Heavens light is our guide

REPORT ON
AUTOMATIC MATERIAL HANDLING SYSTEM
Course No. IPE- 3618
Group No: 5
Submitted to:
Md. Shahajada Mahamudul Hasan ,
Lecturer De!artment "# Mechan$cal En%$neer$n%RUET
Submitted by:
Ratul Na&mus Sa'$( )*+)),
Iraj Ahmed )*+)-.
Md.Idr$s Al$ )*+)-*
Md.A&$&ur Rahman )*+)-/
Al$ Ahsan 0a!!1 )*+)2,



AC3NO4LEDGEMENTS
At #$rst 5e ("5 d"5n t" the alm$%ht1 Allah #"r the success#ul c"m!let$"n "# th$s
!r"ject 5"r'. 4e are %reatl1 $nde(ted and e6!ress$n% "ur s$ncere %rat$tude and
dee!est sense "# res!ect t" "ur h"n"ra(le teacher and 7r"ject su!er8$s"r Md.
M"sharra# H"ssa$n , Ass$stant 7r"#ess"r De!artment "# Industr$al 9 7r"duct$"n
En%$neer$n% Rajshah$ Un$8ers$t1 "# En%$neer$n% 9 Techn"l"%1 #"r h$s $ncent$8e
%u$dance ad8$ce $ns!$rat$"n and 8alua(le su%%est$"ns re%ard$n% th$s 5"r'. 4e
als" e6tended "ur heart$est %rat$tude t" 7r"# .Dr. Md. Sam$m A'hter Head
De!artment "# Industr$al and 7r"duct$"n En%$neer$n% Rajshah$ Un$8ers$t1 "#
En%$neer$n% and Techn"l"%1 #"r h$s c":"!erat$"n and su!er8$s$"n. The hel! "# "ur
res!ected c"urse teachers "# Industr$al and 7r"duct$"n En%$neer$n% de!artment $s
%reatl1 ac'n"5led%ed:3han Md. Ar$#ul Ha;ue Lecturer 9 Md. Ar$#ul Islam
Lecturer.
CONTENES
Page No.
CHA7TER -< Intr"duct$"n
CHA7TER 2< De#$n$t$"n
CHA7TER =< L$terature
CHA7TER >< Data ta(le 9 D$scuss$"n
CHA7TER +< Er%"n"m$cs S"lut$"n
CHA7TER .< C"nclus$"n
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Manual mater$al handl$n% tas's are !re8alent $n "ne th$rd "# all $ndustr$al j"(s .
Es!ec$all1 5"r'!lace #act"rs related t" l"5 (ac' !a$n are m"stl1 #"und 5hen d"$n%
t1!$cal manual mater$al handl$n% tas's. 7h1s$call1 hea81 5"r' stat$c !"stures
#re;uent (end$n% and t5$st$n% re!et$t$8e 5"r' and 8$(rat$"n ha8e (een #"und t"
$ncrease s!$nal l"ad$n%. M"st "# l"5 (ac' !a$n at the 5"r'!lace "ccurs (1 manual
mater$al handl$n% tas's and $t c"sts a l"t "# med$cal e6!enses.
Th"se c"m!ensat$"n c"sts are drast$call1 h$%her than $nd$rect c"sts such as l"st
5a%es l"ss "# !r"duct$8$t1 retra$n$n% 5"r'ers and a(sentee$sm. Recent stat$st$c
data sh"5s that l"5 (ac' !a$n acc"unts #"r the lar%est !ercenta%e "# $ndustr$al
$njur$es "ccurr$n% (1 manual mater$al handl$n% tas's and has an $ncreas$n% trend
ar"und the 5"rld.
A!!r"6$matel1 hal# "# a m$ll$"n !e"!le are $njured (1 hea81 tas's $n l$#t$n%
l"5er$n% !ush$n% !ull$n% and carr1$n%? am"n% these tas's l$#t$n% and l"5er$n%
cause +)@.)A "# l"5 (ac' !a$n. The m"st s$%n$#$cant #act"r 5as the l"ads "#
l$#t$n%. B"ll"5ed (1 the s$te "# the s!$ne su(jected t" #"rce and the l$#t$n% s!eed $n
terms "# r$s'. The er%"n"m$c r$s' #act"rs ass"c$ated 5$th manual l$#t$n% tas's
$ncludes the l"ads !"sture l$#t$n% s!eed h"r$&"ntal d$stance the s$te "# the s!$ne
su(jected t" #"rce etc. The a$m "# th$s stud1 $s t" e8aluate the er%"n"m$c r$s'
#act"rs ass"c$ated 5$th manual l$#t$n% tas's and t" su%%est a reas"na(le er%"n"m$c
des$%n "# manual l$#t$n% #"r !re8ent$n% l"5 (ac' d$s"rder l"5:(ac' $njur$es !la1 a
maj"r r"le $n reduc$n% e##$c$enc1 $n the 5"r' !lace.
