defense ins#ffiien$,
BOUG* vs. CANTI/EROS
2hen an a$ion is !)o#*h$ #'on a w)i$$en ins$)#&en$ and
$he o&'"ain$ on$ains o) has anne(ed a o'+ of s#h
ins$)#&en$% $he *en#ineness and d#e e(e#$ion of $he
ins$)#&en$ sha"" !e dee&ed ad&i$$ed% #n"ess s'eifia""+
denied #nde) oa$h in $he answe)4 and when $he
DE7ENSE $o an a$ion% o) a COUNTERCLAIG s$a$ed in
an answe)% is fo#nded #'on a w)i$$en ins$)#&en$ and $he
o'+ $he)eof is on$ained in o) anne(ed $o $he answe)%
$he *en#ineness and d#e e(e#$ion of s#h ins$)#&en$
sha"" !e dee&ed ad&i$$ed% #n"ess s'eifia""+ denied
#nde) oa$h !+ $he '"ain$iff in his '"eadin*s,
2hen $he "aw &a5es #se of $he 'h)ase M*en#ineness
and d#e e(e#$ion of $he ins$)#&en$M i$ &eans no$hin*
&o)e $han $ha$ $he ins$)#&en$ is no$ s'#)io#s%
o#n$e)fei$% o) of diffe)en$ i&'o)$ on i$s fae f)o& $he one
e(e#$ed, Howe.e)% $he fai"#)e of $he 'a)$+ $o fi"e an
affida.i$ den+in* $he *en#ineness and d#e e(e#$ion of
$he do#&en$ does no$ es$o' hi& f)o& on$)o.e)$in* i$
!+ e.idene of f)a#d &is$a5e% o&')o&ise% 'a+&en$%
s$a$#$e of "i&i$a$ions% es$o''e"% and wan$ of
onside)a$ion,
*IBBER+ vs. R*O+E
Ad&ission of $he *en#ineness and d#e e(e#$ion of $he
ins$)#&en$ does no$ !a) $he defense of wan$ of
onside)a$ion,
E(e#$ion an on"+ )efe) $o $he a$#a" &a5in* and
de"i.e)+% !#$ i$ anno$ in.o".e o$he) &a$$e)s wi$ho#$
en"a)*in* i$s &eanin* !e+ond )eason, The on"+ o!3e$ of
$he )#"e was $o ena!"e a '"ain$iff $o &a5e o#$ a ')i&a
faie% NOT A CONCLUSIVE CASE% and i$ anno$
')e"#de a defendan$ f)o& in$)od#in* an+ defense on
$he &e)i$s whih does no$ on$)adi$ $he e(e#$ion of $he
ins$)#&en$ in$)od#ed in e.idene,
JABAL+E vs. PNB
2he)e w)i$$en ins$)#&en$ se$ fo)$h in answe) is no$
denied !+ affida.i$% +e$ if e.idene in )es'e$ $o $ha$
&a$$e)% and $endin* $o show $ha$ ins$)#&en$ is no$
*en#ine% o) was no$ de"i.e)ed% is in$)od#ed !+ '"ain$iff
wi$ho#$ o!3e$ion on 'a)$ of defendan$% o) &o$ion $o s$)i5e
o#$% and is &e$ !+ o#n$e)Ae.idene on 'a)$ of
defendan$% $he "a$$e) o#*h$ no$ $o !e 'e)&i$$ed $o "ai&
$ha$ *en#ineness and d#e e(e#$ion of ins$)#&en$ a)e
ad&i$$ed,
TITAN CONSTRUCTION vs. CA
2hi"e 9=% R#"e = is &anda$o)+% i$ is a diso.e)+
')oed#)e and &#s$ !e )easona!"+ ons$)#ed $o a$$ain
i$s '#)'ose% and in a wa+ as no$ $o effe$ a denia" of
s#!s$an$ia" 3#s$ie, The in$e)')e$a$ion sho#"d !e one
whih assis$s $he 'a)$ies in o!$ainin* a s'eed+%
ine('ensi.e% and &os$ i&'o)$an$% a 3#s$ de$e)&ina$ion of
$he dis'#$ed iss#es,
Howe.e)% i$ was he"d $ha$ whe)e a 'a)$+ a$ed in
o&'"e$e dis)e*a)d of o) who""+ o.e)"oo5ed 9=% R#"e =
and did no$ o!3e$ $o $he in$)od#$ion and ad&ission of
e.idene 6#es$ionin* $he *en#ineness and d#e
e(e#$ion of a do#&en$% he &#s$ !e dee&ed $o ha.e
wai.ed $he !enefi$s of said R#"e,
CONSOLI+ATE+ BAN6 vs. +EL )ONTE
How $o den+ $he *en#ineness and d#e e(e#$ion of an
a$iona!"e do#&en$:

This &eans $ha$ $he defendan$ &#s$ de"a)e #nde) oa$h
$ha$ he did no$ si*n $he do#&en$ o) $ha$ i$ is o$he)wise
C I V I L P R O C E D U R E : C A S E D O C T R I N E S | BH
fa"se o) fa!)ia$ed, Nei$he) does $he s$a$e&en$ of $he
answe) $o $he effe$ $ha$ $he ins$)#&en$ was ')o#)ed !+
f)a#d#"en$ )e')esen$a$ion )aise an+ iss#e as $o i$s
