VARIABLES

PEMBOLEHUBAH
MENGENAL PEMBOLEHUBAH
VARIABLES
1. MANIPULATED (W2C) / MANIPULASI ( PM )
Perkara-perkara yang diubah-ubah pada mulanya seperti saiz,
bentuk, warna, bilangan, suhu, kuantiti dan sebagainya.
2. RESPONDING (W2M)/ BERGERAKBALAS (
PB )
Perkara yang bertindakbalas berikutnya setelah diubah-ubah
pembolehubah manipulasi atau hasil keputusan eksperimen.
3. CONSTANT (W2KTS) / MALAR ( PR )
Perkara yang perlu ditetapkan / dikawal agar tidak
mempengaruhi keputusan eksperimen nanti atau faktor-faktor
lain yang boleh mempengaruhi keputusan eksperimen selain
dari pembolehubah manipulasi.

Parameter Objects
Volume of water
Size of sponge
Number of brick
Distance of toy car
Temperature of water
Type of soil
Except:
Time, Day, Week, Month and Year
Amount of water
absorbed (ml)
Sponge
R S
T
U
Four different size of sponge were soaked in 100ml of the
water. The amount of water absorbed by the sponge is
given in the graph.
(i) What to change
The size of the sponge

(ii) What to measure
Amount of water absorbed

State the following variables
A group of year six pupils gathered information about the temperature in the cage. The
table below shows the information obtained by the pupils.
Number of animals in the cage Temperature in the cage / C
10 30
15 31
20 33
25 36
In the investigation:
(i) What to change
Number of animals
(ii) What to measure
Temperature in a cage
(iii) What to keep the same
Size of the cage.
Ahmad measured the temperature of water. He left
his glass outside his house at different times. His
result shown below.

Time

8 am

9 am

10 am

11 am

12 pm

1 pm

Temperature of
water (
0
C)

24

26

28

30

32

34
1
Bar chart below shows the result of an experiment
20 -

15 -

10 -

5 -

Length of pencil (cm)
Time for pencil to fall (second)
2
3 6 9 12
A group of pupils carried out an investigation. They make three
pendulums of different length as shown below. They swing the pendulum
at the same time.
X Y Z
20 cm 25 cm 30 cm
Length of string (cm) Number of swing in 30 second
X = 20 28
Y = 25 25
Z = 30 22
3
In an investigation, Hadi observed the shadows of
a stick from 7 am to 11 am. Table below shows the
result of an investigation.
Time Length of shadow (cm)
7.00 am 36
9.00 am 24
11.00 am 12
4
Table below shows the result of investigation
carried by Izzati. She puts a few marbles of the
same size one after another into a measuring
cylinder which contain 60 cm
3
of water.
Number of
marbles
0 1 2 3 4 5
Water level in
the measuring
cylinder (cm
3
)
60 68 76 84 92 100
5
0 30 60 90 120
80

60

40

20
Time taken to
dissolve sugar
in water
(second)
Weight of sugar
(g)
6
The statement below shows the result of
investigation on the evaporation of 100 ml of
water in a school field.
The initial volume of water in the container is 100
ml. On the first day, the volume of water left is 85
ml. On the second day it becomes 70 ml. On the
third day, the volume of water is 55 ml. Finally, on
the fourth day, the volume of water is only 40 ml.
7
Day Volume of water
left (ml)
First day 85
Second day 70
Third day 55
Fourth day 40
A group of pupils doing a fair test. They hung different
size of wooden block with rubber band. The result of
the fair test as shown below.
8
Size of wooden block Length of rubber band
Small Long
Medium Longer
Large Longest
SECTION
B
GRAPH
TABLE
DIAGRAM
STATEMENT
A group of pupils doing a
fair test. They measured 10
ml of water in a measuring
cylinder. When they put
marbles the level of water
will rise up. When they put
one marble the level of
water is 12 ml, two marbles
14 ml, three marbles 16 ml
and four marbles 18 ml.
STATEMENT
NUMBER OF MARBLES LEVEL OF WATER / ml
1 12
2 14
3 16
4 18
Number of
marbles
Level of water / ml
12
14
16
18
TABLE
WTC WTM
12
14
16
18
Number of
marbles
Level of water / ml
WTM
WTC
GRAPH
10
12
14
16
18
DIAGRAM
WTC
WTM
Number of marbles
Level of water / ml
1. WHAT TO CHANGE
2. WHAT TO MEASURE
3. WHAT KEEP THE
SAME
CONTROLLING VARIABLES
1.
2.
3.
Number of eggs Weight of eggs/ gram
100
200
300
Number of
marbles
Level of water /
ml

0 10
1 12
2 14
3 16
Number of
bricks
The distance of the toy car
/ meter
1 1
2 2
3 3
A
B
C
The height of the
ball fall/ cm
Numbers of bounces
made

20

10

30

20

40

30
30 minutes 35 minutes
40 minutes
Size of the
paracutes
Time taken to land / minutes

Small

30

Medium

35

Large

40
-
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
4 6 8 10 12
Ais
Number of ice cubes (WTC)
Volume of
water
collected (ml)
(WTM)

FROM THE GRAPH
Torch light
Object
Screen
Shadow
The dictance of
the object from
torch light / cm
Size of the shadow

10

Large

15

Medium

20

Small
Parameter Objects
Volume of water
Size of sponge
Number of brick
Distance of toy car
Temperature of water
Type of soil
Except:
Time, Day, Week, Month and Year
1) RELATIONSHIP / CONCLUSION
As the WTC increase / decrease the WTM increase / decrease
2) AIM / PURPOSE
To investigate the relationship
between
WTC and WTM
Time taken /
minutes
(WTC)
0 5 10 15 20 25
Reading of
temperature /
0

(WTO)
100 75 60 45 30 15
1) What is the RELATIONSHIP between the things you
changed and observed?
As the time taken increases the reading of temperature
decreases.
2) What CONCLUSION can be drawn from this fair test?
As the WTC
the WTM
THE ANSWER:
{ Relationship/ conclusion }
1. Identify the two variables involved in the experiment
2. Study the trend of changes
3. Use the key words
Number of marbles Length of the spring (cm)
3
6
9
increase
increase
B. State the relationship between the variables

As the ....................... ..................... the ............................... ...........
C. What conclusion can be made from the investigation?

As the ....................... ..................... the ............................... .................

5
10
15
Time taken / minutes
0 5 10 15 20 25
Reading of
temperature /
0
C
100 75 60 45 30 15
1) What is the AIM of this investigation?
2) What is the PURPOSE of this fair test?
To investigate the relationship
between
WTC and WTM.
To investigate the relationship
between
time taken
a n d
reading of temperature.
and
THE ANSWER:
A In the investigation :

i. what to change .....................................................

ii. What to observe .....................................................
{ AIM / PURPOSE }
1. Identify the two variables involved in the experiment
2. Used the key words
Number of marbles Length of the Spring (cm)
3
6
9
What to
change

What to
measure

c) What is the aim of the investigation ?

To investigate the relationship between
................................and.............................