In the last decade se8eral $nter8ent$"n strate%$es t" re:duce (ac' !a$n and !h1s$cal
5"r'l"ad $n health care ha8e (een des$%ned and e8aluated ma$nl1 #"cus$n% "n
l$#t$n%.

The !ur!"se "# "ur stud1 $s t" e8aluate the $njur1 caused (1 l$#t$n% and lar%e
5"r'$n% d$stance and %$8e the er%"n"m$cs s"lut$"n.
7r"(lem Statement
In $ndustr$es s"me manual mater$al handl$n% are !er#"rmed .It $nclude l$#t$n%
!ull$n% !ush$n% (end$n% t5$st$n% etc .Here 5"r'er !asses s"me d$stance t"
!er#"rm th$s 5"r'. I# the 5"r'$n% d$stance $s lar%e then s"me !r"(lem ar$se $t
ma1 (e $ntr"duce the $njur$es "# la("r . Other hand (1 l$#t$n% !ul$n% !ush$n%
(end$n% t5$st$n% under the hea81 l"ad the 5"r'er ma1 (e $njured .
O(ject$8e
B$nd "ut the ma$n !r"(lem ar$se #"r l$#t$n% and lar%e carr1$n% d$stance and %$8e
the "!t$mum er%"n"m$cs s"lut$"n "# the !r"(lem.
CHAPTER 2

Case Study
Case stud1 re#ers t" the c"llect$"n and !resentat$"n "# deta$led $n#"rmat$"n a("ut a
!art$cular !art$c$!ant "r small %r"u! #re;uentl1 $nclud$n% the acc"unts "# su(jects
themsel8es. A #"rm "# ;ual$tat$8e descr$!t$8e research the case stud1 l""'s
$ntensel1 at an $nd$8$dual "r small !art$c$!ant !""l dra5$n% c"nclus$"ns "nl1 a("ut
that !art$c$!ant "r %r"u! and "nl1 $n that s!ec$#$c c"nte6t. Researchers d" n"t #"cus
"n the d$sc"8er1 "# a un$8ersal %eneral$&a(le truth n"r d" the1 t1!$call1 l""' #"r
cause:e##ect relat$"nsh$!s? $nstead em!has$s $s !laced "n e6!l"rat$"n and
descr$!t$"n.
Ero!omi"s : Er%"n"m$cs $s the sc$ence "# des$%n$n% the j"( e;u$!ment and
5"r'!lace t" #$t the 5"r'er . 7r"!er er%"n"m$cs des$%n $s necessar1 t" !re8ent
re!et$t$8e stra$n $njur$es 5h$ch can de8el"! "8er t$me and can lead t" l"n% term
d$sa($l$t1 .
Er%"n"m$cs $s c"ncerned 5$th the C#$tD (et5een !e"!le and the$r 5"r'. It ta'es
acc"unt "# the 5"r'erEs ca!a($l$t$es and l$m$tat$"ns $n see'$n% t" ensure that tas's
e;u$!ment $n#"rmat$"n and the en8$r"nment su$t each 5"r'er.
Lifting
Lifting containers can strain the lumbar vertebrae when done
improperly. Ergonomic lifting techniques involve keeping
loads close to the body and near the person's center of
gravity, using diagonal foot positions, and moving loads at
waist height rather than directly from the foor.
#$"% i!&ur'
0ac' $njur$es "r l"5:(ac' !a$n are "ne "# the t5" m"st !re8alent muscul"s'eletal
cumulat$8e trauma d$s"rders $n the 5"r' $ndustr1 . Acc"rd$n% t" a re!"rt "# the
Nat$"nal Inst$tute #"r Occu!at$"nal Sa#et1 and Health FNIOSH-,/-G a("rt hal# "#
m$ll$"n 5"r'ers $n the Un$ted state su##er s"me '$nd "# "8ere6ert$"n $njur1 each
1ear..) !ercent "# the "8ere6ert$"n $njur$es re!"rted each 1ear $n8"l8e l$#t$n% and
(ac':!a$n .
(or%i! dist$!"e< The d$stance (et5een the mach$ne t" mach$ne "r st"re t"
mach$ne 5here "ne 5"r'er $s 5"r'$n%. I# the d$stance $s lar%e then the r$s' "#
$njur$es ma1 (e h$%h. S" $t $s needed t" des$%n the "!t$mum 5"r'$n% d$stance "# an
$ndustr1 . It hel!s the $ncrease e##$c$enc1 "# 5"r'er and als" $ncrease the
!r"duct$"n rate.
CHAPTER 3
LITERATURE
Gar% stud$ed that HManual mater$al handl$n% tas's are !re8alent $n "ne th$rd "# all
$ndustr$al j"(sI F2G. Anderss"n ment$"ned that HEs!ec$all1 5"r'!lace #act"rs
related t" l"5 (ac' !a$n are m"stl1 #"und 5hen d"$n% t1!$cal manual mater$al
handl$n% tas's. 7h1s$call1 hea81 5"r' stat$c !"stures #re;uent (end$n% and
t5$st$n% re!et$t$8e 5"r' and 8$(rat$"n ha8e (een #"und t" $ncrease s!$nal l"ad$n%I
F2G.