*en#ineness o) d#e e(e#$ion, On $he on$)a)+ s#h a
'"ea is an ad&ission !o$h of $he *en#ineness and d#e
e(e#$ion $he)eof% sine i$ see5s $o a.oid $he ins$)#&en$
#'on a *)o#nd no$ affe$in* ei$he),
The !es$ e.idene )#"e- is no$ a!so"#$e, The )#"e
ae'$s of e(e'$ions one of whih is when $he o)i*ina"
of $he s#!3e$ do#&en$ is in $he 'ossession of $he
ad.e)se 'a)$+,
2hen $he defendan$ fai"s $o den+ s'eifia""+ and #nde)
oa$h $he d#e e(e#$ion and *en#ineness of a do#&en$
o'ied in a o&'"ain$% $he '"ain$iff need no$ ')o.e $ha$
fa$ as i$ is onside)ed ad&i$$ed !+ $he defendan$,
LUISTRO vs. COURT OF APPEALS
In a GOTION TO DISGISS !ased on "a5 of a#se of
a$ion% $he 6#es$ion 'osed $o $he o#)$ fo) de$e)&ina$ion
is $he s#ffiien+ of $he a""e*a$ion of fa$s &ade in $he
o&'"ain$ $o ons$i$#$e a a#se of a$ion, To s#s$ain a
&o$ion $o dis&iss fo) "a5 of a#se of a$ion% i$ &#s$ !e
shown $ha$ $he "ai& fo) )e"ief does no$ e(is$% )a$he) $han
$ha$ a "ai& has !een defe$i.e"+ s$a$ed% o) is
a&!i*#o#s% indefini$e o) #ne)$ain,
In a"" a.e)&en$s of f)a#d o) &is$a5e% $he i)#&s$anes
ons$i$#$in* f)a#d o) &is$a5e &#s$ !e s$a$ed wi$h
'a)$i#"a)i$+, Ga"ie% in$en$% 5now"ed*e o) o$he) ondi$ion
of $he &ind of a 'e)son &a+ !e a.e))ed *ene)a""+,
CAPITOL )OTORS vs. -ABUT
< )O+ES OF SPECIFIC +ENIAL: ;1< !+ s'eif+in*
eah &a$e)ia" a""e*a$ion of fa$ in $he o&'"ain$ $he $)#$h
of whih $he defendan$ does no$ ad&i$% and% whene.e)
')a$ia!"e% se$$in* fo)$h $he s#!s$ane of $he &a$$e)s
whih he wi"" )e"+ #'on $o s#''o)$ his denia" o) ;B< !+
s'eif+in* so &#h of an a.e)&en$ in $he o&'"ain$ as is
$)#e and &a$e)ia" and den+in* on"+ $he )e&ainde) o) ;><
!+ s$a$in* $ha$ $he defendan$ is wi$ho#$ 5now"ed*e o)
info)&a$ion s#ffiien$ $o fo)& a !e"ief as $o $he $)#$h of a
&a$e)ia" a.e)&en$ in $he o&'"ain$% whih has $he effe$
of a denia"% and he has ado'$ed $he $hi)d &ode of
s'eifi denia"% his answe) $ende)ed an iss#e% and%
onse6#en$"+ $he o#)$ a 6#o o#"d no$ )ende) a .a"id
3#d*&en$ on $he '"eadin*s,
The )#"e a#$ho)iDin* an answe) $o $he effe$ $ha$ $he
defendan$ has no 5now"ed*e o) info)&a$ion s#ffiien$ $o
fo)& a !e"ief as $o $he $)#$h of an a.e)&en$ and *i.in*
s#h answe) $he effe$ of a denia"% DOES NOT APPLK
whe)e $he fa$ as $o whih wan$ of 5now"ed*e is
asse)$ed% is so '"ain"+ and neessa)i"+ wi$hin $he
defendan$Js 5now"ed*e $ha$ his a.e)&en$ of i*no)ane
&#s$ !e 'a"'a!"+ #n$)#e,
A &e)e a""e*a$ion of i*no)ane of $he fa$s a""e*ed in $he
o&'"ain$% is INSU77ICIENT $o )aise an iss#e4 $he
defendan$ &#s$ a.e) 'osi$i.e"+ o) s$a$e how i$ is $ha$ he
is i*no)an$ of $he fa$s so a""e*ed,
ANTA) CONSOLI+ATE+ vs. COURT OF APPEALS
The a$s of $hese o)'o)a$ions sho#"d !e dis$in*#ished
f)o& a SINGLE OR ISOLATED 1USINESS
TRANSACTION o) oasiona"% iniden$a" and as#a"
$)ansa$ions whih do no$ o&e wi$hin $he &eanin* of
$he "aw, 2he)e a sin*"e a$ o) $)ansa$ion % howe.e)% is
no$ &e)e"+ iniden$a" o) as#a" !#$ india$es $he fo)ei*n
o)'o)a$ionJs in$en$ion $o do o$he) !#siness in $he
Phi"i''ines% said sin*"e a$ o) $)ansa$ion ons$i$#$es
Jdoin*J o) Jen*a*in* inJ o) J$)ansa$in*J !#siness in $he
Phi"i''ines,
2hi"e '"ain$iff is a fo)ei*n o)'o)a$ion wi$ho#$ "iense $o