3erm$t stud$ed that HM"st "# l"5 (ac' !a$n at the 5"r'!lace "ccurs (1 manual
mater$al handl$n% tas's and $t c"sts a l"t "# med$cal e6!enses. In -,*= $n the
Un$ted States 2+A "# all $njur$es el$%$(le #"r c"m!ensat$"n "ccurred dur$n%
manual mater$al handl$n% tas's and l"5 (ac' !a$n 5as !red"m$nant. In -,/, the
L$(ert1 Mutual Insurance C"m!an1 est$mated that cla$ms #"r l"5 (ac' !a$n
$njur$es re!resented ==A "# all cla$ms t"tal$n% J,,-)))))) $n e6!end$turesI .F2G
Yan% stud$ed that HTh"se c"m!ensat$"n c"sts are drast$call1 h$%her than $nd$rect
c"sts such as l"st 5a%es l"ss "# !r"duct$8$t1 retra$n$n% 5"r'ers and a(sentee$sm.
Recent stat$st$c data sh"5s that l"5 (ac' !a$n acc"unts #"r the lar%est !ercenta%e
"# $ndustr$al $njur$es "ccurr$n% (1 manual mater$al handl$n% tas's and has an
$ncreas$n% trend ar"und the 5"rld. Se8ent1 m$ll$"n !e"!le $n the Un$ted States are
su##er$n% #r"m l"5 (ac' !a$n and se8en m$ll$"n !e"!le are added annuall1. Als"
a!!r"6$matel1 hal# "# a m$ll$"n !e"!le are $njured (1 hea81 tas's $n l$#t$n%
l"5er$n% !ush$n% !ull$n% and carr1$n%? am"n% these tas's l$#t$n% and l"5er$n%
cause +)@.)A "# l"5 (ac' !a$n. In the case "# 3"rea research "# $ndustr$al
$njur$es at the 5"r'!lace "# Mand" Mach$ner1 C"r!"rat$"n Ltd. 5h$ch
manu#actures (ra'e s1stem c"m!"nents "# 8eh$cle re8ealed $n the #$rst hal# "#
-,,* that >. $ndustr$al $njur1 cases #r"m -+2* 5"r'ers 5ere re!"rted. O# the t"tal
$njur1 cases >+..+A 5as $dent$#$ed as l"5 !ac' !a$n and the cases 5ere due t"
re!eated manual mater$al handl$n% tas'sI. F2G
M$llar ment$"ned that HMan1 researchers $n 8ar$"us #$elds $nclud$n% er%"n"m$cs
ha8e act$8el1 stud$ed manual mater$al handl$n% tas's $n the last >) 1ears (ecause
the tas's 5$th hea81 mater$als re!eated t5$st$n% and (end$n% "# the ("d1 5ere
'n"5n as the maj"r cause "# l"5 (ac' !a$n and "8ere6ert$"n $njur$es. In the Un$ted
States The Nat$"nal Inst$tute #"r Occu!at$"nal Sa#et1 and Health de8el"!ed the
NIOSH 4"r' 7ract$ces Gu$de #"r Manual L$#t$n% $n -,/- #r"m a 5$de:ran%$n%
re8$e5 "# the 8ar$"us research data "n manual mater$al handl$n% and ann"unced
the Re8$sed NIOSH L$#t$n% E;uat$"n $n -,,-. Occu!at$"nal Sa#et1 and Health
Adm$n$strat$"n class$#$ed -) $m!"rtant su(jects #"r the !re8ent$"n "# 5"r':related
muscul"s'eletal d$s"rders. Recentl1 er%"n"m$sts !h1s$"l"%$sts and !s1ch"l"%$sts
ha8e all !er#"rmed such researchI. F2G 4hen the #$rst and last measurements "# all
the a("8e tas's ta'en as a 5h"le 5ere anal1&ed the tra$nees sh"5ed a s$%n$#$cant
$m!r"8ement $n the num(er and !ercenta%e "# harm#ul !"stures and err"rs
5hereas the c"ntr"ls d$d n"t. The same c"uld (e c"ncluded #"r l$#t$n% al"ne. A#ter
the c"urse the ne5 5"r' r"ut$ne d$d n"t a!!ear t" ha8e caused an1 e6tra !erce$8ed
!h1s$cal e6ert$"n.F-G
A small %r"u! "# 5"r'er 5ere tra$ned $n sa#e !ract$ce and er%"n"m$c a5areness as
(ased "n the !r$nc$!les esta(l$shed $n !re8$"us stud$es. In a c"urse c"ns$st$n% "#
-) meet$n%s attent$"n 5as %$8en t" a reduct$"n $n the !h1s$cal 5"r'l"ad $nherent
$n mater$al l$#t$n%.F-G
7ulat stud$ed that HThe #"ll"5$n% #"ur a!!r"aches are used t" determ$ne
the sa#et1 5e$%ht that a man can handle es!ec$all1 5h$le l$#t$n% .F2G
-. The e!$dem$"l"%$cal a!!r"ach $s a cr$ter$"n t" determ$ne sa#et1 5e$%ht and $t
a!!ra$ses the "ccurrence #re;uenc1 and r$s' "# muscul"s'eletal d$s"rders $n
relat$"n t" manual mater$al handl$n% tas's such as l"5 (ac' !a$n muscul"s'eletal
d$s"rders and cumulat$8e trauma d$s"rders thr"u%h $njur1 stat$st$c
data.
2. The ($"mechan$cal a!!r"ach character$&es the #"rces and m"ments "n 8ar$"us
("d1 elements $n "rder t" est$mate the tas' and l"ad character$st$cs that lead t"
$njur$es "r sa#e c"m!let$"n "# 5"r'. Th$s a!!r"ach $s a!!l$ca(le t" "ccas$"nal
l$#t$n% tas's 5here the #re;uenc1 "# l$#t $s less than > l$#ts !er m$nute.
=. The !s1ch"!h1s$cal a!!r"ach measur$n% the ("d1Ds ener%1 c"nsum!t$"n $s used
as a cr$ter$"n t" determ$ne the sa#e l$#t$n% 5e$%ht under a %$8en 5"r'$n% c"nd$t$"n.
C"nsum!t$"n "# "61%en heart (eat and (l""d !ressure are measured and anal1sed.
>. The !h1s$"l"%$cal a!!r"ach $s that under a %$8en 5"r'$n% c"nd$t$"n
e6!er$mental su(jects are t" determ$ne the ma6$mum l$#t$n% 5e$%ht (ased "n the$r
a($l$t1 (1 themsel8es. Then the su(jects learn t" rec"%n$&e the$r "5n a($l$t1
thr"u%h tr$al and err"r.
Koes ! et al " !addell #. ment$"ned that $L"5 (ac' !a$n FL07G $s the
lead$n% cause "# d$sa($l$t1 $n 5"r'ers under a%e >+ and $s a recurrent !r"(lem $n
5"r'ers "# all a%esI.F=G
Marh"ld C et al ment$"ned that HInterest $n the !red$ct$"n "# r$s' "# d$sa(l$n% (ac'
!a$n $s !red$cated "n research 5h$ch has su%%ested that Earl1 Inter8ent$"n 5hen
!r"8$ded t" 5"r'ers at ele8ated r$s' "# L07 d$sa($l$t1 enhances rec"8er1 and
return t" 5"r' and decreases c"stsI.F=G
L"$sel 7 et al ment$"ned that HAn"ther tenet $dent$#$es the need #"r c""rd$nated
c"mmun$cat$"n am"n% d$sa($l$t1 sta'eh"lders $.e. the $njured 5"r'er the$r
em!l"1erFsG the$r un$"ns "ther des$%nated ad8"cates and le%al re!resentat$8es
and the$r c"m!ensat$"n healthcare and 8"cat$"nal !r"8$dersI.F=G
!addell #, %ylward &, 'awney ( )*++* " !illiams ,%, -euerstein
&, ,urbin ,, et al ).//0 mentioned that $ack pain in workers is
the most commonly compensated condition in industriali1ed
nations2.)34
C"ste K Delec"eu$ller$e G et al 9 Bran' K4 0r""'er AS et al ment$"ned that
HThe m"del assumes that the d$sa(l$n% e##ects "# (ac' !a$n end 5hen an $njured
5"r'er returns t" 5"r'. A m"re recent a!!r"ach $s the CC!hases "# d$sa($l$t1
m"delI.F>G
4as$a' R 7rans'1 G 4e(ster 0 F2))= G ment$"ned that HA recent re8$e5 "# the
l$terature sh"5s that the rate "# recurrence "# 5"r' d$sa($l$t1 related t" (ac' !a$n
de!ends "n the de#$n$t$"n used t" measure recurrence and "n the stud1 !"!ulat$"n.
In the$r re8$e5 4as$a' et al. re!"rt that the rate "# recurrence 8ar$es #"rm -2.-A $n
Lue(ec t" >>.=A $n En%landI.F>G
Herse1 et al. -,,. stated that HIt 5as c"ncluded that tra$n$n% and er%"n"m$c
$m!r"8ements $n the trans#er "# mater$al c"uld lead t" a reduct$"n $n the !h1s$cal
5"r' l"adI.F-G
En%els et al. -,,> stud$ed that Halth"u%h c"m!arat$8el1 l$ttle t$me $s s!ent "n these
act$8$t$es $n the c"urse "# an a8era%e 5"r'da1I.F-G
Gar% and O5en -,,2 stud$ed that HTas's that $n8"l8e (end$n% and st""!$n% Fe.%.