$)ansa$ !#siness in $he Phi"i''ines% i$ does no$ fo""ow
$ha$ i$ has no a'ai$+ $o !)in* $he ')esen$ a$ion, S#h
"iense is J no$ neessa)+ !ea#se i$ is no$ en*a*ed in
!#siness in $he Phi"i''ines,
The DOCTRINE O7 LACU O7 CAPACITK TO SUE
!ased on fai"#)e $o fi)s$ a6#i)e a "oa" "iense is !ased
on onside)a$ions of so#nd '#!"i 'o"i+, I$ in$ended $o
fa.o) do&es$i o)'o)a$ions who en$e) was ne.e) in$o
so"i$a)+ $)ansa$ions wi$h #nwa)+ fo)ei*n fi)&s and $hen
)e'#dia$e $hei) o!"i*a$ions si&'"+ !ea#se $he "a$$e) a)e
no$ "iensed $o do !#siness in $his o#n$)+,
STEELCASE vs. +ESIGN INTERNATIONAL
The )#"e $ha$ an #n"iensed fo)ei*n o)'o)a$ions doin*
!#siness in $he Phi"i''ine do no$ ha.e $he a'ai$+ $o
s#e !efo)e $he "oa" o#)$s is we""Aes$a!"ished,
The 'h)ase doin* !#siness- is "ea)"+ defined in 9>;d< of
R,A, No, CLHB ;7o)ei*n In.es$&en$s A$ of 1@@1< and
was s#''"e&en$ed !+ i$s IRR whih e"a!o)a$ed on $he
&eanin* of $he sa&e 'h)ase V
The fo""owin* a$s sha"" no$ !e dee&ed doin* !#siness-
in $he Phi"i''ines:

1, Ge)e in.es$&en$ as a sha)eho"de) !+ a fo)ei*n en$i$+
in do&es$i o)'o)a$ions d#"+ )e*is$e)ed $o do !#siness%
andFo) $he e(e)ise of )i*h$s as s#h in.es$o)4

B, Ha.in* a no&inee di)e$o) o) offie) $o )e')esen$ i$s
in$e)es$ in s#h o)'o)a$ion4

<. A$$o"n&"n% a !e$!esen&a&"ve o! d"s&!"bu&o!
dom"c"led "n &(e P("l"$$"nes '("c( &!ansac&s
bus"ness "n &(e !e$!esen&a&"veFs o! d"s&!"bu&o!Fs o'n
name and accoun&G

C I V I L P R O C E D U R E : C A S E D O C T R I N E S | B:
H, The '#!"ia$ion of a *ene)a" ad.e)$ise&en$ $h)o#*h
an+ ')in$ o) !)oadas$ &edia4

:, Gain$ainin* a s$o5 of *oods in $he Phi"i''ines so"e"+
fo) $he '#)'ose of ha.in* $he sa&e ')oessed !+
ano$he) en$i$+ in $he Phi"i''ines4

?, Consi*n&en$ !+ a fo)ei*n en$i$+ of e6#i'&en$ wi$h a
"oa" o&'an+ $o !e #sed in $he ')oessin* of ')od#$s
fo) e('o)$4

C, Co""e$in* info)&a$ion in $he Phi"i''ines4 and

=, Pe)fo)&in* se).ies a#(i"ia)+ $o an e(is$in* iso"a$ed
on$)a$ of sa"e whih a)e no$ on a on$in#in* !asis%
s#h as ins$a""in* in $he Phi"i''ines &ahine)+ i$ has
&an#fa$#)ed o) e('o)$ed $o $he Phi"i''ines% se).iin*
$he sa&e% $)ainin* do&es$i wo)5e)s $o o'e)a$e i$% and
si&i"a) iniden$a" se).ies,
RULE H9 EFFECT OF FAILURE TO PLEA+
OTERO vs. TAN
A defendan$ who fai"s $o fi"e an answe) &a+% #'on
&o$ion% !e de"a)ed !+ $he o#)$ in defa#"$, Loss of
s$andin* in o#)$% $he fo)fei$#)e of one8s )i*h$ as a 'a)$+
"i$i*an$% on$es$an$ o) "e*a" ad.e)sa)+% is $he
onse6#ene of an o)de) of defa#"$, A 'a)$+ in defa#"$
LOSES ("s !"%(& $o ')esen$ his defense% on$)o" $he
')oeedin*s% and e(a&ine o) )ossAe(a&ine wi$nesses,
He has no )i*h$ $o e('e$ $ha$ his '"eadin*s wo#"d !e
a$ed #'on !+ $he o#)$ no) &a+ !e o!3e$ $o o) )ef#$e
e.idene o) &o$ions fi"ed a*ains$ hi&,
REGEDIES AVAILA1LE TO PARTK 2HO HAS 1EEN
DECLARED IN DE7AULT:
a< The defendan$ in defa#"$ &a+% a$ an+ $i&e af$e)
diso.e)+ $he)eof and !efo)e 3#d*&en$% fi"e a
&o$ion% #nde) oa$h% $o se$ aside $he o)de) of
defa#"$ on $he *)o#nd $ha$ his fai"#)e $o answe)
was d#e $o f)a#d% aiden$% &is$a5e o)
e(#sa!"e ne*"e$% and $ha$ he has &e)i$o)io#s
defenses4 ;Se >% R#"e 1=<
!< If $he 3#d*&en$ has a")ead+ !een )ende)ed when