(ed ma'$n%G seem t" ran' l"5er $n terms "# !h1s$cal stress than d" l$#t$n%
act$8$t$esI. F-G En%els et al.-,,> stud$ed that HH"5e8er such act$8$t$es acc"unt #"r
m"st "# the !""r 5"r' !"sture (ecause the1 tend t" (e the m"re t$me:c"nsum$n%
tas's carr$ed "ut dur$n% an a8era%e 5"r'da1I.F-G
O4AS? 3arhu et al. -,** -,/- stud$ed that HIn th$s stud1 5e $n8est$%ated as t"
5hether !"stural l"ad as esta(l$shed (1 means "# the O8a'" 4"r'$n%: !"sture
Anal1s$s s1stemI .F-G
Sauter SL Mur!h1 LR et al 9 3arase' R The"rell T. ment$"ned that HThere are
se8eral the"r$es that $m!l$cate !s1ch"l"%$cal 8ar$a(les at 5"r' $n the de8el"!ment
"# l"n%:term (ac' !a$n and $ts ass"c$ated d$sa($l$t1. B"r e6am!le stress $s (el$e8ed
t" $ncrease the r$s' #"r a num(er "# health !r"(lems F-2G. One the"r1 descr$(es
stress $n terms "# the demands 5"r' !laces "n the $nd$8$dual $n relat$"n t" the
am"unt "# c"ntr"l the !ers"n has "8er herMh$s 5"r'I. F+G
7unnett L4e%man DH. Ment$"n thatH4"r':related muscul"s'eletal $njur$es
F4MSIG c"nst$tute a maj"r !r"!"rt$"n "# all re%$stered andM"r c"m!ensa(le 5"r':
related d$seases $n man1 c"untr$esI.F.G
0ald5$n ML. ment$"n that HIt $m!"ses a su(stant$al (urden "n 5"r'ers
em!l"1ers and the 5"r'ersD c"m!ensat$"n s1stem !r"duc$n% a s$%n$#$cant d$rect
c"st "n the health care s1stem and acc"unts #"r $ncrease $n the $nd$rect l"sses "#
!r"duct$8$t1I.F.G
REBERENCE
-. Int Arch Occu! En8$r"n Health F-,,/G *-< ==.:=>2
2. Int K Ad8 Manu# Techn"l F2))>G 2>< =/-@=// DOI -).-))*Ms))-*):))2:
-+)*:/
5. 6 7ccup 8ehabil )*++04 .09.3+:.;. ,7< .+..++=>s.+/*?@
++0@/.5+@=
>. Eur S!$ne K F2))/G -*<>/>@>,= DOI -).-))*Ms))+/.:))*:)+**:.
+. K"urnal "# Occu!at$"nal Reha($l$tat$"n N"l. -- N". - 2))-
?. 6 7ccup 8ehabil )*++?4 .?9;*/:;3. ,7< .+..++=>s.+/*?@
++?@/+53@5

CHAPTER 4

DATA TA0E AND DISCUSSION
The results descr$(ed $n th$s !a!er relate "nl1 t" sudden m"8ement l$#t$n%
and (end$n% add the$r relat$8e c"ntr$(ut$"n t" (ac' $njur$es $n t" l"cat$"n stud$ed
.Ta(le - descr$(es the act$8ates "# the !ers"ns en%a%ed $n at the t$e "# $njur$es.
S"me clar$#$cat$"n a("ut ta(le-< 5al'$n% $s m"8ement (et5een !"$nts 5$th"ut
trans!"rt$n% an1th$n% ? carr1$n% re#ers t" 5al'$n% "r stee!$n% 5h$le als" m"8$n%
s"me t1!e "# mater$al (ut n"t $nclud$n% l$#t$n% !ush$n% "r !ull$n%. 7ull$n% !ush$n%
re#ers t" !ush$n% "r !ull$n% ("6 "r tr"lle1 ?(end$n% re#ers t" s$tuat$"ns $n 5h$ch the
!ers"n had ad"!ted a st"! "r s;uat !"sture t" access e;u$!ment #"r ma$ntenance "r
"ther !ur!"se and the !r"l"n%ed d$##$cult !"sture resulted $n (ac' !a$n . Sudden
m"8ement re#ers t" sl$!!$n% tr$!!$n% %ett$n% (um!ed une6!ectedl1 a!!l1 #"rce t"
an "(ject and ha8$n% $t suddenl1 (rea' l""se "r c"ntr"8ers$all1 (e !ush$n% "r
!ull$n% an "(ject and ha8$n% $t st"!!ed une6!ectedl1 .