$he defendan$ diso.e)ed $he defa#"$% !#$ !efo)e
$he sa&e has !eo&e fina" and e(e#$o)+% he
&a+ fi"e a &o$ion fo) new $)ia" #nde) Se$ion 1;a<
of R#"e >C4
< If $he defendan$ diso.e)ed $he defa#"$ af$e) $he
3#d*&en$ has !eo&e fina" and e(e#$o)+% he
&a+ fi"e a 'e$i$ion fo) )e"ief #nde) Se$ion B of
R#"e >=4 and
d< He &a+ a"so a''ea" f)o& $he 3#d*&en$ )ende)ed
a*ains$ hi& as on$)a)+ $o $he e.idene o) $o $he
"aw% e.en if no 'e$i$ion $o se$ aside $he o)de) of
defa#"$ has !een ')esen$ed !+ hi&, ;Se, B%
R#"e H1<
A defendin* 'a)$+ de"a)ed in defa#"$ )e$ains $he RIGHT
TO APPEAL 7ROG THE EUDGGENT 1K DE7AULT,
Howe.e)% $he *)o#nds $ha$ &a+ !e )aised in s#h an
a''ea" a)e )es$)i$ed $o an+ of $he fo""owin*: fi)s$% $he
fai"#)e of $he '"ain$iff $o ')o.e $he &a$e)ia" a""e*a$ions of
$he o&'"ain$4 seond% $he deision is on$)a)+ $o "aw4
and $hi)d% $he a&o#n$ of 3#d*&en$ is e(essi.e o)
diffe)en$ in 5ind f)o& $ha$ ')a+ed fo), In $hese ases% $he
a''e""a$e $)i!#na" sho#"d on"+ onside) $he 'iees of
e.idene $ha$ we)e ')esen$ed !+ $he '"ain$iff d#)in* $he
e( 'a)$e ')esen$a$ion of his e.idene,
A defendan$ who has !een de"a)ed in defa#"$ is
')e"#ded f)o& )aisin* an+ o$he) *)o#nd in his a''ea"
f)o& $he 3#d*&en$ !+ defa#"$ sine% o$he)wise% he wo#"d
$hen !e a""owed $o add#e e.idene in his defense%
whih )i*h$ he had "os$ af$e) he was de"a)ed in defa#"$,
+ULOS vs. COURT OF APPEALS
&o$ion fo) )eonside)a$ion of a 3#d*&en$ of defa#"$ &a+
!e onside)ed a 'e$i$ion fo) )e"ief #nde) Se$ion B of
R#"e >= on"+ if $he fo""owin* )e6#isi$es a)e ')esen$: ;1< i$
&#s$ !e .e)ified4 ;B< i$ &#s$ !e fi"ed wi$hin ?L da+s f)o&
$he $i&e 'e$i$ione) "ea)ns of $he deision !#$ no$ &o)e
$han ? &on$hs f)o& en$)+ $he)eof4 and ;>< in ase of
fai"#)e $o fi"e an answe)% $he &o$ion &#s$ !e
ao&'anied !+ affida.i$s of &e)i$ showin* $he f)a#d%
aiden$% &is$a5e and e(#sa!"e ne*"i*ene )e"ied #'on,
a &o$ion fo) )eonside)a$ion &a+ !e onside)ed a
&o$ion fo) new $)ia" #nde) Se, B% R#"e >C% if i$ is
ao&'anied !+ an affida.i$ of &e)i$, The )e6#i)e&en$
of s#h an affida.i$ is essen$ia" !ea#se a new $)ia"
wo#"d !e on"+ a was$e of $he $i&e of $he o#)$ if $he
o&'"ain$ $#)ns o#$ $o !e *)o#nd"ess o) $he defense
ineffe$i.e,
GOC*ANGCO vs. CFI NEGROS OCCI+ENTAL
The #nde)"+in* 'hi"oso'h+ of $he DOCTRINE O7
DE7AULT is $ha$ $he defendan$Js fai"#)e $o answe) $he
o&'"ain$ des'i$e )eei.in* o'+ $he)eof $o*e$he) wi$h
s#&&ons% is a$$)i!#$a!"e $o one of $wo a#ses: ei$he) ;a<
$o his )ea"iDa$ion $ha$ he has no defenses $o $he '"ain$iffs
a#se and hene )eso".es no$ $o o''ose $he o&'"ain$%
o)% ;!< ha.in* *ood defenses $o $he s#i$% $o f)a#d%
aiden$% &is$a5e o) e(#sa!"e ne*"i*ene whih
')e.en$ed hi& f)o& seasona!"+ fi"in* an answe) se$$in*
fo)$h $hose defenses,
If $he defendan$ ha.e *ood defenses% i$ wo#"d !e
#nna$#)a" fo) hi& no$ $o se$ $he& #' ')o'e)"+ and $i&e"+%
and if he did no$ in fa$ se$ $he& #'% i$ &#s$ !e ')es#&ed
$ha$ so&e ins#'e)a!"e a#se ')e.en$ed hi& f)o& doin*
so: f)a#d% aiden$% &is$a5e% e(#sa!"e ne*"i*ene, In
$his e.en$% $he "aw wi"" *)an$ hi& )e"ief% and $he "aw is in
$)#$h 6#i$e "i!e)a" in $he )e"iefs &ade a.ai"a!"e $o hi&: a
C I V I L P R O C E D U R E : C A S E D O C T R I N E S | B?