Ta(le -<sh"5s $njured !ers"ns act$8$t1 at the t$me "# $njur1 #r"m Decem(er -,,=
Oct"(er -,,> F$n !ercentG

Re##< FEd$t"r < 7r"#. En%r. M"hammad ALI Mechan$cal En%$neer$n% C"n#erence
and Annual !a!er Meet Or%an$&ed (1 Mechan$cal En%$neer$n% D$8$t$"n The
Inst$tut$"n "# En%$neers 0an%ladesh 2+:2. Decem(er 2)). 7a%e N"./- t"/+ G
Activity Jelly and
chocolate factory
Cycle part
anufacturing
L$#t$n% 2= 2>
7ush !ull -/ -/
4al'$n% -, ->
Carr1$n% -= -2
Reach$n% * ,
0end$n% > +
T5$st$n% . *
Sudden
m"8ement
-) --
The #$rst th$n% t" n"te $s that the data su%%ests an $nterest$n% d$str$(ut$"n "# $njur1
causes. L$#t$n% c"mm"nl1 th"u%ht t" (e the maj"r #act"r $n (ac' $njur$es acc"unt
#"r less than "ne th$rd "# the cases . Gr"u!$n% l$#t$n% !ush$n%:!ull$n% and
carr1$n% t"%ether $nt" the (r"ader cate%"r1 "# mater$al handl$n% acc"unt #"r alm"st
#$#t1 #"ur !ercent "# the cases .
Th$s st$ll lea8es a lar%e !ercenta%e "# the cases due t" "ther causes. Ta(le 2 $s an
anal1s$s "# the #"rces a!!l$ed dur$n% the l$#t$n% $njur$es. I# the data $s !""led acr"ss
#act"r$es. B$#t1 s$6 !ercent "# the l$#t$n% $njur$es "ccurred 5h$le l$#t$n% l"ad FO-+
'%sG . T5ent1 "ne !ercent "ccurred l$#t$n% m"derate l"ads F-+:2) '%sG and a("ut
"ne #"urth "ccurred 5h$le l$#t$n% hea81 l"ads FP2) '%s G . The !ercent "# $njur$es $s
h$%her #"r l$%ht l"ad l$#t$n% $s ma$nl1 due t" lac' "# ser$"usness and careless $n
ad"!t$n% the !r"cedures 5h$ch the 5"r'ers "(ser8e dur$n% l$#t$n% hea81 l"ads.
Ta(le 2 < 4e$%ht "# (e$n% l$#ted "r carr$ed at the t$me "# $njur$es F e6!ressed as
!ercent G

O(ject 5e$%ht F'%G Kell1 and ch"c"late
ma'$n% #act"r1
C1cle !arts manu#actur$n%
un$t
):-) '%s 22 =-
-):-+ '%s => 2+
-+:2) '%s -, 2=
P2) '%s -) =.
Re##< FEd$t"r < 7r"#. En%r. M"hammad ALI Mechan$cal En%$neer$n% C"n#erence
and Annual !a!er Meet Or%an$&ed (1 Mechan$cal En%$neer$n% D$8$t$"n The
Inst$tut$"n "# En%$neers 0an%ladesh 2+:2. Decem(er 2)). 7a%e N"./- t"/+ G
Ta(le = anal1s$s m"8ement M une6!ected l"ad$n% as "ne "# the maj"r #act"r $n (ac'
$njur$es . These #act"rs are a d$rect c"ntrast t" the l$#t M !ushM!ull s$tuat$"n $n 5h$ch
the !ers"n e6!ects t" (e l"aded . In the case "# sudden "r une6!ected l"ad$n% the
neur"muscular s1stem has n" t$me $n 5h$ch t" !re!are the a!!r"!r$ate set and
ma%n$tude "# muscular c"ntract$"ns needed t" !re8ent t" !re8ent $njur$es . T1!$cal
e6am!les are sl$!!$n% and tr$!!$n% %ett$n% (um!ed une6!ectedl1 a!!l1 #"rce t" an
"(ject and ha8$n% $t suddenl1 (rea' l""se "r c"ntr"8ers$all1 (e !ush$n% "r !ull$n%
an "(ject and ha8$n% $t st"!!ed une6!ectedl1 . Ta(le 2 $nd$cated that =. A $njur$es
"ccurred $n c1cle !arts manu#actur$n% un$t $s due t" l$#t$n% 5e$%ht a("8e 2) '%s t"
a he$%ht "# 2):>) $nches #r"m #l""r le8el . 0ut #$%ure = $nd$cates that a 5"r'er can
l$#t ma6$mum >) l(s F -/.-/ '%s G t" a he$%ht "# >):.) $nches #r"m #l""r le8el . It
$nd$cates that "ur #act"r$es and $ndustr$es d"es n"t #"ll"5 an1 $nternat$"nal
standard rules . The m"st e##$c$ent l$#t$n% $s 5$th a 5e$%ht "# a("ut >) l(s F -/
'%s G #"r a l$#t ran% #r"m a("ut >) t" .) $nches #r"m #l""r le8el . Ta(le = (el"5
sh"5s causes "# sudden m"8ement M . une6!ected l"ad$n% related t" $njur1 F $n
!ercent G .

Cause descr$!t$"n Kell1 and ch"c"late
ma'$n% #act"r1
C1cle !arts manu#actur$n%
un$t
Sl$!!ed 5h$le 5al'$n% -- ->
Tr$!!ed 5h$le 5al'$n% , -2
L"ad sh$#ted une6!ectedl1 -+ -.