&o$ion $o se$ aside $he o)de) of defa#"$ ')io) $o 3#d*&en$4
a &o$ion fo) new $)ia" $o se$ aside $he defa#"$ 3#d*&en$4
an a''ea" f)o& $he 3#d*&en$ !+ defa#"$ e.en if no
&o$ion $o se$ aside $he o)de) of defa#"$ o) &o$ion fo) new
$)ia" had !een ')e.io#s"+ ')esen$ed4 a s'eia" i.i" a$ion
fo) e)$io)a)i i&'#*nin* $he o#)$Js 3#)isdi$ion,
IN+IANA AEROSPACE vs. C*E+
The)e a)e )e&edies a.ai"a!"e $o a defendan$ de"a)ed in
defa#"$, Howe.e)% $hese )e&edies a)e a.ai"a!"e on"+ $o a
defendan$ who has !een .a"id"+ de"a)ed in defa#"$,
S#h defendan$ i))e'a)a!"+ "oses $he )i*h$ $o 'a)$ii'a$e
in $he $)ia", On $he o$he) hand% a defendan$ i&')o.iden$"+
de"a)ed in defa#"$ &a+ )e$ain and e(e)ise s#h )i*h$
af$e) $he o)de) of defa#"$ and $he s#!se6#en$ 3#d*&en$
!+ defa#"$ a)e ann#""ed% and $he ase )e&anded $o $he
o#)$ of o)i*in, The fo)&e) is "i&i$ed $o $he )e&ed+ se$
fo)$h in 9B% 'a)a*)a'h > of R#"e H1 of $he ')eAN@C R#"es
of Co#)$% and an $he)efo)e on$es$ on"+ $he 3#d*&en$ !+
defa#"$ on $he desi*na$ed *)o#nd $ha$ i$ is on$)a)+ $o
e.idene o) "aw, Howe.e)% $he "a$$e) has $he fo""owin*
o'$ions: $o )eso)$ $o $his sa&e )e&ed+4 $o in$e)'ose a
'e$i$ion fo) e)$io)a)i see5in* $he n#""ifia$ion of $he o)de)
of defa#"$% e.en !efo)e $he ')o&#"*a$ion of a 3#d*&en$
!+ defa#"$4 o) in $he e.en$ $ha$ 3#d*&en$ has !een
)ende)ed% $o ha.e s#h o)de) and 3#d*&en$ de"a)ed
.oid,
2hi"e $he)e a)e ins$anes when a 'a)$+ &a+ !e ')o'e)"+
de"a)ed in defa#"$% $hese ases sho#"d !e dee&ed
e(e'$ions $o $he )#"e and sho#"d !e )eso)$ed $o on"+ in
"ea) ases of o!s$ina$e )ef#sa" o) ino)dina$e ne*"e$ in
o&'"+in* wi$h $he o)de)s of $he o#)$,
GAJU+O vs. TRA+ERS RO-AL BAN6
The &e)e fa$ $ha$ a defendan$ is de"a)ed in defa#"$
does no$ a#$o&a$ia""+ )es#"$ in $he *)an$ of $he ')a+e)s
of $he '"ain$iff, To win% $he "a$$e) &#s$ s$i"" ')esen$ $he
sa&e 6#an$#& of e.idene $ha$ wo#"d !e )e6#i)ed if $he
defendan$ we)e s$i"" ')esen$, A 'a)$+ $ha$ defa#"$s is no$
de')i.ed of i$s )i*h$s% e(e'$ $he )i*h$ $o !e hea)d and $o
')esen$ e.idene $o $he $)ia" o#)$, If $he e.idene
')esen$ed does no$ s#''o)$ a 3#d*&en$ fo) $he '"ain$iff%
$he o&'"ain$ sho#"d !e dis&issed% e.en if $he defendan$
&a+ no$ ha.e !een hea)d o) a""owed $o ')esen$ an+
o#n$e).ai"in* e.idene,
)ON.ON vs. SPS. RELO/A
7ai"#)e $o fi"e a )es'onsi.e '"eadin* wi$hin $he
)e*"e&en$a)+ 'e)iod% and no$ fai"#)e $o a''ea) a$ $he
hea)in*% is $he so"e *)o#nd fo) an o)de) of defa#"$% e(e'$
$he fai"#)e $o a''ea) a$ a ')eA$)ia" onfe)ene whe)ein $he
effe$s of a defa#"$ on $he 'a)$ of $he defendan$ a)e
fo""owed% $ha$ is% $he '"ain$iff sha"" !e a""owed $o ')esen$
e.idene e( 'a)$e and a 3#d*&en$ !ased $he)eon &a+
!e )ende)ed a*ains$ $he defendan$ ;9:% R#"e 1=<, A"so% a
defa#"$ 3#d*&en$ &a+ !e )ende)ed% e.en if $he defendan$
had fi"ed his answe)% #nde) $he i)#&s$ane in 9>;<%
R#"e B@,
The effe$s of defa#"$ a)e fo""owed on"+ in $h)ee
ins$anes: ;1< when $he)e is an a$#a" defa#"$ fo) fai"#)e
$o fi"e a )es'onsi.e '"eadin*4 ;B< fai"#)e $o a''ea) in $he
')eA$)ia" onfe)ene4 and ;>< )ef#sa" $o o&'"+ wi$h
&odes of diso.e)+ #nde) $he i)#&s$ane in Se, >;<%
R#"e B@,
REWUIREGENTS O7 A DE7AULT ORDER: ;1< $he o#)$
&#s$ ha.e .a"id"+ a6#i)ed 3#)isdi$ion o.e) $he 'e)son of
$he defendan$ ei$he) !+ se).ie of s#&&ons o) .o"#n$a)+
a''ea)ane4 ;B< $he defendan$ fai"ed $o fi"e his answe)