Struc' (1 "r jer'ed (1
s"meth$n%
. -)
L$#tM!ullM !ush 5$th
sudden #"rce release
=> -/
Ker' "n "(ject that d"es
n"t m"8e
-. --
0"d1 t5$st 5h$le (end$n% , -,
Re##< FEd$t"r < 7r"#. En%r. M"hammad ALI Mechan$cal En%$neer$n% C"n#erence
and Annual !a!er Meet Or%an$&ed (1 Mechan$cal En%$neer$n% D$8$t$"n The
Inst$tut$"n "# En%$neers 0an%ladesh 2+:2. Decem(er 2)). 7a%e N"./- t"/+ G
Br"m Ta(le = 5e m$%ht assume that m"st "# these sudden m"8ement $njur$es "ccur
due t" sl$!s and tr$!s . In #act the1 acc"unt #"r just under "ne #"urth "# these
$njur$es . Ta(le = $nd$cates that $n jell1 and ch"c"late ma'$n% #act"r1 sudden
m"8ement une6!ected l"ad$n% $njur$es "ccur due t" l"ad l$#t$n% and l"ad sh$#t$n%
une6!ectedl1 "r (1 e6ert$n% #"rce "n s"meth$n% suddenl1 . And attem!$n% t"
m"8e s"meth$n% that $s struc' (1 jer'$n% "n $t are the ma$n causes $n c1cle !art
manu#actur$n% un$t sudden m"8ement M une6!ected l"ad$n% $njur$es "ccur due t"
l$#t$n% !ush$n% !ull$n% (end$n% t5$st$n% and l"ad sh$#ted une6!ectedl1 .


CHAPTER 5
ERGONOMICS SOLUTION
Injur$es $n the (ac' "#ten "ccur as a result $n un#a8"ra(le !ressures t" the s!$ne
dur$n% da1 t" da1 act$8$t1 .C"mm"n th"u%hts "n (ac' $njur$es c"nclude that these
are a result "# $nc"rrect l$#t$n% meth"ds and !"sture .0"th "# these are c"rrect
h"5e8er the !recurs"r #"r these $nc"rrect m"8ements "ccurs much earl$er "n .
Th$s causes the str"n%er muscles 5h$ch ha8e rema$ned str"n% t" !ull the ("d1
a5a1 #r"m $ts "!t$mal anat"m$cal #r"m . H"5e8er !e"!le 5$ll c"nt$nue t"
!er#"rm these re!et$t$8e act$"ns . Th$s results $n m$s!laced #"rce a!!l$cat$"n
5$th$n the s!$ne "#ten result$n% $n hemera%e "# d$s's 5$th$n the s!$nal c"lumn.
Er%"n"m$cs s"lut$"n "#ten $n8"l8e l$ttle "r n" c"st such as !r"!er t""l and
e;u$!ment select$"n m"d$#$cat$"n "# hand t""ls rel"cat$n% !arts su!!l$ed etc. The
ma$n areas "# er%"n"m$cs 5h$ch ha8e a !art t" !la1 $n !re8ent$n% $njur1 and
#at$%ue are tas' des$%n and 5"r' "r%an$&at$"n. Reas"ns #"r select$n% er%"n"m$cs as
the m"st !r"m$s$n% en%$neer$n% s"lut$"n t" m$n$m$&e the $njur$es "ccur dur$n%
Manual Mater$al handl$n% $n $ndustr1 are as #"ll"5s< F-G
.. Ergonomics is the science of Atting the Bob to the worker,
concerns the Aeld of the human operator and his working
environment.
*. Keeps the Bob within human limitation.
5. 8educes operations>workers fatigue and strain.
3. Ergonomics is connected with matching human capabilities
with the &&C Bob requirement, so that the Bob can be
performed eDciently without having safety and health
problems.

SUGGESTED ADMINISTRATINE 7RECAUTIONS<
-< Stren%th test$n% "# e6$st$n% 5"r'ers 5h$ch "ne stud1 sh"5ed can !re8ent u! t"
"ne th$rd "# 5"r' related $njur$es (1 d$sc"ura%$n% the ass$%nment "# 5"r'ers t"
j"(s that e6ceed the$r stren%th ca!a($l$t$es.
2< Tra$n$n% em!l"1ees t" ut$l$&e l$#t$n% techn$;ues that !lace m$n$mum stress "n
the l"5er (ac'.
=< 7h1s$cal c"nd$t$"ns "r stretch$n% !r"%rams t" reduce the r$s' "# muscle stra$n.
>< All"5 c"ns$dera(le carr1$n% d$stance.
Other #act"rs $nclude #re;uenc1 "# l$#t$n% durat$"n "# l$#t$n% act$8$t$es and t1!e "#
l$#t$n% as 5ell as $nd$8$dual 8ar$a(les such as a%e se6 ("d1 s$&e state "# health
and %eneral !h1s$cal #$tness le8el.
LEARN TO 7RENENT 0AC3 INKURY
7re8ent$n% a (ac' $njur$es $s much eas$er than re!a$r$n% "ne. 0ecause "ur (ac' $s
cr$t$call1 $m!"rtant t" "ur a($l$t1 t" 5al' s$t stand and run $tDs $m!"rtant t" ta'e
care "# $t . M"st (ac' !a$n ar$ses #r"m us$n% "ur (ac' $m!r"!erl1 s" learn$n% a
#e5 (as$c rules a("ut l$#t$n% !"sture and !r"!er e6erc$se can hel! 1"ur (ac' $n
%""d sha!e.

7LAN OB LIBT
L$#t$n% "(jects $s "#ten a m$ndless tas' and un#"rtunatel1 man1 !e"!le !er#"rm
the$r l$#t $nc"rrectl1 result$n% $n unnecessar1 stra$n "n the$r (ac' and surr"und$n%
muscles. In "rder t" l$#t c"rrectl1 and reduce stra$n "n the$r (ac' $tDs $m!"rtant t"
!lan "ur l$#t $n ad8ance. Th$s means t" th$n' a("ut the 5e$%ht "# the "(ject 1"u 5$ll
(e m"8$n% and the d$stance 1"u 5$ll (e m"8$n% $t.
7OSITION CORRECTLY IN BRONT OB THE LOAD
It $s necessar1 t" !lan "# l$#t the ne6t $m!"rtant ste! $s t" al$%n c"rrectl1 $n #r"nt
"# the l"ad 5$th #eet straddl$n% the l"ad "ne #""t sl$%htl1 $n #r"nt "# the "rder #"r
(alance. Sl"5l1 s;uat d"5n (1 (end$n% the 'nees n"t (ac' and st"mach. Us$n%
("th hands #$rml1 %ra( the l"ad and (r$n% $t cl"se t" ("d1.The 5"r'$n% l"ad must
(e reas"na(le.
7LAN OB 4OR3ING DISTANCE
Carr1$n% d$stance as small as !"ss$(le . The carr1$n% l"ad must (e acce!ta(le #"r
the 5"r'er . E6cess carr1$n% l"ad must (e a8"$d. Learn a("ut the s1stem "#
carr1$n% (1 tra$n$n% !r"%ram .
B"ll"5$n% are the (as$cs ste!s "# the sa#e l$#t$n% and handl$n% :
-< S$&e u! the l"ad and chec' "8erall c"nd$t$"ns.
2< Ma'e certa$n that 1"ur (alance $s %""d. Beet sh"uld (e sh"ulder 5$dth a!art
5$th "ne #""t (es$de and the "ther #""t (eh$nd that $s t" (e l$#ted.
=< Use 1"ur ("d1 5e$%ht t" start the l"ad m"8$n% then l$#t (1 !ush$n% u! 5$th the
le%s. Th$s ma'es #ull use "# the str"n%est set "# muscles.
>< 3ee! the arms and el("5s cl"se t" the ("d1 5h$le l$#t$n%.
+< Carr1 the l"ad cl"se t" the ("d1. D"nDt t5$st 1"ur ("d1 5h$le carr1$n% the l"ad.
T" chan%e d$rect$"n sh$#t 1"ur #""t !"s$t$"n and turn 1"ur 5h"le ("d1.

-. Ed$t"r < 7r"#. En%r. M"hammad ALI Mechan$cal En%$neer$n% C"n#erence and
Annual !a!er Meet Or%an$&ed (1 Mechan$cal En%$neer$n% D$8$t$"n The
Inst$tut$"n "# En%$neers 0an%ladesh 2+:2. Decem(er 2)). 7a%e N"./- t"/+


CHAPTER 6
CONCLUTION
In 0an%ladesh m"st #act"r$es and $ndustr$es the 5"r'$n% !r"cedures #"r l$#t$n%
carr1$n% and mater$al handl$n% are d"ne unsc$ent$#$call1 . Er%"n"m$cs des$%n $s
a(sent $n alm"st $n all 5"r'stat$"ns . . T"! mana%ement and su!er8$s"rs must
'n"5 (el$e8e $n the rules ment$"ned a("8e must r$%"r"usl1 #"ll"5 them . Sect$"n:
$n:char%e sh"uld del$8er lectures t" %$8e $deas a("ut "# manual mater$al hand$n% t"
h$s sect$"n 5"r'ers at least "nce $n e8er1 m"nth. 4e used sec"ndar1 data t"
c"m!lete "ur stud1 . As a !""r "r de8el"!$n% c"untr1 the er%"n"m$cs s"lut$"n $s
the (est s"lut$"n t" s"l8e the (ac' $njur1 !r"(lem .
Rec"mmendat$"n
T" de8el"! MMH standards #"ll"5$n% #act"r need t" (e anal$&ed -.5e$%ht 2.S$&e
=. Bre;uenc1 >.7"s$t$"n "# l"ad handled and +.4"r'$n% en8$r"nment.
T" de8el"! sa#et1 standard $n MMH attent$"n must %$8en t" < -.K"( and 5"r'!lace
2.4"r'er select$"n #"r MMH j"(s =.Tra$n$n% >. Bre;uenc1 +.4"r':rest
schedule .. Sa#et1 mana%ement !ract$ce.