wi$hin $he $i&e a""owed $he)efo)4 and ;>< $he)e &#s$ !e a
&o$ion $o de"a)e $he defendan$ in defa#"$ wi$h no$ie $o
$he "a$$e), In $he ase a$ !a)% 'e$i$ione) had no$ fai"ed $o
fi"e he) answe),
RULE 8I9 A)EN+E+ AN+ SUPPLE)ENTAL
PLEA+INGS
LEOBRERA vs. COURT OF APPEALS
The Co#)$ &a+ a""ow a 'a)$+ #'on &o$ion $o se).e a
s#''"e&en$a" '"eadin* af$e) )easona!"e no$ie has !een
*i.en $he o$he) 'a)$+,
The no$ie of hea)in* is in$ended $o ')e.en$ s#)')ise and
$o affo)d $he ad.e)se 'a)$+ a hane $o !e hea)d !efo)e
$he &o$ion is )eso".ed !+ $he $)ia" o#)$, 2hi"e $he o#)$
has said $ha$ a "i$e)a" o!se).ane of $he no$ie
)e6#i)e&en$s in 9H% 9: and 9? of R#"e 1: is no$
neessa)+% a seasona!"e se).ie of a o'+ of $he &o$ion
on ad.e)se 'a)$+ o) o#nse" wi$h a no$ie of hea)in*
india$in* $he $i&e and '"ae of hea)in* of $he &o$ion a)e
&anda$o)+ )e6#i)e&en$s $ha$ anno$ !e dis'ensed wi$h
as $hese a)e $he &ini&#& )e6#i)e&en$s of ')oed#)a"
d#e ')oess,
A s#''"e&en$a" o&'"ain$ sho#"d s#''"+ on"+
defiienies in aid of an o)i*ina" o&'"ain$, I$ sho#"d
on$ain on"+ a#ses of a$ion )e"e.an$ and &a$e)ia" $o
$he '"ain$iffJs )i*h$ and whih he"' o) aid $he '"ain$iffJs
)i*h$ o) defense, The s#''"e&en$a" o&'"ain$ &#s$ !e
!ased on &a$$e)s a)isin* s#!se6#en$ $o $he o)i*ina"
o&'"ain$ )e"a$ed $o $he "ai& o) defense ')esen$ed
$he)ein% and fo#nded on $he sa&e a#se of a$ion, I$
anno$ !e #sed $o $)+ a new &a$$e) o) a new a#se of
a$ion,
PASA- CIT- GO/ERN)ENT vs. CFI J /ICENTE ISIP

The o&')o&ise a*)ee&en$ was fina" and i&&edia$e"+
e(e#$o)+% and in fa$ was a")ead+ enfo)ed% $he
)es'onden$ Co#)$ was in e))o) when i$ s$i"" en$e)$ained
$he s#''"e&en$a" o&'"ain$ fi"ed !+ $he )es'onden$A
a''e""ee fo) !+ $hen $he )es'onden$ Co#)$ had no &o)e
C I V I L P R O C E D U R E : C A S E D O C T R I N E S | BC
3#)isdi$ion o.e) $he s#!3e$ &a$$e), 2hen a deision has
!eo&e fina" and e(e#$o)+% $he o#)$ no "on*e) has $he
'owe) and 3#)isdi$ion $o a"$e)% a&end o) )e.o5e% and i$s
on"+ 'owe) $he)eof is $o o)de) i$s e(e#$ion,
S#''"e&en$a" '"eadin*s a)e &ean$ $o s#''"+
defiienies in aid of o)i*ina" '"eadin*% no$ $o en$i)e"+
s#!s$i$#$e $he "a$$e), A s#''"e&en$a" o&'"ain$ &#s$ !e
onsis$en$ wi$h and in aid of% $he a#se of a$ion se$ fo)$h
in $he o)i*ina" o&'"ain$ and a new and inde'enden$
a#se of a$ion anno$ !e se$ #' !+ s#h o&'"ain$%
es'eia""+ whe)e 3#d*&en$ has a")ead+ !een o!$ained !+
hi& in $he o)i*ina" a$ion,
TORRES vs. COURT OF APPEALS
The A&ended Co&'"ain$ $a5es $he '"ae of $he o)i*ina",
The "a$$e) is )e*a)ded as a!andoned and eases $o
'e)fo)& an+ f#)$he) f#n$ion as a '"eadin*, The o)i*ina"
o&'"ain$ no "on*e) fo)&s 'a)$ of $he )eo)d,
If 'e$i$ione) had desi)ed $o #$i"iDe $he o)i*ina" o&'"ain$
she sho#"d ha.e offe)ed i$ in e.idene, Ha.in* !een
a&ended% $he o)i*ina" o&'"ain$ "os$ i$s ha)a$e) as a
3#diia" ad&ission% whih wo#"d ha.e )e6#i)ed no ')oof%
and !ea&e &e)e"+ an e($)a3#diia" ad&ission% $he
ad&issi!i"i$+ of whih% as e.idene% )e6#i)ed i$s fo)&a"
offe),
/ERSO.A J )ARTINE. vs. COURT OF APPEALS
An a&end&en$ $o a o&'"ain$ whih in$)od#es a new o)
diffe)en$ a#se of a$ion% &a5in* a new o) diffe)en$
de&and% is e6#i.a"en$ $o a f)esh s#i$ #'on a new a#se
of a$ion% and $he s$a$#$e of "i&i$a$ions on$in#es $o )#n
#n$i" $he a&end&en$ is fi"ed,
2hen $he a&ended o&'"ain$ does no$ in$)od#e new
iss#es% a#ses of a$ion% o) de&ands% $he s#i$ is dee&ed
$o ha.e o&&ened on $he da$e $he o)i*ina" o&'"ain$
was fi"ed% no$ on $he da$e of $he fi"in* of $he a&ended
o&'"ain$, 7o) de&ands a")ead+ in"#ded in $he o)i*ina"
o&'"ain$% $he s#i$ is dee&ed $o ha.e o&&ened #'on
$he fi"in* of s#h o)i*ina" o&'"ain$, 7o) '#)'oses of
de$e)&inin* $he o&&ene&en$ of a s#i$% $he o)i*ina"
o&'"ain$ is dee&ed a!andoned and s#'e)seded !+ $he
a&ended o&'"ain$ onl# " $he a&ended o&'"ain$
in$)od#es a new o) diffe)en$ a#se of a$ion o) de&and,
An a&end&en$ whih &e)e"+ s#''"e&en$s and a&'"ifies
$he fa$s o)i*ina""+ a""e*ed )e"a$es !a5 $o $he da$e of $he
o&&ene&en$ of $he a$ion and is no$ !a))ed !+ $he
s$a$#$e of "i&i$a$ions% $he 'e)iod of whih e('i)es af$e)
se).ie of $he o)i*ina" o&'"ain$ !#$ !efo)e se).ie of
a&end&en$, I$ is $he a$#a" fi"in* in o#)$ $ha$ on$)o"s
and no$ $he da$e of $he fo)&a" ad&ission of $he a&ended
'"eadin*,
)AGASPI vs. RA)OLETE
2hen a '"eadin* is a&ended% $he o)i*ina" '"eadin* is
dee&ed a!andoned, The o)i*ina" eases $o 'e)fo)& an+
f#)$he) f#n$ion as a '"eadin*, The ase s$ands fo) $)ia"
on $he a&ended '"eadin* on"+, The addi$iona" do5e$
fee $o !e 'aid sho#"d !e !ased on $he a&ended
o&'"ain$,
)7SS vs. COURT OF APPEALS
RULE 889 7*EN TO FILE RESPONSI/E PLEA+INGS
RULE 8;9 BILL OF PARTICULARS
SALITA vs. )AGTOLIS
A o&'"ain$ on"+ needs $o s$a$e $he M#"$i&a$e fa$s
ons$i$#$in* $he '"ain$iff8s a#se o) a#ses of a$ion,M
U"$i&a$e fa$s a)e $hose fa$s whih $he e('e$ed
e.idene wi"" s#''o)$,M The $e)& does no$ )efe) $o $he
de$ai"s of ')o!a$i.e &a$$e) o) 'a)$i#"a)s of e.idene !+
whih $hese &a$e)ia" e"e&en$s a)e $o !e es$a!"ished, I$
)efe)s $o M$he fa$s whih $he e.idene on $he $)ia" wi""
')o.e% and no$ $he e.idene whih wi"" !e )e6#i)ed $o
')o.e $he e(is$ene of $hose fa$s, A &o$ion fo) !i"" of
'a)$i#"a)s wi"" no$ !e *)an$ed if $he o&'"ain$% whi"e no$
.e)+ defini$e% none$he"ess a")ead+ s$a$es a s#ffiien$
a#se of a$ion, A &o$ion fo) !i"" of 'a)$i#"a)s &a+ no$
a"" fo) &a$$e)s whih sho#"d fo)& 'a)$ of $he ')oof of $he
o&'"ain$ #'on $)ia", S#h info)&a$ion &a+ !e o!$ained
!+ o$he) &eans,
AGCANAS vs. )ERCA+O
1o$h a &o$ion $o dis&iss and a &o$ion fo) a !i"" of
'a)$i#"a)s in$e))#'$ $he $i&e $o fi"e a )es'onsi.e
'"eadin*, In $he ase of a &o$ion $o dis&iss% $he 'e)iod
s$a)$s )#nnin* a*ains$ as soon as $he &o.an$ )eei.es a
o'+ of $he o)de) of denia", In $he ase of a &o$ion fo) a
!i"" of 'a)$i#"a)s% $he s#s'ended 'e)iod sha"" on$in#e $o
)#n #'on se).ie on $he &o.an$ of $he !i"" of 'a)$i#"a)s%
if $he &o$ion is *)an$ed% o) of $he no$ie of i$s denia"% !#$
in an+ e.en$ he sha"" ha.e no$ "ess $han fi.e da+s wi$hin
whih $o fi"e his )es'onsi.e '"eadin*,
SANTOS vs. LI7AG
The a""owane of a &o$ion fo) a &o)e defini$e s$a$e&en$
o) !i"" of 'a)$i#"a)s )es$s wi$hin $he so#nd 3#diia"
dis)e$ion of $he o#)$ and% as #s#a" in &a$$e)s of a
dis)e$iona)+ na$#)e% $he )#"in* of $he $)ia" o#)$ in $ha$
)e*a)d wi"" no$ !e )e.e)sed #n"ess $he)e has !een a
C I V I L P R O C E D U R E : C A S E D O C T R I N E S | B=
'a"'a!"e a!#se of dis)e$ion o) a "ea)"+ e))oneo#s
o)de),
RULE 8<9 FILING AN+ SER/ICE OF PLEA+INGS
GARRUC*O vs. CA= PI)ENTEL
9B% R#"e 1> ')o.ides $ha$ if an+ 'a)$+ has a''ea)ed !+
o#nse"% se).ie #'on hi& sha"" !e &ade #'on his
o#nse" #n"ess se).ed #'on $he 'a)$+ hi&se"f is o)de)ed
!+ $he $)ia" o#)$, No$ie o) se).ie &ade #'on a 'a)$+
who is )e')esen$ed !+ o#nse" is a n#""i$+, No$ie $o $he
"ien$ and no$ $o his o#nse" of )eo)d is no$ no$ie in
"aw, The )#"e ad&i$s of e(e'$ions% as when $he o#)$ o)
$)i!#na" o)de)s se).ie #'on a 'a)$+ o) when $he $)i!#na"
defendan$ is wai.ed,
In $he a!sene of a ')o'e) and ade6#a$e no$ie $o $he
o#)$ of a han*e of add)ess% $he se).ie of $he o)de) o)
)eso"#$ion of a o#)$ #'on $he 'a)$ies &#s$ !e &ade a$
$he "as$ add)ess of $hei) o#nse" on )eo)d, I$ is $he d#$+
of $he 'a)$+ and his o#nse" $o de.ie a s+s$e& fo) $he
)eei'$ of &ai" in$ended fo) $he&% 3#s$ as i$ is $he d#$+ of
$he o#nse" $o info)& $he o#)$ offiia""+ of a han*e in
his add)ess, I$ is a"so $he )es'onsi!i"i$+ of a 'a)$+ $o
info)& $he o#)$ of $he han*e of his add)ess so $ha$ in
$he e.en$ $he o#)$ o)de)s $ha$ an o)de) o) )eso"#$ion !e
se).ed on $he said 'a)$+ $o ena!"e hi& $o )eei.e $he
said )eso"#$ion o) o)de),
REPUBLIC vs. CAGUIOA
Se).ie of $he 'e$i$ion on a 'a)$+% when $ha$ 'a)$+ is
)e')esen$ed !+ a o#nse" of )eo)d% is a 'a$en$ n#""i$+
and is no$ !indin* #'on $he 'a)$+ w)on*f#""+ se).ed,
Howe.e)% $his )#"e ad&i$s of e(e'$ions when faed wi$h
o&'e""in* )easons of s#!s$an$i.e 3#s$ie &anifes$ in $he
'e$i$ion and in $he s#))o#ndin* i)#&s$anes of $he
ase,
Addi$iona""+% in $he sa&e wa+ $ha$ an o)i*ina" o&'"ain$
&#s$ !e se).ed on $he defendan$% a o'+ of $he
o&'"ain$AinAin$e).en$ion &#s$ !e se).ed on $he ad.e)se
'a)$+ wi$h $he )e6#isi$e ')oof of se).ie d#"+ fi"ed ')io) $o
an+ .a"id o#)$ a$ion, A!sen$ $hese o) an+ )eason d#"+
e('"ained and ae'$ed e(#sin* s$)i$ o&'"iane% $he
o#)$ is wi$ho#$ a#$ho)i$+ $o a$ on s#h o&'"ain$4 an+
a$ion $a5en wi$ho#$ $he )e6#i)ed se).ie on$)a.enes
$he "aw and $he )#"es% and .io"a$es $he ad.e)se 'a)$+8s
!asi and ons$i$#$iona" )i*h$ $o d#e ')oess,
BARRA)E+A vs. CASTILLO
The e(e'$ion in se).ie !+ )e*is$e)ed &ai" )efe)s $o
ons$)#$i.e se).ie% no$ $o a$#a" )eei'$ of $he &ai"% i$ is
e.iden$ $ha$ $he fai) and 3#s$ a''"ia$ion of $ha$ e(e'$ion
de'ends #'on on"#si.e ')oof $ha$ a fi)s$ no$ie was
sen$ !+ $he 'os$&as$e) $o $he add)essee,
I$ is in#&!en$ #'on a 'a)$+% who )e"ies on ons$)#$i.e
se).ie o) who on$ends $ha$ his ad.e)sa)+ was se).ed
wi$h a o'+ of a fina" o)de) o) 3#d*&en$ #'on $he
e('i)a$ion of fi.e da+s f)o& $he fi)s$ no$ie of )e*is$e)ed
&ai" sen$ !+ $he 'os$&as$e) $o ')o.e $ha$ fi)s$ no$ie was
sen$ and de"i.e)ed $o $he add)essee, A e)$ifia$ion f)o&
$he 'os$&as$e) wo#"d !e $he !es$ e.idene of $ha$ fa$,
The &ai"&anJs $es$i&on+ &a+ a"so !e add#ed $o ')o.e
$ha$ fa$,
The 'os$&as$e)Js e)$ifia$ion as $o $he sendin* of $he
fi)s$ no$ie sho#"d in"#de $he da$a no$ on"+ as $o whe$he)
o) no$ $he o))es'ondin* no$ies we)e iss#ed o) sen$ !#$
a"so as $o how% when and $o who& $he de"i.e)+ $he)eof
was &ade,
PNB vs. CFI OF RI.AL
As !e$ween $he denia" of $he 'e$i$ione)sJ o#nse" $ha$ he
)eei.ed $he no$ie of $he )e*is$e)ed &ai" and $he
'os$&as$e)Js e)$ifia$ion $ha$ said no$ies we)e sen$ $o
hi&% $he 'os$&as$e)Js "ai& sho#"d ')e.ai", The
'os$&as$e) has $he offiia" d#$+ $o send no$ies of
)e*is$e)ed &ai" and $he ')es#&'$ion is $ha$ offiia" d#$+
was )e*#"a)"+ 'e)fo)&ed,
UP vs. SI.ON
I$ is se$$"ed $ha$ whe)e a 'a)$+ has a''ea)ed !+ o#nse"%
se).ie &#s$ !e &ade #'on s#h o#nse", Se).ie on
$he 'a)$+ o) $he 'a)$+8s e&'"o+ee is no$ effe$i.e
!ea#se s#h no$ie is no$ no$ie in "aw,
0UELNAN vs. /*F= INC.
A)EN5A)EN vs. COURT OF APPEALS